what could cause an error DNA in replication
Answers
NOTICE: There are attachments attached to this answer that is mentioned in each paragraph!
We frequently see DNA replication as a well-organized, methodical process, much like a production line. It's not. For the DNA polymerase to read it, the DNA must not lie in a straight line and must be in motion, not static. It is curled and twisted. First, realize that this is a molecular issue. Bacteria lack neurons, cannot "think," and cannot make decisions. Everything is a chemical reaction, and chemical reactions frequently depend on one concentration's osmotic pressure being higher than another, both inside the cell and outside. Even at that level, there is a lot of "nothing," albeit nothing is empty. For a better understanding of the environment, picture a cell as a large room filled with balls of all sizes. Each ball has a unique form and isn't spherical; some balls fit together flawlessly while others don't. This is the easiest way to conceptualize the universe of molecular chemistry. There is never "nothing" other than in space when you push your way through layers upon layers of free oxygen, free nitrogen, helium, carbon dioxide, hydrogen dioxide, argon, methane, etc. when you walk through what we term "air."
Replication mistakes happen. Sometimes DNA polymerase enzymes add the incorrect nucleotide, too many, or too few nucleotides to a sequence. Or the DNA polymerase gets looped on the same strand, adding a few codons in a repetition before the strand slips away and it continues, or there is a tangle of crossing DNA and it jumps to the incorrect thread and back (or never), etc. In order to ensure that the bases added to a developing strand are appropriately matched with their complements, DNA polymerase enzymes are quite picky about the nucleotides they choose to use. However, these enzymes do make errors. Specifically, at a rate of around 1 per 100,000 nucleotides. Doesn't sound like much, but since each diploid cell has 6 billion base pairs, there are around 120,000 errors every cell division.
Ribosomal errors during transcription can even change the synthesis of the DNA polymerase proteins, leading to the creation of a mechanism that is already faulty. Since not all ribosomes are created equally, ribosome quality is important. Bacterial mutation rates are greater because bacterial ribosomes are less accurate and produce a lot more errors than human ribosomes. That is a benefit for simple, quickly reproducing life, which is also very vulnerable to the stresses of the molecular chemical environment. Unlike most more complex forms of life, which also have DNA repair mechanisms incorporated into the DNA polymerase, humans have these mechanisms. Some of these processes can often correct mistakes as soon as they are produced, while others can do so over time.
Regarding the pairing of C and T, etc. There are a number of balls in that room that, at first glance, appear to be identical, but if you compare two closely, you could find that one bump is larger or is located incorrectly even if it appears to be same. Proton shift is one such. Here are two instances using the purine guanine (G) and the pyrimidine thymine (T) (G). Please excuse my handwriting; I learned to type at a very young age. Shifted on the right, normal on the left. NA polymerase (as do most more complex forms of life) frequently correct mistakes as soon as they are made and others that correct mistakes later.
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Related Questions
How many moles FeBr3 are required
to generate 275 g NaBr?
2FeBr3 + 3Na₂S → Fe₂S3 +6NaBr
Answers
Answer:
0.893mol
Explanation:
n = m ÷ M
= 275 ÷ (23 + 80)
= 2.67 mol
* now use the Mol ratio *
NaBr : FeBr3
6 : 2
2.67 : x
5.67 = 6x
n( FeBr3 ) = 0.893 mol
How does the number of molecules in 1 mol of oxygen compare with the number of molecules in 1 mol of nitrogen?
O 1 mol of oxygen has fewer molecules.
O 1 mol of oxygen has more molecules.
O Each sample has the same number of molecules.
O The molecules cannot be compared without knowing the mass.
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4
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Answer:
Each sample has the same number of molecules.
Explanation:
This is true by Avogadro's law.
if earth has an oxidizing environment, what would you expect to happen to if left to sit over time?
Answers
If the earth is completely an oxidizing atmosphere, materials would ignite spontaneously when they are exposed to air.
What would happen if the earth is an oxidizing environment?Let us recall that oxidation has to do with an increase in oxidation number. If the earth is left as an oxidizing atmosphere without any attenuation, we can not have pure substances.
Secondly, materials would ignite spontaneously when they are exposed to the oxidizing atmosphere of the earth.
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Which of the following is a ketone?
Answers
Answer:
b
Explanation:
b is the ketone because it is and that's a fact
Answer:
D
Explanation:
Ketones are a class of organic compounds that have an Oxygen double bonded to the middle of the main carbon chain.
Option A is not a ketone (despite having an Oxygen double bonded to the middle of the main carbon chain) because it has an adjacent single bonded Oxygen in the main carbon chain. This type of compound is classified as an "Ester".
Option B is not a ketone, but is instead classified as an aldehyde, a group of compounds with their Oxygen double bonded at the end of the main carbon chain.
Option C is not a ketone (despite having an Oxygen double bonded to the middle of the main carbon chain), but is instead classified as an Carboxylic Acid, because it has an adjacent single bonded Oxygen in the main carbon chain, and both of these pieces (with the single bonded O pointing outward) are at the end of the main carbon chain.
Option D is a ketone because it does have an Oxygen double bonded somewhere to the middle of main carbon chain, not at an end, and not with another Oxygen single bonded adjacently in the carbon chain. Specifically, this ketone is "2-pentanone" or "methyl propyl ketone"
PLEASE HELP FAST! What is the percent yield if 0.856 g of NO is actually obtained in the lab during the following reaction: 4NH3 + 5O2 --> 4NO + 6H2O . 6.3 g of Ammonia was reacted with 1.8 g of Oxygen?
Options:
A. 20.1%
B. 53.5%
C. 89.4%
D. 63.4%
Answers
The percent yield of the reaction is 63.4%; option D
What is percent yield?Percent yield of a reaction is given as:
Percent yield = actual yield/expected yield * 100 %Actual yield of the reaction = 0.856 g
Expected yield = 1.8/32 * 4/5 * 30 = 1.35 g
Percent yield = 0.856/1.35 * 100 % = 63.4 %
Therefore, the percent yield is 63.4%.
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N₂(g) + 3H₂(g) → 2NH3(g)
224 L of nitrogen reacts with
excess hydrogen at 2773 K and
95.0 atm. How many moles of
nitrogen react?
Answers
Answer:
93.5 moles N₂
Explanation:
To find the moles, you need to use the Ideal Gas Law. The equation looks like this:
PV = nRT
In this equation,
-----> P = pressure (atm)
-----> V = volume (L)
-----> n = number of moles
-----> R = constant (0.0821 atm*L/mol*K)
-----> T = temperature (K)
You can plug the given values into the equation and simplify to find moles. The final answer should have 3 sig figs to match the lowest number of sig figs among the given values.
P = 95.0 atm R = 0.0821 atm*L/mol*K
V = 224 L T = 2773 K
n = ?
PV = nRT
(95.0 atm)(224 L) = n(0.0821 atm*L/mol*K)(2773 K)
21280 = n(227.6633)
93.5 = n
Answer:
93.5 moles N₂
Explanation:
You can plug the given values into the equation and simplify to find moles. The final answer should have 3 sig figs to match the lowest number of sig figs among the given values.
P = 95.0 atm R = 0.0821 atm*L/mol*K
V = 224 L T = 2773 K
n = ?
PV = nRT
(95.0 atm)(224 L) = n(0.0821 atm*L/mol*K)(2773 K)
21280 = n(227.6633)
93.5 = n
Explanation:
When in contact with hydrochloric acid, which mineral gives off bubbles of carbon dioxide gas?.
Answers
Answer:
Calcite
Explanation:
When in contact with hydrochloric acid, calcite releases carbon dioxide gas.
10. What are the four steps in the scientific method?
Answers
What is the name of this hydrocarbon?
hexane
O heptane
O octane
O pentane
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H H H H H
|||||
H-C-C-C-C-C-H
|||II
H H H H H
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Answers
Answer:
alkanes alkens alkenes and a bromatic hydrocarbons
Answer:
[tex]\huge\boxed{\sf Pentane}[/tex]
Explanation:
The given compound has:5 carbonsall single bondsPrefix for 5 carbons = Pent
Suffix for all single bonds = ane (since the compound is alkane)
So, the name of this hydrocarbon is:
Pentane[tex]\rule[225]{225}{2}[/tex]
Scientists used alpha particles to investigate models of the atom. Figure 4 shows an alpha particle scattering experiment.
Explain how scientists used the results from the experiment to :
disprove the plum pudding model
give evidence for the new nuclear model
Answers
Answer:
See attached image.
Explanation:
Which of the following could have been formed by reacting iron with sulfur?
A. Iron oxide
B. Sulfuric iron
C. Iron sulfide
D. Sulfuric acid
Answers
Answer: C
Explanation:
iron sulfide.
Answer:
C. Iron sulfide
Explanation:
Stay safe, stay healthy and blessed
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In a chemical reaction occurring in an open beaker, the reactants have a mass of 10.0 g and contain 1000 J of energy. The products in the beaker contain a mass of 5.0 g and 500 J of energy. Which best explains the difference in energy and mass as reactants are converted to products?
kinetic energy
closed systems
law of conservation of energy
electromagnetic energy
Answers
This happens because the beaker is open.
The Law of Mass Conservation says that in a close system all the mass and energy should be the same.
If the system is open, as in the case, we can have loss of mass, due to formation of gas, that will leave the beaker to the environment, and we can also have loss of energy, because the system will exchange the energy, as heat, with the environment, causing a loss on the total energy.
Answer:
Its C its C its C
Explanation:
i dislike expert verifeid beacause he wont say C
If 19.4 mL of a Ca(OH)₂ solution are needed to neutralize 31.5 mL of 0.1 M HC₂H302 solution, what is the concentration (molarity) of the
Ca(OH)₂ solution?
Select one:
O a. 0.009 M
O b. 1.6 M
OC 0.08 M
O d. 0.1 M
Answers
The concentration (molarity) of the Ca(OH)₂ solution needed to neutralize 31.5 mL of 0.1 M HC₂H302 solution is 0.162M (option D).
How to calculate molarity?The molarity of a solution can be calculated using the following formula:
CaVa = CbVb
Where;
Ca = concentration of acidCb = concentration of baseVa = volume of acidVb = volume of base31.5 × 0.1 = 19.4 × Cb
3.15 = 19.4Cb
Cb = 0.162M
Therefore, the concentration (molarity) of the Ca(OH)₂ solution needed to neutralize 31.5 mL of 0.1 M HC₂H302 solution is 0.162M.
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does anyone understand these?
Answers
Answer:
6) 47588
4.7 * 10 power 4 ( by rounding off)
7) 1 mm ---> 1,000,000
? 120
120 * 1 / 1000000
12/ 100000
0.0012
1.2 * 10 power -4.
8) Volume is the amount of space something occupies
Which chemical name is correctly paired with the chemical formula?
tin(IV) bromide, SnBr4
aluminum fluorate, AlF3
iron(II) oxide, Fe2O3
potassium chloride, K2Cl2
Answers
Answer:
Tin bromine = Snbr2
aluminum fluorate = AlFe3
iron oxide = Fe2o3
potassium chloride = KCL or 2KCL = K2CL2
All Pairs are correct
10 uses of metals in daily life
Answers
Answer:For jewellery and ornaments, gold, platinum and silver are being used.
For building purposes, iron and steel can be used.Iron and aluminium are used as utensils.
The thermometer uses mercury and helps to monitor the temperature.
The insulation wires are made of aluminium.
Aluminium foils are being used as wrappers for food.In sweets, a silver foil is being used.
To avoid rusting, zinc is used for galvanizing.In vehicles, iron is being used.
For making cable wires, copper is being used.
Explanation:
Answer:
1. For jewellery and ornaments, gold, platinum and silver are being used.
2. For building purposes, iron and steel can be used.
3. Iron and aluminium are used as utensils.
4. The thermometer uses mercury and helps to monitor the temperature.
5. The insulation wires are made of aluminium.
6. Aluminium foils are being used as wrappers for food.
7. In sweets, a silver foil is being used.
8. To avoid rusting, zinc is used for galvanizing.
9. In vehicles, iron is being used.
10. For making cable wires, copper is being used.
Fluorite is..
a. harder than apatite but softer than calcite
b. harder than gypsum but softer than apatite
c. harder than calcite but softer than feldspar
d. harder than feldspar but softer than apatite
Answers
Fluorite is harder than gypsum but softer than apatite. Thus, the correct option is B.
What is the hardness of any element?The hardness of any element may be defined as the capability of a material to oppose the process of deformation and remains in actual shape precisely.
According to the table of hardness scales by Mohs, the increasing order of given hardness of given elements is as follows:
Gypsum < Fluorite < Apatite.
Therefore, Fluorite is harder than gypsum but softer than apatite. Thus, the correct option is B.
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A student spilled a bottle of ammonia in one corner of the laboratory. Soon the whole laboratory was felled with pungent irritating small. The students immediately opened the windows and doors and switched on the exhaust fans. After sometime, students got relief. Explain what did actually happen?
Answers
Answer: Initially when the student spilled the bottle of ammonia the ammonia gas particles diffused with the particles of air in the room. We know that the rate of diffusion of gases is very high. So the entire room filled up with the pungent smell of ammonia.
When he opened the doors and windows and switched on the exhaust fan, the air from the room along with the ammonia gas diffused with the air outside the room.Moreover, outside air entered into the room so the concentration of ammonia gas in the room air reduced.Due to these reasons the student got relief.
CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO₂(g)
4
3.25 mol CaCO3 decomposes
according to the reaction above.
What volume of CO2 gas is
produced once the gas cools to
STP?
Answers
what is the empirical formula for a compound if a sample contains 1.0 g of S and 1.5 g of O?
1.SO
2.SO3
3.S202
4. S203
Answers
The volume of a gas is inversely proportional to the pressure of a gas is known as:.
Answers
Answer:
Boyle's law states this.
The Oxidation number of iron in the Complexion [Fe(CN) 6]³^- is what?
Answers
+3
Hence, the magnetic behaviour of the complex is paramagnetic. The oxidation number of the central metal atom: The oxidation number of the metal iron is +3.
Answer:
the oxidation number of iron in the complexion is +3 or x=+3
calculate mole fraction of benzene (70 g) having 30 gram of mass of carbon tetrahedral
Answers
Answer:
0.736
Explanation:
*I am not sure what you mean by "carbon tetrahedral". I'm assuming you are just referring to individual carbon.*
To find the mole percent, you need to (1) convert grams benzene and grams carbon to moles (via their molar masses) and then (2) calculate the mole fraction (via the mole fraction formula).
(Step 1)
Benzene = C₆H₆
Molar Mass (C₆H₆) = 6(12.01 g/mol) + 6(1.008 g/mol)
Molar Mass (C₆H₆) = 78.108 g/mol
70 g C₆H₆ 1 mole
--------------- x ------------------ = 0.896 mole C₆H₆
78.108 g
Molar Mass (C) = 12.01 g/mol
30 g C 1 mole
------------ x ----------------- = 2.50 mole C
12.01 g
(Step 2)
moles solute
Mole Fraction = ----------------------------------------------
moles solute + moles solvent
2.50 mole C
Mole Fraction = ------------------------------------------------- = 0.736
(0.896 mole C₆H₆ + 2.50 mole C)
which experimental technique was most likely used by the students to determine the rate of reaction?
Answers
The most common way to monitor the rate of reaction is by observing the increase in the absorbance of the solution.
What is the rate of reaction?The rate of reaction is the rate at which reactants are converted into products or the rate at which the reactants disappear.
Given that the reaction is a colorimetric reaction, the most common way to monitor the rate of reaction is by observing the increase in the absorbance of the solution.
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Which is not a characteristic of a compound?
has different properties from its component elements
different samples have different properties
can be represented by a chemical formula
a pure substance made of two or more elements
Answers
Question 1 of 32
How does soil begin to form?
A. Rock particles clump together in an aggregate.
B. Sediment stays and settles in a location.
C. Bedrock breaks down into smaller particles.
D. Sediment moves to a new location.
Answers
Energy associated with the flow of electrons is?
Answers
Answer:
Electric current
Definition:
The time rate of flow of electric charge, in the direction that a positive moving charge would take and having magnitude equal to the quantity of charge per unit time: measured in amperes.
Electricity is the flow of electrons. Where do these electrons come from? How are they put into circulation and what happens to them?Everything begins inside in the battery. The battery's zinc metal undergoes oxidation; here is where the flow of electrons into the conductors begins. Electrical field attraction will lead the wire's existing electrons to move towards the battery's positive terminal, and the loose electrons caused by the zinc metal will begin to fill the wire's empty spaces. process continues until the zinc metal's oxidation ceases. At rechargeable batteries, the oxidation-reduction process is also reversed by charging the battery, allowing the stored electrons in the positive terminal to flow back to the zinc metal's negative terminal.
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How many grams of nitrogen,
N2, would be required to react with
6.25 moles hydrogen, H2?
Answers
N₂ + 3H₂ → 2NH₃
moles N₂ = 1/3 x 6.25 = 2.083
Answer:
2.083 moles of N₂ would be required to react with 6.25 moles of H₂.
Explanation:
Let us first write the balanced chemical equation :
N₂ + 3H₂ → 2NH₃
Therefore from this equation it is clear that:
3 moles of H₂ require 1 mole of N₂
∵ 1 mole of H₂ requires [tex]\frac{1}{3}[/tex] moles of N₂
∵ 6.25 moles of H₂ requires [tex]\frac{(1*6.25)}{3}[/tex][tex]=2.083[/tex] moles of N₂
MOLE CONCEPT :
The mole is an amount unit similar to familiar units like pair, dozen, gross, etc. It provides a specific measure of the number of atoms or molecules in a bulk sample of matter. A mole is defined as the amount of substance containing the same number of discrete entities (such as atoms, molecules, and ions) as the number of atoms in a sample of pure 12C weighing exactly 12 g. One Latin connotation for the word “mole” is “large mass” or “bulk,” which is consistent with its use as the name for this unit. The mole provides a link between an easily measured macroscopic property, bulk mass, and an extremely important fundamental property, number of atoms, molecules, and so forth.
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The greatest progress in reducing atmospheric levels of lead pollution resulted from Group of answer choices the switch from lead to graphite in pencils. new types of lead scrubbers on smokestacks that removed lead from the air. the development of new types of batteries that use lithium instead of lead. the elimination of leaded gas.
Answers
The greatest progress in reducing atmospheric levels of lead pollution resulted from the elimination of leaded gas.
What is atmospheric lead pollution?Atmospheric lead pollution refers to the presence of lead particles in the atmosphere.
Lead is a pollutant which affects the respiratory system.
Fuels that contains lead when burned releases lead into the atmosphere.
Therefore, the greatest progress in reducing atmospheric levels of lead pollution resulted from the elimination of leaded gas.
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Eric pours some iced tea into a glass. When he puts the iced tea in the glass, the energy of the glass decreases. What must be true of the energy of the iced tea?
Answers
Iced tea's energy increases while the energy of the glass decreases.
What is energy?Energy is the capacity for doing work. It may exist in potential, kinetic, thermal, electrical, chemical, nuclear, or other forms
Iced tea's energy increases while the energy of the glass decreases because the ice is getting warmer so the glass is also getting warmer. meaning that the glass is decreasing in energy while the ice tea is increasing in energy.
Hence, iced tea's energy increases while the energy of the glass decreases.
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