Out of the given options, two brush border enzymes help complete starch digestion. These are dextrinase and glucoamylase.
Dextrinase is an enzyme that breaks down dextrin, a type of carbohydrate formed during the digestion of starch. It cleaves off glucose units from the ends of dextrin chains, converting them into maltose. Maltose is further broken down by another brush border enzyme called maltase.
Glucoamylase, on the other hand, acts on the maltose molecule and breaks it down into individual glucose units. These glucose units can then be absorbed into the bloodstream and used by the body for energy.
Carboxypeptidase and enterokinase are not brush border enzymes involved in starch digestion. Carboxypeptidase is involved in protein digestion, while enterokinase activates pancreatic enzymes for protein digestion. Maltase, as mentioned earlier, acts on maltose rather than starch.
In summary, dextrinase and glucoamylase are brush border enzymes that help complete starch digestion by breaking down starch into glucose units.
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When a species no longer exists in a specific
portion of their range but can be found
elsewhere, it is called
A. extinction
B. speciation
C. extirpation
D. hybridization
Answer:
The answer would be extirpation.
Explanation:
The term for when a species no longer exists in a specific portion of their range but can be found elsewhere is extirpation.
A homicidal maniac has a genotype of BB Cc dd ee hh sese. At this murderer’s most recent crime scene we find the murderer's baseball cap without blood, a pair of stained underwear no blood, no fingerprints, no fibers, no hairs. Based on these items, do we have any possible chemical, or immunological or other analyses we can perform that will identify the murderer as it relates to the genotypic info we have on him or her. If so how would you go about doing those studies
The items found at the crime scene do not provide any direct link to the murderer's genotype. The absence of blood, fingerprints, fibers, and hairs makes it difficult to obtain any DNA evidence for genotypic analysis.
One possible chemical analysis that could be performed on the stained underwear is a chemical spot test to detect the presence of semen. If semen is present, DNA analysis could be performed to identify the murderer's genotype. Another possibility is to analyze the chemical composition of the cap and underwear to identify any unique chemical markers that may be associated with the murderer's genotype.
In terms of immunological analyses, we could perform a serological test to identify any unique antigens associated with the murderer's blood type. This would require a blood sample from the murderer or a known relative with the same genotype.
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Write a scientific explanation, using claim, evidence , and reasoning, that predicts the unknown gene and phenotype for "Me" indicating dimples or no dimples
Me depend on the dominant gene, which can be predicted based on the parents' phenotypes.
The presence or absence of dimples is inherited as a dominant trait, meaning that if at least one parent has dimples, Me has a chance of inheriting the dominant gene and expressing the phenotype. If both parents have dimples, Me must have at least one copy of the dominant gene, making it highly likely that Me has dimples.
If neither parent has dimples, it is unlikely that Me has inherited the dominant gene. However, if one parent has dimples and the other does not, the probability of Me having dimples depends on whether the non-dimple gene is homozygous or heterozygous in the non-dimple parent.
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An organic compound contains only the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Could this compound be a carbohydrate? Could it be a protein?
Answer:
No, it can not be a protein
Explanation:
Before beginning the activity, collect water from two different water sources. One source should be
indoor tap water. The other source should be outdoors, such as a pond, stream, or well. You will need
approximately one gallon from each water source to complete each test.
Part A
Before analyzing the two water samples, predict the outcome of the test from each source. How
do you anticipate the concentration of contaminants will compare between the outdoor and
indoor water sources?
It is difficult to predict the concentration of contaminants in the two water sources without conducting the appropriate tests.
The presence and levels of contaminants in water can vary depending on several factors, including the source of water, its treatment, and its exposure to environmental factors. For example, outdoor water sources may be more likely to contain higher levels of natural contaminants, such as bacteria, algae, and minerals, while indoor tap water may be treated with chemicals, such as chlorine, to remove contaminants.
Therefore, it is important to conduct appropriate tests to determine the specific types and levels of contaminants in each water source before making any conclusions or predictions.
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You are dissecting a cadaver. you are tracing an individual neuron as it ascends the spinal cord to the brain. you know that this neuron carries somatic sensory information from an afferent presynaptic neuron. where will you find its axon terminal?
a) all somatic sensory information that reaches the cerebral cortex is first processed in the thalamus
b) somatic sensory information from the left side of the body projects to the left side of the somatosensory cortex
c) all somatic sensory information travels together in a single tract in the spinal cord
d) ascending pathways in the anterolateral column of the spinal cord carry information about fine touch discrimination
e) ascending pathways in the dorsal column of the spinal cord carry information about pain from the back muscles
The axon terminal of the neuron carrying somatic sensory information from an afferent presynaptic neuron can be found in the thalamus of the brain. The answer is a)
The somatic sensory information from the body is carried by the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal nerves to the spinal cord. From there, the information ascends the spinal cord via two pathways: the dorsal column pathway, which carries information about fine touch discrimination and proprioception, and the anterolateral pathway, which carries information about pain, temperature, and crude touch.
These pathways eventually synapse in the thalamus of the brain, which acts as a relay station for sensory information. The axon terminal of the neuron carrying somatic sensory information from an afferent presynaptic neuron can be found in the thalamus because all somatic sensory information that reaches the cerebral cortex is first processed there.
It is important to note that somatic sensory information from the left side of the body projects to the right side of the somatosensory cortex, and vice versa. Hence, a) is the correct option.
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When a species fails to produce any more
descendants, it is said to
A. be extinct
B. be divergent
C. have speciated
D. have become isolated
Answer:
When a species fails to produce any more descendants, it is said to be extinct .
Explanation:
two normal individuals have a child who has cystic fibrosis, an autosomal recessive disease. what were the chances of this happening?
The probability of a child inheriting two mutated alleles (mm) and having cystic fibrosis is 1 out of 4, or 25%.
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive disease, meaning that an individual must inherit two copies of the mutated CF gene (one from each parent) to express the disease. When both parents are carriers of the mutated CF gene, they have a normal phenotype since they possess one functional copy of the gene.
The chances of two normal carrier parents having a child with cystic fibrosis can be determined using a Punnett square. In this genetic model, each parent contributes one allele (either normal or mutated) to their offspring. Since both parents are carriers, they have one normal (N) and one mutated (m) allele.
The Punnett square displays the four possible allele combinations for the child:
1. NN (normal, non-carrier)
2. Nm (normal, carrier)
3. mN (normal, carrier)
4. mm (affected by cystic fibrosis)
So, in this case, the chances of two normal individuals who are carriers of the cystic fibrosis gene having a child with the disease is 25%.
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A substance such as camp that is generated in response to a hormone binding to a cell-surface receptor is called a(n) ____ messenger.
A substance that is generated in response to a hormone binding to a cell-surface receptor is called a second messenger.
When a hormone binds to its specific receptor on the cell surface, it activates an enzyme called adenylate cyclase. This enzyme then produces cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), which is the most common second messenger in cells. cAMP then triggers a cascade of intracellular events, leading to the activation of specific proteins, enzymes, and transcription factors.
Other examples of second messengers include inositol triphosphate (IP3), diacylglycerol (DAG), and calcium ions (Ca2+). These messengers play an essential role in signal transduction, which is the process of transmitting signals from the cell surface to the cell interior. Second messengers help amplify and transmit signals to the appropriate cellular targets, thereby ensuring a coordinated response to the extracellular signals.
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The species ursus arctos, ursus maritimus, and ursus americanus are all members of the same genus. The classification of the three species supports which statement about them?.
The species Ursus arctos (brown bear), Ursus maritimus (polar bear), and Ursus americanus (American black bear) all belong to the same genus, Ursus. This classification supports the statement that these three species share common ancestry and exhibit similar characteristics.
By being part of the same genus, it indicates that they have evolved from a common ancestor and have undergone speciation due to factors such as geographical isolation, adaptation to different environments, or genetic drift.
Despite the differences in their habitats, appearance, and behavior, these bear species possess some common traits that classify them under the same genus. For instance, they are all large-bodied mammals with stocky limbs, plantigrade feet, and powerful claws. Moreover, they have a keen sense of smell and are omnivorous, consuming both plant and animal matter.
In summary, the classification of Ursus arctos, Ursus maritimus, and Ursus americanus within the same genus supports the idea that they are related and share a common ancestor, despite having evolved distinct traits and adaptations over time. This demonstrates the concept of speciation and the role of evolutionary forces in shaping the diversity of life.
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Fruit flies of the species drosophila melanogaster are an important model organism for eukaryotic genetics. The genes for olive body color and purple eye color are on the same chromosome. Consider an organism with the chromosomes in the diagram above. What process is capable of producing a gamete with the alleles po?.
The process capable of producing a gamete with the alleles po in an organism with the chromosomes for olive body color and purple eye color on the same chromosome is crossing over or recombination.
Crossing over occurs during meiosis when homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material, resulting in new combinations of alleles on the chromosomes. This process can occur between the genes for olive body color and purple eye color if they are located on the same chromosome.
In the case of the diagram provided, the olive body color and purple eye color genes are located on the same chromosome, but they are not directly next to each other. This means that crossing over is possible between these genes, but the probability of a crossover event occurring between them is lower than if they were located closer together.
If a crossover event does occur between the olive body color and purple eye color genes, it can result in a gamete with the alleles po, which would be a new combination of alleles not present in either parent. This process of crossing over and recombination is important in generating genetic diversity within populations and is a fundamental mechanism of evolution.
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The phosphorylation of glucose during glycolysis serves to.
The phosphorylation of glucose during glycolysis refers to the process in which a phosphate group is added to a glucose molecule, producing glucose-6-phosphate.
This step is critical in glycolysis because it traps the glucose molecule in the cell and provides the necessary energy to drive subsequent reactions. Specifically, the addition of the phosphate group to glucose requires the hydrolysis of an ATP molecule to ADP and Pi, releasing energy that drives the reaction forward.
The glucose-6-phosphate molecule can then be further processed through the glycolytic pathway to produce ATP and other important metabolic intermediates. Therefore, the phosphorylation of glucose during glycolysis is a key regulatory step in cellular energy metabolism.
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The condition of continuous, random movement of particles but no overall
change in concentration of materials is called __________ __________
The state of constant, unpredictable motion of particles but no overall change in concentration of materials is called Equilibrium.
As particles naturally seek to shift from one concentration to another, what is that process known as?When a drug diffuses, it usually moves from a high concentration location to a low concentration area until the concentration is the same everywhere in the space.
Why does water cross a semipermeable membrane move? What is it called?Osmosis is the transfer of water from a region with low concentrations of solutes to a region with high concentrations of solutes through a semi-permeable membrane. Osmosis assists in controlling the water flow into and out of cells, which is essential to their functionality.
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How is the atp produced in cellular respiration like earning a return on an investment?
Cellular respiration is like earning a return on an investment in that it is a process that takes energy and turns it into something more valuable.
When energy is put into the process of cellular respiration, the result is the production of ATP molecules. ATP, or adenosine triphosphate, is a molecule that is used as energy currency in cells.
Just like an investment, energy is put into the process of cellular respiration and the end result is a return of something more valuable: ATP. In this way, the process of cellular respiration can be compared to earning a return on an investment.
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A student set up the following investigation in Ada Fishel membrane separated by two fluid filled compartments. This membrane is water but impermeable to sucrose. Both compartments initially hold the same amount of fluid which consists of sucrose dissolved in water the fluid compartment is a 20% sucrose solution fluid compartment B is 35% sucrose solution what prediction is occurred
Based on the information provided, it can be predicted that water will move from compartment A to compartment B in an attempt to equalize the concentration of sucrose on both sides of the membrane.
This is due to the process of osmosis, which is the movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration.
Since compartment B has a higher concentration of sucrose, water will move from compartment A to compartment B to balance the solute concentration.
This process will continue until the concentration of sucrose is equalized on both sides of the membrane or until equilibrium is reached.
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Iron is a component of numerous proteins in the body. About two thirds of all iron in the body is found in the oxygen-carrying protein in our red blood cells. What is this protein called?.
The oxygen-carrying protein in our red blood cells is called hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is composed of four protein subunits, each containing a heme group that binds to one iron ion.
The iron ion is what allows hemoglobin to bind to oxygen in the lungs and transport it to the body's tissues. The iron ion also plays a crucial role in the process of oxygen release in the tissues.
Iron is essential for the production of hemoglobin, and inadequate iron intake can lead to a decrease in hemoglobin production and cause anemia. Hemoglobin levels are routinely checked in blood tests to monitor for anemia and other related conditions.
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Word bank ( Atom, Electron, Proton, Matter, Mixture, Compound, Neutron)
1 Anything that has mass and takes up space _________
2 The smallest particle of an element ____________
3 Made of two or more different atoms bonded together ____________
4 Made a different atoms and/or compounds not chemically bonded together_________
5 No charge. Found in nucleus. Gain or loss of these particles results in a loss of mass and release of large amount of energy. Isotope results. _______________
6 Positive charge. Found in nucleus. Gain our loss of these particles produces an entirely different element. ___________
7 Negative charge. Found in moving orbits around the nucleus, use to create bonds between atoms. Gain or loss of these particles produce ions __________
1. Anything that has mass and takes up space is called matter.
2. The smallest particle of an element is called an atom.
3. Made of two or more different atoms bonded together called molecule.
4. Made a different atoms and/or compounds not chemically bonded together called mixture.
5. No charge particles found in the nucleus are called neutrons. Gain or loss of these particles results in a change in the atomic mass and may lead to the formation of isotopes.
6.Positive charge. Found in nucleus. Gain our loss of these particles produces an entirely different element. Electrons.
7. Negative charge. Found in moving orbits around the nucleus, use to create bonds between atoms. Gain or loss of these particles produce ions called electrons.
What is an isotope?
Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons are described as isotopes.
Isotopes share almost the same chemical properties, but differ in mass and therefore in physical properties.
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Which organelle stores the information that determines an individual's hair color?
A. Organelle 1
B. Organelle 2
C. Organelle 3
D. Organelle 4
The organelle that stores the information that determines an individual's hair color is the nucleus. The genetic information or DNA, which contains the instructions for making proteins including those that determine hair color, is stored in the nucleus of cells.
The nucleus is the organelle that contains the data that establishes a person's hair color. Chromosomes in the nucleus include genes that are responsible for a number of characteristics, including hair color. Melanin, the pigment that gives hair its colour, is produced according to the instructions provided by these genes. Blonde, brown, black, or red hair can all be produced by different variations of these genes. Therefore, each cell's nucleus contains DNA, which contains the information about hair color.
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Complete question is:
The diagram below shows parts of the cell. Which organelle stores the information that
determines an individual's blood type?
Organelle 1
Organelle 2
Organelle 3
Organelle 4
What do you predict will happen over several generations if populations of the Saddleback and Domed tortoises were both introduced to an island with a dry climate populated with large shrubs and very little low lying vegetation. Group of answer choices
Both groups would thrive on this island. Both groups would starve and die out. Domed tortoises would be able to eat, survive more often, and reproduce. Saddleback tortoises would be able to eat, survive more often, and reproduce
If populations of Saddleback and Domed tortoises were both introduced to an island with a dry climate populated with large shrubs and very little low lying vegetation, it is likely that the Domed tortoises would have a greater chance of survival and reproduction.
This is because Domed tortoises are adapted to dry climates and can survive with very little water and food. On the other hand, Saddleback tortoises are adapted to wetter climates with abundant low-lying vegetation, which would not be available on the new island.
Over several generations, the Domed tortoises would be more likely to reproduce and pass on their genetic adaptations for surviving in a dry climate, while the Saddleback tortoises would struggle to find enough food and water and would be less likely to reproduce.
This could lead to the eventual extinction of the Saddleback tortoise population on the island. Therefore, it is important to consider the adaptations and natural history of a species before introducing them to a new environment.
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Zainab expecting her 10th child all of her children are females the probability that her 10th child was also be a girl is option 0. 9 b0. 1 c 0. 5 d none of them
The probability that a given baby will be a girl is 0.5, meaning that each baby has a 50-50 chance of being either a boy or a girl.
Here correct option is C.
This is true for every baby, regardless of the gender of the previous children. Therefore, for Zainab's 10th child, the probability that it will be a girl is also 0.5.
It does not matter that all of her previous children were girls; the gender of the 10th child is determined entirely at random, with the same probability of being a boy or a girl as any other baby. This means that there is no reason to think that the 10th child has a higher or lower chance of being a girl than any other baby.
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Explain how the peahen's nesting behavior is an
example of a reproductive strategy.
Answer:
Staying and caring for the young after birth.
Explanation:
The peahen creates a nest for the eggs. She stays, incubates, and protects the eggs for about a month. After the eggs hatch, the chicks don't always stay in the nest, the mother may even move them away from the nest. This is because predators are attracted to the egg shells. The mother peahen cares for the young for at least 2 months. The mother's protection before birth & care after, as well as leaving the nest gives the peachicks a better chance of survival against predators.
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3. Certain mammals have large ears with a high density of blood vessels to release
body heat. Which animal most likely needs this adaptation?
CLE
A desert-dwelling mammal that needs this adaptation is the fennec fox, also known as the fennec or desert fox.
The fennec fox is a small mammal with a distinctive long, bushy tail and large, round ears, which are one of its most defining features. The fennec fox has evolved to have large ears with a high density of blood vessels that help it to release excess body heat and keep cool in the extreme desert temperatures.
This adaptation allows the fennec fox to effectively regulate its body temperature, enabling it to survive in the desert heat. The fennec fox is well adapted to living in the desert and its large ears are an important part of this adaptation.
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In walruses, males defend a large harem of females and will fight with other males to maintain dominance and access to their harem. however, there are some males that are smaller and will mimic female walruses, hiding among them and occasionally mating with them. researchers observed a walrus population and found that there were 75 offspring produced. of those, the female mimic male was the father of 25, the dominant males was the father of 50 and each of the 75 females produced one offspring. what was the fitness value of one female?
options:
1.0
.50
.1
0.01
In this question, 0.01 would be the fitness value of one female.
Here, correct option is D.
In a study of walrus mating habits, researchers observed a population of 75 offspring produced by the males and females of the species. The dominant male walruses were found to be the fathers of 50 of the offspring, while the smaller male walruses that mimicked female behaviors and hid among the female walruses were the fathers of 25 of the offspring.
Each of the 75 female walruses in the population produced only one offspring. From this information, we can deduce the fitness value of one female walrus in the population.
In this case, the fitness value of one female would be 0.01, as each female only produced one offspring, despite the fact that there were many more offspring produced by the males. This indicates that the females had a much lower reproductive rate than the males, and thus had a lower fitness value.
Therefore, correct option is D.
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6. Which of these statements about particulate matter less than 2. 5 microns in diameter is true?
Particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter (PM2.5) is a type of air pollutant that can have adverse effects on human health. The correct option is A. They can cause heart and lung disease.
This pollutant is considered more harmful than larger particles because it can penetrate deep into the lungs and even enter the bloodstream, causing respiratory and cardiovascular problems.
One true statement about PM2.5 is that it can come from both human and natural sources. Human sources include emissions from vehicles, power plants, and factories, while natural sources include dust and wildfires. The concentration of PM2.5 in the air can also vary depending on location, weather conditions, and time of day.
Additionally, exposure to PM2.5 can have different effects on different populations. Children, the elderly, and those with preexisting respiratory or cardiovascular conditions are more susceptible to the harmful effects of this pollutant.
Overall, reducing PM2.5 emissions and taking measures to protect oneself from exposure can help mitigate the negative health impacts of this type of air pollutant. Therefore, the correct option is A. They can cause heart and lung disease.
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complete question is :
13. Which of these statements about particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter is true?
A. They can cause heart and lung disease.
B. They're produced from nitrogen gas (N.).
C. They're less of a threat than particulate matter that's 10 microns in diameter
D. They're the size of a human hair.
A scientist is studying a population of 100 lizards. Find the chi-square of AA=75 observed, Aa=15 observed, aa=10 observed
The chi-square value for the observed genotype frequencies for a population of 100 lizards is approximately 161.63.
To find the chi-square value for the observed values of the genotypes (AA = 75, Aa = 15, aa = 10) in a population of 100 lizards, we need to compare them with the expected values under a specific hypothesis.
First, we need to determine the expected genotype frequencies based on a specific hypothesis or assumption. Let's assume that the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, which assumes random mating and no evolutionary forces at play. In that case, the expected genotype frequencies can be calculated based on the allele frequencies.
Let's assume that the allele frequencies are p and q, where p represents the frequency of the dominant allele (A) and q represents the frequency of the recessive allele (a). In a population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the expected genotype frequencies can be calculated as follows:
AA = p² * total population
Aa = 2pq * total population
aa = q² * total population
Since we don't have the allele frequencies, we cannot calculate the exact expected values. However, let's assume that the allele frequencies are p = 0.6 and q = 0.4.
Expected genotype frequencies:
AA = (0.6)² * 100 = 36
Aa = 2 * 0.6 * 0.4 * 100 = 48
aa = (0.4)² * 100 = 16
Now, we can calculate the chi-square value using the formula:
chi-square = Σ ((observed - expected)² / expected)
chi-square = ((75 - 36)² / 36) + ((15 - 48)² / 48) + ((10 - 16)² / 16)
chi-square = (39² / 36) + (33² / 48) + (6² / 16)
chi-square = 136.5 + 22.88 + 2.25
chi-square = 161.63
Therefore, the chi-square value for the observed genotype frequencies is approximately 161.63.
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Which pair of organs, located in the lower back, collects liquid and waste from the blood?.
The pair of organs located in the lower back that collect liquid and waste from the blood are the kidneys.
The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs that are situated in the lower back on either side of the spine. They play a vital role in the excretory system by filtering the blood and removing waste products, excess water, and salt from the body.
The filtered waste products are then transported to the bladder and excreted as urine. In addition to this, the kidneys also help in regulating the body's fluid balance, electrolyte balance, blood pressure, and acid-base balance.
The kidneys receive their blood supply through the renal arteries, which branch off from the abdominal aorta, and return blood to the body through the renal veins. The functioning of the kidneys is critical to maintaining overall health and wellbeing.
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the flow of information in the lgn is best described as: group of answer choices bi-directional, with signals coming from the retina and the cortex to the lgn. unidirectional, with signals going from the retina to the lgn. unidirectional, with signals going from the lgn to the cortex. unidirectional, with signals going from the lgn to the retina.
The LGN's information flow is best described as unidirectional, with signals travelling from the retina to the LGN. Option (B) is the correct answer.
The Lgn in the brain is a part of the thalamus that processes visual information from the retina. The LGN receives retinal input and sends it to the primary visual cortex in the brain. This information flow is one-way, with signals travelling from the retina to the LGN and then to the cortex.
The LGN is in charge of processing visual information in a variety of ways, including spatial frequency, orientation, and colour. Option (B) is the correct answer.
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The complete question is:
The flow of information in the lgn is best described as: group of answer choices
A. bi-directional, with signals coming from the retina and the cortex to the lgn.
B. unidirectional, with signals going from the retina to the lgn.
C. unidirectional, with signals going from the lgn to the cortex.
D. unidirectional, with signals going from the lgn to the retina.
The eye is immensely complex. How can ""mindless"" evolution lead to something so complicated?
What stage of the cell cycle?
Answer:if you mean what are the stages of the cell cycle: interphase (g1, s, g2), mitosis(p,m,a,t,), then cytokinesis
Explanation:
can someone help me with this worksheet?
According to the punnett square, 1) Phenotype long hair and Tortoise shell. 2) Genotype Ll XBXb 3) Gametes: L XB, L Xb, l XB, l Xb. 4) Phenotype Short hair and Black. 5) Genotype ll XbY. 6) Gametes: l Xb, l Xb, l Y, l Y. 7) 4/16 = 1/4. 8) 4/16 = 1/4. 9) 2/16 = 1/8. 10) 2/16 = 1/8. 11) 0/16. 12) 2/16 = 1/8. 13) 2/16 = 1/8. 14) 1/8. 15) 1/8. 16) 1/8. 17) 1/8. 18) 0/8. 19) 0/8. 20) 1/8. 21) 1/8. 22) 1/8. 23) 1/8.
To answer this question, we will use a punnett square which is the best representation of a cross.
What is a Punnett square?The Punnett square is a graphic representation that shows the different types of gamete combinations according to the alleles involved in a cross.
Punnett square shows the probabilities of getting offspring with different genotypes and their consequent phenotypes.
Let us also remember that,
Codominance is an inheritance pattern in which both alleles are expressedComplete dominance is the inheritance pattern in which the dominant alleles hides the expression of the recessive alleleAutosomal genes are those located in autosomal chromosomesX-linked genes are those located in the X chromosome.In the exposed example, two genes code for two traits,
- Color ⇒ X linked gene ⇒ co-dominant
XB XB → organgeXb Xb → blackXB Xb → tortoise shell- Length ⇒ Autosomal gene ⇒ complete dominance
LL and ll → longll → shortThese genes are independent from each other.
Female
1) Phenotype
Long hairTortoise shell2) Genotype ⇒ Ll XBXb
3) Gametes ⇒ L XB, L Xb, l XB, l Xb
Male
4) Phenotype
Short hairBlack5) Genotype ⇒ ll XbY
6) Gametes ⇒ l Xb, l Xb, l Y, l Y
Cross:
Parentals) Ll XBXb x ll XbY
Punnett square) LXB LXb lXB lXb
lXb LlXBXb LlXbXb llXBXb llXbXb
lXb LlXBXb LlXbXb llXBXb llXbXb
lY LlXBY LlXbY llXBY llXbY
lY LlXBY LlXbY llXBY llXbY
F1) 50% of the progeny are expected to be females
50% of the progeny are expected tp be males
From the whole progeny,
1/8 are expected to be females with long hair and Tortoise shell color, LlXBXb.1/8 are expected to be females with long hair and black color, LlXbXb.1/8 are expected to be females with short hair and Tortoise shell color, llXBXb.1/8 are expected to be females with short hair and black color, llXbXb.1/8 are expected to be males with long hair and orange color, LlXBY.1/8 are expected to be males with long hair and black color, LlXbY.1/8 are expected to be males with short hair and orange color, llXBY.1/8 are expected to be males with short hair and black color, llXbY.7) long hair: 4/16 = 2/8 = 1/4 ⇒ LlXBXb + LlXbXb + LlXBY + LlXbY
8) short hair: 4/16 = 2/8 = 1/4 ⇒ llXBXb + llXbXb + llXBY + llXbY
9) tortoise shell female: 2/16 = 1/8 ⇒ LlXBXb, llXBXb
10) black female: 2/16 = 1/8 ⇒ LlXbXb, llXbXb
11) orange female: 0/16
12) black male: 2/16 = 1/8 ⇒ LlXbY, llXbY
13) orange male: 2/16 = 1/8 ⇒ LlXBY, llXBY
14) long tortoise female: 1/8 LlXBXb
15) short tortoise female: 1/8 llXBXb
16) long black female: 1/8 LlXbXb
17) short black female: 1/8 llXbXb
18) long orange female: 0/8
19) short orange female: 0/8
20) long black male: 1/8 LlXbY
21) short black male: 1/8 llXbY
22) long orange male: 1/8 LlXBY
23) short orange male: 1/8 llXBY
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