Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka was a landmark 1954 Supreme Court case in which the justices ruled unanimously that racial segregation of children in public schools was unconstitutional. Brown v. Board of Education was one of the cornerstones of the civil rights movement, and helped establish the precedent that “separate-but-equal” education and other services were not, in fact, equal at all.
Separate But Equal Doctrine
In 1896, the Supreme Court ruled in Plessy v. Ferguson that racially segregated public facilities were legal, so long as the facilities for Black people and whites were equal.
The ruling constitutionally sanctioned laws barring African Americans from sharing the same buses, schools and other public facilities as whites—known as “Jim Crow” laws—and established the “separate but equal” doctrine that would stand for the next six decades.
But by the early 1950s, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was working hard to challenge segregation laws in public schools, and had filed lawsuits on behalf of plaintiffs in states such as South Carolina, Virginia and Delaware.
In the case that would become most famous, a plaintiff named Oliver Brown filed a class-action suit against the Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, in 1951, after his daughter, Linda Brown, was denied entrance to Topeka’s all-white elementary schools.
In his lawsuit, Brown claimed that schools for Black children were not equal to the white schools, and that segregation violated the so-called “equal protection clause” of the 14th Amendment, which holds that no state can “deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.”
The case went before the U.S. District Court in Kansas, which agreed that public school segregation had a “detrimental effect upon the colored children” and contributed to “a sense of inferiority,” but still upheld the “separate but equal” doctrine.
READ MORE: The Family That Fought School Segregation 8 Years Before Brown v. Board of Ed
Brown v. Board of Education Verdict
When Brown’s case and four other cases related to school segregation first came before the Supreme Court in 1952, the Court combined them into a single case under the name Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka.
Thurgood Marshall, the head of the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, served as chief attorney for the plaintiffs. (Thirteen years later, President Lyndon B. Johnson would appoint Marshall as the first Black Supreme Court justice.)
At first, the justices were divided on how to rule on school segregation, with Chief Justice Fred M. Vinson holding the opinion that the Plessy verdict should stand. But in September 1953, before Brown v. Board of Education was to be heard, Vinson died, and President Dwight D. Eisenhower replaced him with Earl Warren, then governor of California.
Displaying considerable political skill and determination, the new chief justice succeeded in engineering a unanimous verdict against school segregation the following year.
In the decision, issued on May 17, 1954, Warren wrote that “in the field of public education the doctrine of ‘separate but equal’ has no place,” as segregated schools are “inherently unequal.” As a result, the Court ruled that the plaintiffs were being “deprived of the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the 14th Amendment.”
Little Rock Nine
In its verdict, the Supreme Court did not specify how exactly schools should be integrated, but asked for further arguments about it.
In May 1955, the Court issued a second opinion in the case (known as Brown v. Board of Education II), which remanded future desegregation cases to lower federal courts and directed district courts and school boards to proceed with desegregation “with all deliberate speed.”
Though well intentioned, the Court’s actions effectively opened the door to local judicial and political evasion of desegregation. While Kansas and some other states acted in accordance with the verdict, many school and local officials in the South defied it.
In one major example, Governor Orval Faubus of Arkansas called out the state National Guard to prevent Black students from attending high school in Little Rock in 1957. After a tense standoff, President Eisenhower deployed federal troops, and nine students—known as the “Little Rock Nine”—were able to enter Central High School under armed guard.
READ MORE: Why Eisenhower Sent the 101st Airborne to Little Rock After Brown v. Board
Impact of Brown v. Board of Education
Though the Supreme Court’s decision in Brown v. Board didn’t achieve school desegregation on its own, the ruling (and the steadfast resistance to it across the South) fueled the nascent civil rights movement in the United States.
What movement most influenced the American Revolution?
a. Women's liberation b. Renaissance c. Enlightenment
Answer:
The Enlightenment ideas were the main influences for American Colonies to become their own nation. ... Some of the leaders of the American Revolution were influenced by Enlightenment ideas which are, freedom of speech, equality, freedom of press, and religious tolerance.
What is one major difference between state and federal courts in the United
States?
A. Only federal courts are established by Congress.
B. Only state courts use an adversarial system during trials.
C. Only state courts issue opinions that can be appealed.
•
D. Only federal courts deal with criminal cases.
Answer:
A
Explanation:
Yw
One major difference between state and federal courts in the United States is that only federal courts are established by Congress, while state courts are established by the state governments. Therefore, option A is correct.
What is the difference between state and federal courts?State courts and federal courts are two separate court systems in the United States. The main difference between them is the types of cases they handle.
State courts hear cases related to state laws, such as criminal cases involving state law violations, family law, and property disputes. On the other hand, federal courts handle cases that involve federal law, the U.S. Constitution, or disputes between citizens from different states or countries.
Additionally, federal courts have jurisdiction over certain specialized cases, such as bankruptcy, intellectual property, and admiralty law.
Another key difference is the way judges are appointed. State court judges are usually elected by the people, while federal judges are appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate.
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How did the growth of trade change Chinese society?
Answer:
Trade is a key factor of the economy of China. The changes resulted in the decentralization and expansion of domestic and foreign trade institutions, as well as a greatly enlarged role for free market, s in the distribution of goods, and a prominent role for foreign trade and investment in economic development.
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How did the Civil War affect the economies of the North and South?
O A It improved the economy of the South but destroyed the economy of the North.
OB.
It destroyed the economies of both the North and the South.
Ос.
It Improved the economy of the North but destroyed the economy of the South.
OD
It improved the economies of both the North and the South.
Answer:
It Improved the economy of the North but destroyed the economy of the South.
How did the government try to influence citizen’s views of paying income tax?
As in the Civil War, Congress turned to the income tax to quickly raise large amounts of revenue. In 1917, Congress lowered the standard exemption to $1,000 for individuals thus expanding the taxpayer pool. At the same time, the lawmakers increased the base tax rate from 1 percent to 2 percent.
Answer:
The federal government has determined that actions need to be taken to encourage citizens to purchase homes and boost economic growth
Slaves were brought over from Africa through the ___________________ ___________________ ___________________. Slaves were bought for cash ___________________, such as cotton, sugar,
and tobacco, which were traded in England for manufactured goods, such as rum and guns. The
______________________________________ of slaves made white Southern ___________________ owners a lot of money. Many slave owners also believed in ______________________________________
and thought slaves were inferior to whites because of the color of their skin. They used this reasoning to justify their harsh treatment of African Americans. Although there were many in the South who economically benefited from slavery, Frederick Douglass was a famous ___________________ who fought for the end of slavery. A former slave himself, he witnessed the horrors of the ___________________ firsthand.
words you need to use:
• Triangular slave trade
• Abolitionist
• System
• Enforced labor
• Plantation
• Crops
• Racial inequality
Answer:
is this a story tht we have to find fro that option
who came to power after Robespierre? Who came to power after them?
Answer:
Maximilien François Marie Isidore de Robespierre (French; 6 May 1758 – 28 July 1794) was a French lawyer and statesman who was one of the best-known and most influential figures of the French Revolution. As a member of the Constituent Assembly and the Jacobin Club, he campaigned for universal manhood suffrage and the abolition both of celibacy for the clergy, and slavery. In 1791, Robespierre became an outspoken advocate for the citizens without a political voice, for their unrestricted admission to the National Guard, to public offices, and for the right to carry arms in self-defence.Robespierre played an important part in the agitation which brought about the fall of the French monarchy on 10 August 1792 and the summoning of a National Convention.His goal was to create a one and indivisible France, equality before the law, to abolish prerogatives and to defend the principles of direct democracy.
After Robespierre, Jacques Nicolas Billaud-Varenne came to power.
Who was Robespierre?Maximilien Robespierre was French lawyer and the architect of the French Revolution's Reign of Terror. He was considered a key figure in the French Revolution of 1789.
His goal was to create a one and indivisible France, equality before the law in France, to abolish prerogatives and to defend the principles of direct democracy. Thus, he was considered a radical who wanted the monarchy overthrown and the people to take over the government.
Who was Jacques Nicolas Billaud-Varenne?Jacques Nicolas Billaud-Varenne was a French personality of the Revolutionary period. He was also an instrumental figure of the period of the Reign of Terror.
In 1793 he became a member of the Committee of Public Safety under Robespierre and planned out many projects, including- the formation of a French Revolutionary Army, monitoring of officers and nobles, deprivation of citizenship from antisocial people, the execution of unsuccessful generals, and the expulsion of foreigners.
Hence, After Robespierre, Jacques Nicolas Billaud-Varenne came to power.
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How did the Inca adapt to the road system
Answer:
The Incas built a large system of roads that went throughout their empire. The roads were usually paved with stone. Stone steps were often built into steep areas in the mountains. They also built bridges where the roads needed to cross rivers
What are the difference between British and French system of administration during the colonial period in Africa
Answer:
In simple words, both the administration were same on the upper administrator level, however, the differences were evident or basic framework level.
The French colonial government was highly centralised and focused on the integration of imperial colonies into France, whereas the British colonial government was far more localised and focused on collaboration with regional leaders.
Give a brief but easy-to-understand definition of the following two terms that relate to US/Latin American imperialism:
-Dollar Diplomacy
-Good Neighbor Policy
Dollar Diplomacy: To extend US influence abroad, they used financial power rather than military and made other countries dependent on the US dollar
Good Neighbkr Policy: A policy adopted by Franklin D. Roosevelt. In order to improve United States relations with Latin America, they became more peaceful and said there would be no intervention or interference in Latin Amefican countries domestic affairs
What was the impact on America of the
assassinations of these two strong Civil Rights
activists?
What were some of the causes of World War II
Answer:
The Failure of Peace Efforts
The Rise of Fascism
Formation of the Axis Coalition
German Aggression in Europe
The Worldwide Great Depression
Mukden Incident and the Invasion of Manchuria (1931)
Japan invades China (1937)
Pearl Harbor and Simultaneous Invasions (early December 1
Write About It! How was the establishment of the Spanish empire
"disastrous for indigenous people"? Explain the effects of Spanish
conquest, using details from the article as evidence.
Answer:
What article?
Explanation:
an outcome of many ethnic groups living together in south Louisiana?
I uploaded the answer to a file hosting. Here's link:
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Why did Japanese Americans sue the United States government?
Answer:
Because they were put in internment camps because they were Japanese because the United States had the mentality of "one Japanese person did this to us so everyone from the same country as them must be bad as well"
Explanation:
so they were suing for basically putting innocent people in camps, taking them away from their homes, and making them suffer
At the first appellate court hearing of the automotive accident case of Wag v. Dollup, the court of first instance’s verdict was upheld: Wag was at fault in the car accident. If Wag’s lawyer wants to appeal this decision, what would be the lawyer’s next step?
A.
take the case to the state supreme court
B.
take the case to the court of first instance
C.
take the case to the intermediate appellate courts
D.
take the case to the United States Supreme Court
Answer take the case to the United States Supreme Court
Explanation:
From the scenario given, it can be inferred that the case has been decided at the court of the first instance, which is the lower court.
Also, the court has been decided at the first appellate court, which is the court of appeals. Then If Wag's lawyer wants to appeal this decision, (, the decision of the court of appeal) he will " take the case to the United States Supreme Court."
This is because it is the Supreme Court that has jurisdiction over the appeal courts.
Note: since it is not specified that the case is exclusive of the state laws, then it is assumed that the automobile accident, in this case, involved federal laws.
Hence, the next step is to "take the case to the United States Supreme Court
Answer:
the answer is D
Explanation:
I took the test on edge.
Do you think that the United Nations can keep world peace? Why/Why not?
Answer:
Yes
Explanation:
Because they can help each other to build our world. And in help of God
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what is one reason that the coyote in manhattan is surprising
Answer:
cause.. its a coyote in a mass populated place
Explanation:
PLEASE ANSWER ALL THREE
12. Which of the Chinese philosophers would appreciate the strict rule of law under Genghis Khan? Why?
13. Which would appreciate the strong personal connection and dedication Genghis Khan felt toward everyone he ruled over? Why?
14. What was Genghis Khan’s attitude toward religious worship? Name another ancient world leader that shared this policy.
Answer: 14-he allowed his subjects to practice whichever religion they chose. Previous rulers had not done this.
Explanation: I am sorry I cannot answer 12 and 13 for you. I need help on those as well
Who guided Mackenzie's Raiders? (texas)
- Comanche scouts
- Tonkawa scouts
- Kiowa scouts
- Apache scouts
NO ATTACHMENST JUST EXPLAIN THE ANSWER PLS! Why did ancient China develop networks of highways, waterways, and other transportation? (has to do with trade) HELP PLS put it in your own words.
Answer:
Ancient Roman's developed networks of highways, waterways, and other transportation to help get a fresh water supply to the city for take such as bathing, washing cloths and cooking ware.
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I need help with this assignment please
Answer:
its c
Explanation:
:)
What is important about Elbridge Gerry, and the Twenty-seventh
Amendment?
By 1918 the USA had become the world's wealthiest and most powerful country, yet
in 1929 it was the source of the Great Depression.
In the light of the above statement, explain briefly why the USA was so rich and
powerful, and then explain the causes of the Great Depression in 1929.
The correct answer to this open question is the following.
Although there are no options attached we can say the following
It is true that by 1918 the USA had become the world's wealthiest and most powerful country after all the loans and deep debt of western European countries resulted from World War I.
However, in 1929, the United States was the source of the Great Depression.
So as we have mentioned, the United States was so rich for the loans made during World War I, the size of its industry, and that western Europeans had a deep debt and owed too much money to the US.
During the 1920s, the US lived a fantastic economic period known as "the Roaring 1920s," in which people buy many necessary and unnecessary things, mostly on credit. We are talking about cars, houses, and electro domestics.
That generated a deep debt. On the other hand, the speculation of investors in the stock market created a bubble that could not be contained. And on October 29, 1929, the United States marked crashed, and this represented the beginning of the Great Depression, starting the worst economic crisis in the history of the United States.
After the US stock market crashed, millions of Americans lost their jobs, companies broke, and banks went into bankruptcy.
When the young Shawnee Chief Tecumseh witnessed more and more of his tribe dying out, he
A
suggested signing a peace treaty with white Americans
B
begged his people to not give up without a fight
с
took his fight to the Supreme Court
D
sold the remainder of his land and headed west
Answer:
I would say B, but dont take my word.
Explanation:
The Battle of Austerlitz took place during which war?
Answer:
Date: December 2, 1805
Explanation:
Hope this helps!
Kelsey is thinking about the problem she has with not knowing how to ride a bike with two wheels. She is writing down ideas to help solve her problem, like practicing, wearing protective gear, and watching others to learn. These are all examples of her doing what?
A. Evaluating the effectiveness of the solution
B. Considering advantages and disadvantages
C. Identifying the problem
D. Listing options to find a solution
Based on the chart , which side of America Civil war had the least advantages ?
Answer:
The North had twice the density of railroads per square mile. There was not even one rifleworks in the entire South. Civil War artillery. The South was at a severe ...
Explanation:
Answer: Union states.
what allowed the UN to intervene when north korea invaded south korea? HELP PLS !!
Answer:
United Nations SecurityCouncil Resolution (UNSCR)
Explanation:
June 27, 1950: United Nations Security Council Resolution (UNSCR) 83 declared North Korean actions constituted a breach of peace, recommending UN members provide assistance to South Korea to repel the attack and restore peace on the Korean Peninsula
Why is "Romeo and Juliet" still relevant in today's society?
Answer:
To put it simply; Romeo and Juliet is neither about Romeo or Juliet, but rather the absolutely pointless feud which is between their two families. Many people today still fight over grudges which have long been forgotten or rendered obsolete-- it won't be hard to think of a few (hint: politics).
Explanation:
