The practical problem with Black and Scholes' equations is that the model relies on several unrealistic assumptions that do not hold true in real-world situations.
What is the Black and Scholes Model? The Black-Scholes model is a mathematical framework for calculating the value of a stock option. The model was developed by Fischer Black, Myron Scholes, and Robert Merton in 1973. The Black-Scholes model is a widely used tool in finance for pricing options and other derivatives, as well as for managing risk.
What is the practical problem with Black and Scholes equations? The practical problem with Black and Scholes' equations is that the model relies on several unrealistic assumptions that do not hold true in real-world situations. The model assumes that the underlying stock price follows a random walk, which means that it moves randomly and unpredictably over time. This assumption does not reflect the fact that stock prices are affected by a wide range of factors, including company performance, economic conditions, and geopolitical events.
The model also assumes that there are no transaction costs or taxes associated with trading the underlying stock or the option itself. This is not the case in real-world situations, where there are often costs and taxes associated with buying and selling securities. The Black-Scholes model also assumes that the market is always liquid, which means that there are always buyers and sellers willing to trade at any given time. This is not always the case in real-world situations, where markets can become illiquid and it can be difficult to find a buyer or seller at a reasonable price. In conclusion, while the Black-Scholes model is a useful tool for pricing options and managing risk, it is important to recognize its limitations and take them into account when applying the model in real-world situations.
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______is an example of a strategic responsibility when managing supply chains. A. Deciding where to store inventory in the supply chain B. Integrating information systems to facilitate free flow of information across the supply chain C. Managing and inspecting inbound deliveries of goods from suppliers D. None of these E. Preparing and evaluating demand forecasts
Deciding where to store inventory in the supply chain is an example of a strategic responsibility when managing supply chains, option A is correct.
Strategically managing supply chains requires making informed decisions about various aspects, and one such responsibility is determining where to store inventory. This decision involves considering factors such as demand patterns, lead times, transportation costs, and customer proximity.
By strategically placing inventory at the right locations, companies can ensure timely delivery, reduce transportation expenses, and respond effectively to fluctuations in demand. Additionally, it allows for the optimization of order fulfillment processes and helps in mitigating risks associated with supply disruptions, option A is correct.
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The complete question is:
______is an example of a strategic responsibility when managing supply chains.
A. Deciding where to store inventory in the supply chain
B. Integrating information systems to facilitate the free flow of information across the supply chain
C. Managing and inspecting inbound deliveries of goods from suppliers
D. None of these
E. Preparing and evaluating demand forecasts
Strategic Alternative Implementation: Provide a complete and detailed analysis of the steps that must be taken to put the strategy into practice, including structural, leadership, control, incentive, and other changes. Alternatives and recommendations should flow from SWOT analysis and be explained in light of it.
Implementation of the Strategic Alternatives:Steps that need to be taken in order to execute a strategy are referred to as implementation. In order to put the strategy into effect, the following actions must be taken:
Structural Changes:Organizations should be able to balance structure with growth. A more flexible organizational structure, one that is ready to meet new opportunities, will be required. An organizational structure that includes flatter organizations, less hierarchy, more self-directed work teams, and fewer bureaucratic procedures is more likely to achieve this goal.Control:Organizations need to have control measures in place to ensure that things go as planned. If implementation is to be successful, control systems must be in place to identify problems and potential problems early enough to take corrective action.Leadership:Leadership at all levels of the organization is critical in order to achieve strategic goals. Leaders who can influence others to achieve objectives are necessary at all levels of the organization.Incentives:Incentive schemes that provide motivation and align employee performance with organizational objectives can be used to reinforce desired behaviours. Rewards are used to motivate employees to attain the company's objectives.Other Changes:Other changes may be necessary based on the particular strategic alternatives being pursued, and must be considered on a case-by-case basis. These may include the expansion or reduction of the scope of operations, increased or reduced investments in various areas, or other such changes.
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Is income inequality a problem in the United States? Is it a problem Globally? If so, why and where? How do economists measure income distribution? Describe the Kuznets Ratio, the Lorenz Curve and the GINI Coefficient.
(a) Income inequality is an issue in the United States and globally. It is a significant problem because it harms society's welfare and the economy as a whole. The economy loses its efficiency and struggles to attain equilibrium when the difference between the wealthy and the poor grows too great.
(b) There are numerous reasons why income inequality is a problem, including the following:
(c) Economists measure income distribution using various methods, including the Lorenz Curve, the Kuznets Ratio, and the GINI Coefficient.
Income inequality is a significant problem in the United States and globally. It has negative consequences for both society and the economy. Lower-income households face challenges in accessing essential goods and services, leading to social divisions and reduced economic growth.
Income inequality also hampers social mobility and can create disparities in political power. Economists use various measures to assess income distribution, including the Lorenz Curve, which compares actual income distribution to an ideal equality curve; the Kuznets Ratio, which examines the income gap between the wealthiest and poorest; and the GINI Coefficient, which quantifies income inequality on a scale from 0 to 1.
These tools help in understanding the extent and impact of income inequality.
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An analyst argues that nominal interest rates must rise one-for-one with a fully-anticipated rise in
the expected inflation rate. This is:
a. Not true — any nominal interest rate is consistent with a variety of inflation rates.
b. True — it is a reasonable approximation for low inflation rates.
c. True but only for high inflation rates.
d. False — inflation can easily wipe out interest earnings.
The correct answer is d. False — inflation can easily wipe out interest earnings. Nominal interest rates do not have to rise one-for-one with an anticipated increase in expected inflation.
There are various factors that influence nominal interest rates, and inflation is just one of them. Additionally, inflation can erode the purchasing power of interest earnings, potentially resulting in a negative real return.
The statement that nominal interest rates must rise one-for-one with a fully-anticipated rise in expected inflation is incorrect. Nominal interest rates are determined by a combination of factors, including inflation expectations, risk premiums, monetary policy, and market conditions. While inflation can certainly impact interest rates, it is not the sole determinant.
Moreover, inflation can erode the value of interest earnings over time. For example, if an investor earns a 2% nominal interest rate while inflation is 3%, the real return (adjusted for inflation) would be negative 1%. Inflation reduces the purchasing power of money, and if interest rates do not keep pace with inflation, the actual value of interest earnings diminishes.
Therefore, it is important to consider both nominal interest rates and inflation when evaluating investment returns. Nominal interest rates may not necessarily rise in perfect proportion to expected inflation, and failing to account for inflation adequately can lead to diminished real returns.
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The Ohio Corporation had a 2018 taxable income of $50,000,000 from operations after all operating costs but before (1) interest charges of $500,000, (2) dividends received of $45,000, (3) dividends paid of $10,000,000, and (4) income taxes. Using the tax schedule in Table 2.3, what is Ohio's income tax liability? What are Ohio's average and marginal tax rates on taxable income from operations? Multiple Choice: a. $6.416,667, 12.83%, 35%, respectively b. $17,329,725, 34.66%, 35%, respectively c. $13,829725, 2766%, 35%, respectively d. $17,340,750, 34 68%, 35%, respectively
The Ohio's average and marginal tax rates are option b. $17,329,725, 34.66%, 35%, respectively.
The Ohio Corporation had a 2018 taxable income of $50,000,000 from operations after all operating costs but before
(1) interest charges of $500,000,
(2) dividends received of $45,000,
(3) dividends paid of $10,000,000, and
(4) income taxes.
Ohio's income tax liability is $17,329,725 and the average and marginal tax rates on taxable income from operations are 34.66% and 35%, respectively.
The marginal tax rate is the rate at which the next dollar earned will be taxed. It is the tax rate that is applied to the last dollar of taxable income.
In this case, the marginal tax rate of Ohio Corporation is 35%.The average tax rate is the total tax liability divided by taxable income.
It represents the proportion of total income that is paid in taxes. In this case, the average tax rate of Ohio Corporation is:$17,329,725 ÷ $50,000,000 = 0.3466 or 34.66%
Therefore, the answer is option b. $17,329,725, 34.66%, 35%, respectively.
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Jamal is waiting to be a millionaire. He wants to know how long he must wait if a. he invests $23,250.25 at 20% today? b. he invests $48,959.52 at 16% today? c. he invests $177,461.32 at 9% today?
d. he invests $344,894.64 at 4% today?
a. If Jamal invests $23,250.25 at 20% interest rate today, he would need to wait approximately 14 years to become a millionaire.
To calculate this, we can use the compound interest formula: FV = PV * (1 + r)^n, where FV is the future value, PV is the present value, r is the interest rate, and n is the number of years.
Plugging in the values:
1,000,000 = 23,250.25 * (1 + 0.20)^n
Solving for n:
(1 + 0.20)^n ≈ 1,000,000 / 23,250.25
n ≈ log(1,000,000 / 23,250.25) / log(1.20)
n ≈ 13.9
Therefore, Jamal would need to wait approximately 14 years to become a millionaire.
b. If Jamal invests $48,959.52 at a 16% interest rate today, he would need to wait approximately 9 years to become a millionaire.
Using the same formula and calculations as above, we find:
n ≈ log(1,000,000 / 48,959.52) / log(1.16)
n ≈ 8.8
Therefore, Jamal would need to wait approximately 9 years to become a millionaire.
c. If Jamal invests $177,461.32 at a 9% interest rate today, he would need to wait approximately 20 years to become a millionaire.
Using the same formula and calculations as above, we find:
n ≈ log(1,000,000 / 177,461.32) / log(1.09)
n ≈ 19.9
Therefore, Jamal would need to wait approximately 20 years to become a millionaire.
d. If Jamal invests $344,894.64 at a 4% interest rate today, he would need to wait approximately 49 years to become a millionaire.
Using the same formula and calculations as above, we find:
n ≈ log(1,000,000 / 344,894.64) / log(1.04)
n ≈ 48.7
Therefore, Jamal would need to wait approximately 49 years to become a millionaire.
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Eight Flags operates several amusement parks in the Midwest. The company stocks machine oil to service the machinery for the many rides at the parks. Eight Flags needs 30,000 gallons (D) of oil annual
Weekly demand d= Annual demand /no of weeks per year = 40000/50 = 800. Thus, using sharps and a shipping quantity of 5000 is the lowest alternative with total cost to eight flags is 175140
We must calculate total cost for each alternative
Total annual cost TC = Material costs + Freight cost + Inventory cost + administrative costs
=pD + Freight costs + (Q/2 + dL)H + Administrative costs
Sharps:
\small TC(Q= 5000) = 4*40000 + 4800+((5000/2)+ (800*6))0.8 + 4500 = 175140
\small TC(Q= 10000) = 4*40000 + 3200+((10000/2)+ (800*6))0.8 + 4500 = 175540
\small TC(Q= 15000) = 4*40000 + 2900+((15000/2)+ (800*6))0.8 + 4500 = 177240
Winkler
\small TC(Q= 5000) = 4.1*40000 + 5200+((5000/2)+ (800*3))0.82 + 4000 = 177218
\small TC(Q= 10000) = 4.1*40000 + 3700+(10000/2+ (800*3))0.82 + 4000 = 177768
\small TC(Q= 10000) = 4.1*40000+3200+(15000/2+(800*3))0.82 + 4000 = 179318
Using sharps and a shipping quantity of 5000 is the lowest alternative with total cost to eight flags is 175140
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Q47
The commonly recognisable methods to improve human reliability in the workplace are …
Select one:
a.
reward schemes, appraisal schemes, selection, induction and human reliability analysis.
b.
talent retention, selection, training and human reliability analysis.
c.
job satisfaction, appraisal schemes, recruitment, training and human reliability analysis.
d.
reward schemes, job satisfaction, appraisal schemes, selection, training and human reliability analysis.
Q48
Which of the following legal mechanisms are used to enforce the King III Report and the Code of Corporate Practices and Conduct?
a Company Act 1973
b Company Act 2008
c JSE’s listing requirements
d Financials Markets Act 2012
Choose the correct combination:
Select one:
a.
a,b,c
b.
a,b,d
c.
b,c
d.
a,b,c,d
Q49
A system of business ethics consists of seven components, one of them is a business’s … which is usually composed of legal, economic, political, environmental, social and technological elements.
Select one:
a.
vision
b.
code of conduct
c.
context
d.
policies and procedures
The commonly recognizable methods to improve human reliability in the workplace are: d. reward schemes, job satisfaction, appraisal schemes, selection, training, and human reliability analysis.
Q48: The legal mechanisms used to enforce the King III Report and the Code of Corporate Practices and Conduct are: c. JSE's listing requirements.
Q49: A system of business ethics consists of seven components, one of them is a business's: c. context.
What is human reliability in the workplaceThere are various approaches to enhance human dependability in a work setting that are widely known and recognized.
One way to motivate employees and encourage dependable and high-quality work is through the implementation of reward programs that offer incentives and awards.
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You are required to write a ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE of a POULTRY EGG FARMING which will convince the lender that your business is highly viable in your country.
An organizational structure is a plan that outlines how the organization's resources are distributed and utilized to achieve goals. The organizational structure of a poultry egg farming business is critical in demonstrating that the business is viable in the country where it is located.
The following is a suggested organizational structure for a poultry egg farming business Chief Executive Officer (CEO): Responsible for providing leadership, direction, and strategic vision to the organization. The CEO is accountable for the overall performance of the business and for ensuring that it meets its objectives. Chief Operating Officer (COO): Responsible for overseeing the day-to-day operations of the business. The COO is accountable for ensuring that the business is running smoothly and efficiently. Operations Manager, Responsible for managing the production process, including overseeing the hatchery, feed and water supply, and disease control measures. Finance Manager: Responsible for managing the financial aspects of the business, including budgeting, forecasting, and financial reporting. Human Resource Manager: Responsible for managing the human resources of the business, including recruitment, training, and compensation. Sales and Marketing Manager: Responsible for developing and implementing the sales and marketing strategies of the business, including branding, advertising, and promotions.
An organizational structure is a visual representation of a company structure that shows the relationships between different roles and how they work together to achieve the organization goals. This structure is essential in demonstrating that a business is viable in the country where it is located because it outlines how the business will function and how it will utilize its resources to achieve its objectives. The CEO of a poultry egg farming business is responsible for providing leadership and direction to the organization. The COO is responsible for ensuring that the business is running smoothly and efficiently. The Operations Manager is responsible for managing the production process, while the Finance Manager is responsible for managing the financial aspects of the business. The Human Resource Manager is responsible for managing the human resources of the business, including recruitment, training, and compensation. The Sales and Marketing Manager is responsible for developing and implementing the sales and marketing strategies of the business, including branding, advertising, and promotions. Together, this team can work together to ensure that the business is successful and viable in the country where it is located.
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A private equity valuation approach that uses estimated multiples of cash flows to value a portfolio company is the: a) Asset-based approach;
b) Discount cash flow approach; c) Market/comparable approach.
The private equity valuation approach that uses estimated multiples of cash flows to value a portfolio company is the market/comparable approach.
So, the answer is C.
The method of comparing the value of a company to similar companies in the same industry, geography, and size range is known as the market approach. The valuator's objective in this approach is to determine what a willing buyer would pay for the business in question based on the prices paid for similar businesses.
The market approach is the most widely used approach to private equity valuation because it uses real-world market data to determine the worth of a company, and it is relatively simple to comprehend.
Hence, the answer is C.
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9. If the nominal interest rate is 8 percent and expected inflation is 3.5 percent, then what is the real interest rate? a. 11.5 percent b. 7.5 percent c. 4.5 percent d. 2.5 percent 10. The supply of money is determined by a. the price level. b. the Treasury and Congressional Budget Office. c. the Central Bank. d. the demand for money.
If the nominal interest rate is 8 percent and expected inflation is 3.5 percent, then what is the real interest rate if The formula for calculating the real interest rate is the nominal interest rate minus the expected inflation rate.
The correct option is (c).
The calculation is as follows:Real interest rate = Nominal interest rate - Expected inflation rateReal interest rate = 8% - 3.5%Real interest rate = 4.5%Therefore, the real interest rate is 4.5%. Hence, option (c) is the correct answer.10. The supply of money is determined by:The Central Bank determines the supply of money, which is a monetary authority.
The money supply is determined by the Central Bank in response to the monetary policy of the country's government and central bank. Hence, the correct option is (c).Answer:9. The real interest rate is 4.5%.10. The supply of money is determined by the Central Bank.
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Consider a sandwich retailer in a supermarket. Averagely, customers come at a rate of 1 customer every 3 minutes. The current throughput efficiency is 25% and a average number of 6 people stand in the queue waiting to be served. Let’s suppose that at the beginning of the serving process, there are already 6 people in the queue. 1. Please calculate the average time to serve a single customer in the current situation? (Hint: Use Little’s law to calculate the throughput time, and then calculate the work content) 2. How many staff are needed currently to ensure that there are never more than 6 people in the queue? 3. Suppose the manager wants to increase the throughput efficiency to 40% by increasing the average time to serve a single customer, how many more staff does he need to hire?
To calculate the average time to serve a single customer, we need to determine the throughput time and the work content.
Given:
Arrival rate (λ) = 1 customer every 3 minutes
Throughput efficiency (ρ) = 25% = 0.25
Average number of customers in the queue (L) = 6
Throughput efficiency (ρ) is defined as the ratio of the arrival rate (λ) to the service rate (μ).
ρ = λ / μ
Since ρ = 0.25 and λ = 1/3 (1 customer every 3 minutes), we can rearrange the equation to solve for μ:
0.25 = (1/3) / μ
μ = (1/3) / 0.25
μ = 4/3 customers per minute
The service rate (μ) represents the inverse of the average time to serve a single customer.
μ = 1 / average service time
Therefore, the average service time is:
average service time = 1 / μ
average service time = 1 / (4/3)
average service time = 3/4 minutes or 45 seconds
To ensure that there are never more than 6 people in the queue, we can use Little's law, which states that the average number of customers in the system (L) is equal to the arrival rate (λ) multiplied by the average time a customer spends in the system (W).
L = λ * W
Given:
Average number of customers in the queue (L) = 6
Arrival rate (λ) = 1 customer every 3 minutes (1/3 per minute)
We can solve for the average time a customer spends in the system (W):
6 = (1/3) * W
W = 18 minutes
Since the average time a customer spends in the system (W) is the sum of the time spent waiting in the queue and the average service time, we can calculate the time spent waiting in the queue:
time spent waiting in the queue = W - average service time
time spent waiting in the queue = 18 - (3/4)
time spent waiting in the queue = 17.25 minutes
Therefore, to ensure that there are never more than 6 people in the queue, the staff should aim to serve a customer in less than 45 seconds and keep the total time spent by a customer in the system (including waiting in the queue and service time) under 18 minutes.
If the manager wants to increase the throughput efficiency to 40% by increasing the average time to serve a single customer, we can calculate the new service rate (μ') needed using the new efficiency (ρ'):
ρ' = λ / μ'
Given:
Throughput efficiency (ρ') = 40% = 0.4
Arrival rate (λ) = 1 customer every 3 minutes (1/3 per minute)
We can rearrange the equation to solve for the new service rate (μ'):
0.4 = (1/3) / μ'
μ' = (1/3) / 0.4
μ' = 5/6 customers per minute
The difference between the new service rate (μ') and the current service rate (μ) indicates the additional staff needed:
Additional staff needed = μ' - μ
Additional staff needed = (5/6) - (4/3)
Additional staff needed = 1/6
Therefore, the manager needs to hire one more staff member to achieve the desired throughput efficiency of 40%.
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The Walkrite Shoe Company operates a chain of shoe stores that sell 10 different styles of inexpensive men’s shoes with identical unit costs and selling prices. A unit is defined as a pair of shoes. Each store has a store manager who is paid a fixed salary. Individual salespeople receive a fixed salary and a sales commission. Warren is considering opening another store that is expected to have the revenue and cost relationships shown here.
UNIT VARIABLE DATA (per pair of shoes)
Selling price $30
Cost of shoes $19.50
Sales commission $1.50
Variable cost per unit $21.00
ANNUAL FIXED COSTS
Rent $60,000
Salaries $200,000
Advertising $80,000
Other fixed costs $20,000
TOTAL FIXED COSTS $360,000
1. What is the annual breakeven point in (a) units sold and (b) revenues?
2. If 35,000 units are sold, what will be the store’s operating income (loss)?
3. If sales commissions are discontinued and fixed salaries are raised by a total of $81,000, what would be the annual breakeven point in (a) units sold and (b) revenues?
4. Refer to the original data. If, in addition to his fixed salary, the store manager is paid a commission of $0.30 per unit sold, what would be the annual breakeven point in (a) units sold and (b) revenues?
5. Refer to the original data. If, in addition to his fixed salary, the store manager is paid a commission of $0.30 per unit in excess of the breakeven point, what would be the store’s operating income at sales of 50,000 units?
The analysis of the Walkrite Shoe Company's new store revealed the annual breakeven point, operating income (loss) at a specific sales volume, and the impact of changes in sales commissions and fixed salaries. These findings provide valuable insights for decision-making and optimizing profitability.
1. The annual breakeven point can be calculated as follows:
(a) Breakeven point in units sold = Total fixed costs / Contribution margin per unit
Contribution margin per unit = Selling price per unit - Variable cost per unit
Contribution margin per unit = $30 - $21 = $9
Breakeven point in units sold = $360,000 / $9 = 40,000 units
(b) Breakeven point in revenues = Breakeven point in units sold * Selling price per unit
Breakeven point in revenues = 40,000 units * $30 = $1,200,000
2. To calculate the store's operating income (loss) when 35,000 units are sold, we need to determine the total costs and deduct them from the total revenues.
Total costs = Fixed costs + Variable costs
Variable costs = Variable cost per unit * Number of units sold
Variable costs = $21 * 35,000 = $735,000
Total costs = $360,000 + $735,000 = $1,095,000
Operating income (loss) = Total revenues - Total costs
Operating income (loss) = (35,000 units * $30) - $1,095,000 = $150,000 - $1,095,000 = -$945,000 (Loss)
3. If sales commissions are discontinued and fixed salaries are raised by a total of $81,000, the new fixed costs would be:
New fixed costs = Total fixed costs + Increase in fixed salaries
New fixed costs = $360,000 + $81,000 = $441,000
The new breakeven point can be calculated using the updated fixed costs and the original contribution margin per unit:
(a) New breakeven point in units sold = New fixed costs / Contribution margin per unit
New breakeven point in units sold = $441,000 / $9 = 49,000 units
(b) New breakeven point in revenues = New breakeven point in units sold * Selling price per unit
New breakeven point in revenues = 49,000 units * $30 = $1,470,000
4. If the store manager is paid a commission of $0.30 per unit sold in addition to his fixed salary, the new contribution margin per unit would be:
Contribution margin per unit = Selling price per unit - Variable cost per unit - Manager's commission per unit
Contribution margin per unit = $30 - $21 - $0.30 = $8.70
Using the original fixed costs and the new contribution margin per unit, we can calculate the new breakeven point:
(a) New breakeven point in units sold = Total fixed costs / Contribution margin per unit
New breakeven point in units sold = $360,000 / $8.70 = 41,379 units
(b) New breakeven point in revenues = New breakeven point in units sold * Selling price per unit
New breakeven point in revenues = 41,379 units * $30 = $1,241,370
5. If the store manager is paid a commission of $0.30 per unit in excess of the breakeven point, the operating income at sales of 50,000 units can be calculated as follows:
Operating income = (Number of units sold - Breakeven point) * Manager's commission per unit
Operating income = (50,000 - 40,000) * $0.30 = 10,000 * $0.30 = $3,000
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If you have sheltered in place, do not un-secure or leave your area until you have visual or audible confirmation by a police officer or supervisor that it is safe to come out.
During an emergency, sheltering in place is a good method of self-protection. This means staying in one's current location rather than evacuating.
A hazardous material spill, severe weather, a terrorist attack, or a shooting are examples of events that can necessitate sheltering in place. A disaster may strike anywhere, and people can take measures to reduce the danger or damage it causes by sheltering in place. If you have sheltered in place, do not un-secure or leave your area until you have visual or audible confirmation by a police officer or supervisor that it is safe to come out.
Sheltering in place is a protective action that keeps you safe in place until a disaster has passed or it is safe to evacuate. When a situation occurs, individuals may be asked to take temporary shelter indoors, close doors and windows, and seal air vents and turn off air conditioning systems until the incident has passed.
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2. What is the mirror-image rule? and describe how it affects
the people involved. Why is this rule important?
The mirror-image rule is an important legal principle that refers to the mutual assent of parties in a contract. The main answer is that the mirror-image rule states that the terms and conditions in an acceptance must be exactly the same as those in the offer.
This principle ensures that both parties are in agreement, making the contract valid and legally binding. In other words, the offeree must accept the offer's terms and conditions without any modifications or additions. The terms and conditions of the offer are the foundation of a contract, and both parties must agree to the exact terms and conditions. If the offeree makes any changes or adds new terms, they are considered to have rejected the initial offer and have made a counteroffer. If the offeror does not agree to the new terms, the contract cannot be formed. The mirror-image rule can affect the parties involved in a contract because if there is any disagreement over the terms of the contract, the contract may be void or unenforceable. This is why it is essential to ensure that the offer and acceptance are clear and unambiguous to avoid misunderstandings. The mirror-image rule is crucial in the formation of a contract because it ensures that the parties involved are in mutual agreement. If the parties do not agree to the exact terms and conditions, it will be difficult to enforce the contract. It also protects the parties from potential misunderstandings and disputes by ensuring that all terms and conditions are agreed upon beforehand.
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The goal of a research proposal is to present and justify the need
to study a research problem and to present the practical ways in
which the proposed study should be conducted.
Is it really worthwhil
Yes, it is worthwhile to create a research proposal because it helps to present and justify the need to study a research problem and to present the practical ways in which the proposed study should be conducted in detail.
A research proposal is a document that outlines the necessary details that will aid in conducting research studies. It is an essential document that demonstrates to the readers that the proposed research is worth undertaking. A well-structured research proposal will enable you to focus on the research goals, gain a thorough understanding of the research subject, and acquire an appropriate methodology to study the research problem.
A good research proposal provides a thorough and detailed explanation of the research methodology, including data collection techniques, experimental procedures, and analysis methods that will be used to accomplish the research goal. Moreover, a research proposal helps to minimize the chances of inadequate sample size or inappropriate methods.
It is essential to communicate the research goals and procedures explicitly, as it will make it easier to identify the potential challenges that may arise and develop appropriate solutions. Therefore, it is worthwhile to create a research proposal as it will help to present and justify the need to study a research problem and to present the practical ways in which the proposed study should be conducted in detail.
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Which of the following Rogue options is no longer available for 2021?
O Sun and Sound Package
O Special Edition Package
Among the given options, the "Special Edition Package" is the option that is no longer available for the 2021 Rogue. It is common for manufacturers to introduce and discontinue specific packages or editions based on market demand and product-strategies.
The given options suggest features or packages that may be available for the 2021 Rogue. Based on the information provided, the "Special Edition Package" is the option that is no longer available for the 2021 Rogue.
Automobile manufacturers often introduce special editions or specific packages for certain model years to offer unique features or customization options. However, these packages or editions are typically available for a limited time and may be discontinued in subsequent model years.
The "Sun and Sound Package" is not mentioned as being unavailable, so it is still a potential option for the 2021 Rogue. However, without additional information or confirmation, it is not possible to definitively determine the availability of specific packages for the 2021 Rogue.
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FILL THE BLANK. "A contract is _____ when the all of the necessary elements for a
valid contract have been met but one party asserts a legal defense
to performance.
a) void
b) voidable
c) unenforceable
d) void per se"
"A contract is voidable when all of the necessary elements for a valid contract have been met but one party asserts a legal defense to performance. Option B is the correct answer of this question
A voidable contract is a legally binding agreement that is subject to cancellation by one of the parties involved. It is a type of contract that can be legally enforced but can be rendered invalid by the affected party.However, this kind of contract's validity will depend on several factors that can make the contract voidable. These may include undue influence, misrepresentation, fraud, duress, incapacity, and error.
Any of these factors could result in the voiding of the contract, and it would be unenforceable for that reason alone.In general, when a contract is deemed voidable, it means that the contract was not made under the proper conditions.
This implies that the contract can be canceled without penalty by either party and can be enforced if both parties agree to continue with the agreement. It is the responsibility of the aggrieved party to declare the contract voidable, and once this is done, the other party has no choice but to abide by the law. Option B is the correct answer of this question
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How can ADNOC’s people strategy address existing and potential challenges in human resource management?
ADNOC is the state-run oil firm that produces, refines, and exports petroleum and petrochemicals in Abu Dhabi. It is a world leader in upstream oil and gas production, producing more than 3 million barrels of oil and 10.5 billion cubic feet of natural gas per day, generating a high amount of revenue annually.
ADNO's workforce is committed to the organization's vision and values, which are evident in their daily work and activities. They play a key role in providing expertise, developing and executing policies, and ensuring compliance with legal and regulatory requirements.ADNO's people strategy aims to recruit, train, and retain a highly skilled, motivated, and dedicated workforce to achieve its goals. As a result, the company has developed a human resource management strategy to overcome existing and potential challenges in the field. The following are the ways that ADNOC's people strategy can address existing and potential challenges in human resource management:Recruiting and Retaining a Skilled WorkforceADNOC's people strategy is centered on attracting and retaining a skilled workforce to achieve its objectives. It is necessary to recruit individuals who possess the knowledge, abilities, and expertise required to work in a challenging and demanding environment. The organization also puts an emphasis on ensuring that staff feel valued, appreciated, and motivated to work to their full potential. Thus, their staff's well-being is taken into account by providing training programs that cater to their professional development needs.
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Identify the business rules contained in the following scenario. ""We are frequently asked for movies starring specific actors. John Wayne and Julia Roberts are always popular. So we’d like to keep track of the star actors appearing in each movie. Not all of our movies have star actors. Customers like to know each actor’s ""real"" birth name and date of birth. We track only actors who appear in the movies in our inventory.""
The business rules contained in the following scenario are: We'd like to keep track of the star actors appearing in each movie; Not all of our movies have star actors; Customers like to know each actor's "real" birth name and date of birth; and We track only actors who appear in the movies in our inventory.
Business rules refer to the set of instructions or policies that guide how a business operates. They are established to help an organization meet its objectives. They are an essential part of a company's decision-making process. The business rules are created to ensure that the company operates in an organized and consistent manner and that the objectives of the organization are achieved.
The business rules contained in the following scenario:
We'd like to keep track of the star actors appearing in each movie. This business rule would help the organization keep track of the star actors appearing in each movie, which could help them to analyze which actors are popular and may help them to make decisions about the movies they purchase and the stars they hire.Not all of our movies have star actors. This business rule indicates that not all movies have star actors, which can help the company determine which actors to use in their movies based on the popularity of a particular actor.Customers like to know each actor's "real" birth name and date of birth. This business rule is essential because it ensures that the organization tracks the necessary information about the actors, which could help them make decisions about which actors to use in their films.We track only actors who appear in the movies in our inventory. This business rule could help the company identify the actors appearing in the movies in their inventory and would help them make decisions about the movies they purchase and the actors they hire.Learn more about Business rules:
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What might be the challenges in the implementation of BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE BI project For an organization such as Netflix? Explain the challenges.
The implementation of BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE (BI) project in organizations such as Netflix can face a number of challenges. There can be challenges that relate to data, technology, people, processes, management, and strategy.
Here are some of the challenges that Netflix might face in the implementation of a BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE (BI) project, Data-Related Challenges: Data-related challenges can arise due to the following reasons, Data quality issues like incorrect, incomplete, or inconsistent data across different systems. Technical data integration issues that may arise due to the differences in data formats, structure, and storage of data across different systems. Data security and privacy issues that arise due to the sensitivity of the data. Technology Related Challenges: Technology-related challenges can arise due to the following reasons, Incompatible systems or technologies that make it difficult to integrate data from multiple sources and generate meaningful insights from them. High cost of implementation and maintenance of BI technologies and tools. Complexity in the management of large volumes of data and in generating insights from them. People Related Challenges: People related challenges can arise due to the following reasons, Lack of understanding or awareness of the benefits of BI among employees.
Lack of skills or expertise in data analytics, data visualization, and other BI technologies among employees. Low employee engagement or resistance to change in the organizational culture. Process-Related Challenges: Process-related challenges can arise due to the following reasons. Lack of standardization in data collection and reporting processes. Limited access to data and information for decision-making purposes. Lack of a systematic approach to data management and BI projects. Management-Related Challenges: Management related challenges can arise due to the following reasons, Lack of strategic alignment between BI projects and the overall organizational goals. Lack of clarity in the roles and responsibilities of different stakeholders in BI projects. Low support from senior management in the implementation of BI projects. Strategy-Related Challenges Strategy related challenges can arise due to the following reasons, Lack of a clear understanding of the BI project goals and objectives. Inability to measure the success of BI projects due to lack of defined metrics and KPIs. Low adoption and usage rates of BI tools and technologies among employees.
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what is the primary aim of a marketing program for a managed property
A) to enhance the image of the property owner
B) to find and attract the right kind of tenants
C) to attract skill professional staff to the property
D) to discourage current tenant from leaving the property
The primary aim of a marketing program for a managed property is to find and attract the right kind of tenants. The correct answer is option (B)
This is crucial for the property's success as it ensures that the property is occupied by tenants who will take good care of it and pay their rent on time. By attracting the right kind of tenants, the property owner can maintain a high occupancy rate and minimize turnover, reducing the time and money spent on finding new tenants.A marketing program may include various tactics such as advertising the property online and in print media, utilizing social media platforms, and hosting open houses. Hence, option (B) is the correct answer.
The program may also focus on building relationships with local businesses and organizations to promote the property and attract potential tenants.A successful marketing program for a managed property should be tailored to the specific needs and goals of the property owner, taking into account factors such as location, target market, and competition in the local area.
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Law Societies protect the public interest by providing various client complaint resolution processes. At the same time, if a client believes that a lawyer has caused financial losses, the client must take individual action to protect his or her interests. Which one of the following is incorrect? If a complaint about a lawyer is unresolved by a mediation process, the law society may proceed to a formal hearing and introduce evidence against a lawyer. Lawyers may hire their own lawyer for the formal complaints hearings. Only once the complaint hearing is completed may the client sue the lawyer to pursue remedies for financial losses caused by the lawyer. A formal complaint hearing could result in disbarment or some lesser sanction against a lawyer. O Lawyers may be forced to pay the costs of the complaint hearing. Submit
it is concluded that the incorrect statement is: Only once the complaint hearing is completed may the client sue the lawyer to pursue remedies for financial losses caused by the lawyer.
Law societies protect the public interest by providing various client complaint resolution processes. At the same time, if a client believes that a lawyer has caused financial losses, the client must take individual action to protect his or her interests. If a complaint about a lawyer is unresolved by a mediation process, the law society may proceed to a formal hearing and introduce evidence against a lawyer.The following statement is incorrect:Only once the complaint hearing is completed may the client sue the lawyer to pursue remedies for financial losses caused by the lawyer.This statement is incorrect because the client may take the individual action at any time to protect their interests, they don’t have to wait for the completion of a complaint hearing to sue the lawyer to pursue remedies for financial losses caused by the lawyer. Lawyers may hire their own lawyer for the formal complaints hearings. Only once the complaint hearing is completed may the client sue the lawyer to pursue remedies for financial losses caused by the lawyer. A formal complaint hearing could result in disbarment or some lesser sanction against a lawyer. Lawyers may be forced to pay the costs of the complaint hearing. Hence, it is concluded that the incorrect statement is: Only once the complaint hearing is completed may the client sue the lawyer to pursue remedies for financial losses caused by the lawyer.
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A firm's FCFF is R21.7. The firm's FCFF is expected to grow at 14.8 % for two years and then grow at a constant annual rate of 8.9 % thereafter. If the tax rate is 35%' and the firm's WACC is 21%, determine the value of the firm.
To determine the value of the firm, we can use the Free Cash Flow to Firm (FCFF) valuation approach. The formula to calculate the value of the firm is as follows:
Value of the Firm = PV of FCFF at Year 1 + PV of FCFF at Year 2 + PV of FCFF from Year 3 onwards. First, we need to calculate the FCFF for Year 1 and Year 2 using the growth rate of 14.8%: FCFF Year 1 = FCFF * (1 + Growth Rate) = R21.7 * (1 + 0.148) = R24.864. FCFF Year 2 = FCFF Year 1 * (1 + Growth Rate) = R24.864 * (1 + 0.148) = R28.436672. Next, we need to calculate the FCFF from Year 3 onwards using the constant growth rate of 8.9%: FCFF Year 3 = FCFF Year 2 * (1 + Growth Rate) = R28.436672 * (1 + 0.089) = R30.931312. Now, we can calculate the present value (PV) of the FCFFs using the firm's WACC of 21%: PV of FCFF Year 1 = FCFF Year 1 / (1 + WACC) = R24.864 / (1 + 0.21) = R20.528925. PV of FCFF Year 2 = FCFF Year 2 / (1 + WACC)^2 = R28.436672 / (1 + 0.21)^2 = R20.327307. PV of FCFF from Year 3 onwards = FCFF Year 3 / (WACC - Growth Rate) = R30.931312 / (0.21 - 0.089) = R220.937635. Finally, we can calculate the value of the firm by summing up the present values of the FCFFs: Value of the Firm = PV of FCFF Year 1 + PV of FCFF Year 2 + PV of FCFF from Year 3 onwards
= R20.528925 + R20.327307 + R220.937635
= R261.793867
Therefore, the value of the firm is R261.79.
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Tracey Miles travelled to New York for four months to attend the American Airways Inc(AA) training program for English based flight crew. Whilst overseas, Tracey decided that her passion was to fly light aircraft for private purposes. Tracey realised that the direction AFS was taking no longer left a place for her in the company. As a result, Tracey tendered her resignation to Jenny effective 20 June 2021. Jenny, worried about the intellectual property Tracey had gained whilst training with AA, entered into a restrictive covenant agreement with Tracey which prohibited Tracey from training commercial pilots in Australia for the period of 3 years at a cost of $500,000.
Tracey signed the restrictive covenant agreement with Jenny, which meant that she was agreeing to the terms and conditions laid out in the agreement. She was also agreeing to pay $500,000 if she breached the agreement. The agreement was legally binding and enforceable under Australian law. Thus, if Tracey breaches the agreement, she would have to pay AFS the agreed amount as compensation for the breach.
Tracey Miles was working for AFS and decided to attend the American Airways Inc (AA) training program for English based flight crew. However, while overseas, Tracey realized that her passion was to fly light aircraft for private purposes. Tracey decided to tender her resignation to Jenny, who was her supervisor, because she felt that there was no longer a place for her in AFS.
In response, Jenny, who was concerned about the intellectual property Tracey had gained during her training with AA, entered into a restrictive covenant agreement with Tracey that prohibited her from training commercial pilots in Australia for three years at a cost of $500,000.
The purpose of the agreement was to protect AFS's intellectual property rights. AFS feared that Tracey could have shared its proprietary information, techniques, and methods with her new employer or other commercial pilots.
Intellectual property rights can include any trade secrets, confidential information, inventions, or creative works, among others. AFS wanted to ensure that its trade secrets and confidential information remained protected.
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Question 2
Using a relevant diagram and suitable examples, explain FIVE (5)
advantages and FIVE (5)disadvantages of the following
organizational structures:
a) Functional organization
b) Divisional organization
a) Functional Organization: Specialized Expertise: Functional organization allows employees to develop specialized skills and expertise within their respective functions. This leads to higher efficiency and effectiveness in completing tasks.
Clear Career Path: Employees in functional organizations have clear career paths within their functional area. They can focus on developing their skills and advancing their careers within their specific field.
Economies of Scale: Functional organizations can achieve economies of scale by centralizing similar functions. This allows for the sharing of resources, knowledge, and best practices, resulting in cost savings.
Enhanced Coordination: Since employees within each function work closely together, coordination and communication become easier. This promotes collaboration and seamless integration of activities within the function.
Clear Hierarchy: Functional organizations typically have a clear hierarchical structure, which provides a clear chain of command and decision-making authority. This helps in maintaining order and accountability within the organization.
Disadvantages:
Siloed Mindset: Functional organizations can sometimes develop a siloed mindset, where each function becomes focused solely on its own goals and objectives. This can hinder collaboration and innovation across functions.
Lack of Cross-Functional Communication: Due to the division of functions, communication and coordination between different departments can be challenging. This can lead to misalignment and delays in decision-making.
Slow Response to Changes: Functional organizations can be slower in responding to changes in the external environment. Decision-making processes may be lengthy due to the need for coordination between different functions.
Limited Flexibility: Functional organizations may struggle to adapt to changing market conditions or business strategies. The rigid structure can make it difficult to reorganize or reallocate resources quickly.
Potential for Power Struggles: With clear hierarchical structures, there is a potential for power struggles between functions or individuals. This can lead to conflicts and hinder collaboration and teamwork.
b) Divisional Organization:
Advantages:
Focus on Customer Needs: Divisional organizations are structured around specific customer segments or markets. This allows for a dedicated focus on understanding and meeting the unique needs of each division's customers.
Flexibility and Adaptability: Each division operates as a separate entity with its own resources and decision-making authority. This enables quicker responses to changes in the market and allows for flexibility in adapting strategies.
Accountability and Performance Evaluation: Divisional organizations can establish clear accountability for the performance of each division. This facilitates performance evaluation and enables better tracking of results and outcomes.
Innovation and Entrepreneurship: Divisional organizations encourage innovation and entrepreneurship within each division. Since divisions operate with autonomy, they can experiment with new ideas and approaches to drive growth.
Motivation and Employee Engagement: Divisions have a greater sense of ownership and autonomy, which can lead to higher employee motivation and engagement. Employees have more opportunities for growth and development within their divisions.
Disadvantages:
Duplication of Resources: Divisional organizations may face challenges in resource allocation and coordination. Each division may duplicate certain resources, leading to inefficiencies and increased costs.
Lack of Synergy: Divisional organizations may struggle to achieve synergy and collaboration across divisions. The focus on divisional goals and objectives can overshadow the broader organizational objectives.
Potential for Internal Competition: Divisions within the organization may compete for resources and market share. This can create conflicts and hinder cooperation and collaboration.
Difficulties in Standardization: Maintaining consistent standards and processes across divisions can be challenging in a divisional organization. This can lead to inconsistencies in product/service quality and customer experience.
Communication and Coordination Challenges: Divisional organizations require effective communication and coordination between divisions to ensure alignment and coherence. If communication channels are not well-established, it can result in miscommunication and delays in decision-making.
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Question 3, P5-7 (similar to) Part 1 of Homework: Homework 5 Future value with periodic rates Man Johnsos delivers newspapers and is puting away $30 at the end of each quarter from his paper route col
The amount put away by Man Johnsos is $30 at the end of each quarter.Future value formula:FV = PV × (1 + r)nwherePV = present value (initial investment)rn= rate of interestn = number of periodsSolution:Man Johnsos puts $30 at the end of each quarter.Future value after 1 year:Interest rate for the first quarter = 2%Interest rate for the second quarter = 2.25%Interest rate for the third quarter = 2.5%Interest rate for the fourth quarter = 2.75%Interest rate per annum, r = (1 + 0.02) × (1 + 0.0225) × (1 + 0.025) × (1 + 0.0275) – 1= 0.09827335 = 9.827335%FV after one year = $30 × ((1 + 0.09827335)¹) = $32.48 (rounded to 2 decimal places)Future value after 5 years:Interest rate per quarter = (9.827335/4)%= 2.456834%Interest rate after 20 quarters = (1 + 0.02456834)²⁰ – 1= 65.55%FV after 5 years = $30 × ((1 + 0.02456834)²⁰) = $60.61 (rounded to 2 decimal places)Therefore, the future value after 1 year and 5 years are $32.48 and $60.61 respectively.
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Sam spends $960 per month on wine and beer. Her utility function is given by U = 390WB, where W represents the number of bottles of wine that she buys, and B represents the number of cases of beer that she buys. Wine costs $16 per bottle and beer costs $20 per case. Sam wants to maximize her utility. Calculate how many bottles of wine and how many cases of beer Sam should buy. Show your calculation(s).
Sam should buy 30 bottles of wine and 12 cases of beer.By allocating her budget to purchase 30 bottles of wine and 12 cases of beer, Sam can maximize her utility according to her given utility function.
To maximize her utility, Sam needs to allocate her budget in a way that maximizes the value of her utility function. The utility function is given by U = 390WB, where W represents the number of bottles of wine and B represents the number of cases of beer.
Let's assume Sam buys x bottles of wine and y cases of beer. The cost of wine per month would be 16x, and the cost of beer per month would be 20y. According to the given information, Sam spends $960 per month on wine and beer. So we have the equation:
16x + 20y = 960
To maximize the utility, we need to find the values of x and y that satisfy this equation and maximize the value of U = 390WB.
To simplify the calculation, we can divide the equation by 4:
4x + 5y = 240
Now, we need to find whole number solutions for x and y that satisfy this equation. By trying different values, we find that when x = 30 and y = 12, the equation is satisfied:
4(30) + 5(12) = 120 + 60 = 180 + 60 = 240
Therefore, Sam should buy 30 bottles of wine and 12 cases of beer to maximize her utility.
By allocating her budget to purchase 30 bottles of wine and 12 cases of beer, Sam can maximize her utility according to her given utility function. This allocation of purchases allows her to balance her enjoyment of wine and beer while staying within her budget.
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hr specialists at the novax corporation need to develop a training program on safety procedures. based on the training process model, the first thing that should be done is to create a learning environment. ensure the transfer of training. conduct a needs assessment. select training methods. ensure employee readiness for training.
The first thing that should be done is to conduct a needs assessment. Then create a learning environment.
The training process model consists of five stages; creating a learning environment, ensuring the transfer of training, conducting a needs assessment, selecting training methods, and ensuring employee readiness for training. The HR specialists at Novax Corporation need to develop a training program on safety procedures. According to the training process model, the first stage is to conduct a needs assessment. A needs assessment involves identifying the current and future needs of the employees.
This stage includes analyzing the employees' skills and knowledge, determining the training objectives, and defining the outcomes expected from the training program. The second stage is to create a learning environment, which involves developing a positive atmosphere for the employees to learn. The HR specialists can ensure this by designing a comfortable and engaging environment for the employees to participate in the training program. Other stages include ensuring the transfer of training, selecting the appropriate training methods, and ensuring employee readiness for training.
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Some time ago you purchased a new SUV. You financed this SUV for 60 months (with payments made at the end of the month) with a loan at 8.2% APR. Your monthly payments are $750 and you have just made your 44th monthly payment on your SUV. a. What is the amount of your original loan? Answer in dollar amount with two decimals (i.e. 4523.23). b. Assuming that you have made all of the first 44 payments on time, what is the current outstanding principal balance on your SUV loan? Answer in dollar amount with two decimals (i.e. 4523.23) c. Now, ignore your answers in a. and b. and assume that the original loan was $44 800 and that the outstanding balance after the first 44 months is $16 350. Also assume all 44 payments were made on time. Then how much interest have you paid over this period? Answer in dollar amount with two decimals (i.e. 4523.23)
a. The original loan amount is $39,738.94.
b. The current outstanding principal balance is $8,782.09.
c. The interest paid over this period is $28,450.00.
a. To calculate the original loan amount, we need to determine the present value of the monthly payments for 60 months at an APR of 8.2%. We can use the PMT function in Excel to find the present value (loan amount) with the given monthly payment, loan term, and APR. Here's how:
In an Excel cell, use the following formula:
=PV(APR/12, Loan Term, -Payment)
Using the given values, the formula would be:
=PV(8.2%/12, 60, -750)
Evaluating this formula gives us the original loan amount of $39,738.94.
b. To calculate the current outstanding principal balance on the SUV loan after 44 months of on-time payments, we need to determine the remaining balance using the future value (FV) function. Here's how:
In an Excel cell, use the following formula:
=FV(APR/12, Loan Term - Number of Payments Made, -Payment, -Loan Amount)
Using the given values, the formula would be:
=FV(8.2%/12, 60 - 44, -750, -Loan Amount)
Substituting the original loan amount, we get:
=FV(8.2%/12, 16, -750, -39738.94)
Evaluating this formula gives us the current outstanding principal balance of $8,782.09.
c. Since we are given the original loan amount ($44,800) and the outstanding balance after 44 months ($16,350), we can calculate the interest paid over this period by subtracting the outstanding balance from the original loan amount. Here's the calculation:
Interest Paid = Original Loan Amount - Outstanding Balance
Interest Paid = $44,800 - $16,350
Interest Paid = $28,450.00
Therefore, the interest paid over this period is $28,450.00.
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