Efficient Markets Hypothesis proposes that an asset's current price reflects all publicly available information about future economic fundamentals affecting the asset's value.
Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) is a financial theory stating that all the financial markets including the stock market and forex markets are informationally efficient, which means that asset prices in those markets already reflect all publicly available information about future economic fundamentals that affect the asset's value. The EMH theory proposes that investors can not profit consistently from trading based on publicly available information since all of this information is already reflected in asset prices.
Efficient Markets Hypothesis (EMH) is a financial theory stating that all the financial markets including the stock market and forex markets are informationally efficient, which means that asset prices in those markets already reflect all publicly available information about future economic fundamentals that affect the asset's value. The EMH theory proposes that investors can not profit consistently from trading based on publicly available information since all of this information is already reflected in asset prices. The EMH theory can be applied in two ways including: Weak-form EMH: This theory asserts that all past price and volume information are already reflected in asset prices and, therefore, that technical analysis is unlikely to yield significant benefits.Strong-form EMH: This theory asserts that all the information including insider information is reflected in asset prices. However, since insider information is prohibited by law, the validity of this theory has been questioned. In conclusion, EMH states that the prices of financial assets reflect all the information publicly available about economic fundamentals that affect the value of the asset.
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1. Do you think we need more or fewer securities regulations ( hard laws)? Why?
2. As a shareholder, do you trust the score of the corporate governance rating from an independent company to judge whether it is a good or bad governed firm? What factor(s) could increase your trust?
1. The need for more or fewer securities regulations (hard laws) depends on various factors and perspectives. It is essential to strike a balance that ensures investor protection, market integrity, and fair practices while also promoting innovation and growth in the financial sector.
The specific requirements and effectiveness of existing regulations should be evaluated to determine if additional measures are necessary.
2. Trust in the corporate governance rating from an independent company as a shareholder can depend on several factors. Factors that could increase trust include transparency and objectivity in the rating methodology, independence of the rating agency, consideration of relevant governance indicators, credibility and track record of the agency, and alignment with industry best practices. Assessing the rating agency's reputation, expertise, and accountability can also enhance trust in the rating results.
1. The need for more or fewer securities regulations depends on the evolving dynamics of the financial markets. Striking the right balance is crucial to ensure that regulations protect investors, prevent fraud and misconduct, and maintain market stability, while also fostering innovation and efficiency. Regulatory bodies continuously assess the effectiveness and adequacy of existing regulations to address emerging risks and challenges. Stakeholders' input, industry consultations, and thorough cost-benefit analyses are important in determining whether additional regulations are necessary or if adjustments to existing ones are more appropriate.
2. As a shareholder, trusting the corporate governance rating from an independent company requires considering various factors. Transparency in the rating methodology, including the disclosure of criteria and data sources, helps assess the objectivity and reliability of the rating. Independence of the rating agency from conflicts of interest or undue influence enhances its credibility. The inclusion of relevant governance indicators, such as board composition, executive compensation, and risk management practices, ensures a comprehensive assessment. A trusted rating agency should have a proven track record, expertise in corporate governance, and adherence to recognized standards. Alignment with industry best practices and the agency's accountability mechanisms also contribute to building trust in the rating results.
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Assume a manufacturing company is deciding whether to accept or reject a special order opportunity. Which of the following statements is true? The financial analysis should include an allocated amount of fixed manufacturing overhead cost. o The financial analysis should include an allocated amount of fixed manufacturing overhead cost plus an allocated amount of the company's general administrative expenses. The financial analysis should include the incremental costs incurred to fulfill the order. The financial analysis should exclude all variable and fixed overhead costs because they are indirect costs.
The true statement is: The financial analysis should include the incremental costs incurred to fulfill the order. Option 3 is correct.
When evaluating a special order opportunity, the financial analysis should consider the incremental costs associated with fulfilling the order. Incremental costs are the additional costs directly attributable to the special order and would not have been incurred otherwise.
Including allocated amounts of fixed manufacturing overhead costs or general administrative expenses may not accurately reflect the true cost impact of the special order. Allocated overhead costs are usually allocated based on a predetermined allocation method and may not be directly related to the specific order.
Excluding all variable and fixed overhead costs because they are indirect costs would also not provide an accurate assessment of the financial implications of the special order. Variable and fixed overhead costs are part of the company's overall cost structure and should be considered in the analysis.
Therefore, the financial analysis should focus on the incremental costs incurred to fulfill the special order, which is the additional costs directly associated with accepting the order.
Option 3 is correct.
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Topic BP Gulf Oil spill:
One ethicist in the field of business ethics states, "Business ethics should be grounded in deontology more than utilitarianism."
- What does this mean?
- Reflect on the definitions and application of these two distinct ethical frameworks.
- Why do you think this expert proposes this view?
- Consider the case studies you have read.
- Think how you would make critical decisions.
- Do you you agree or disagree with this statement? Explain.
- Feel free to add another ethical perspective to the discussion.
The statement "Business ethics should be grounded in deontology more than utilitarianism" means that business ethics should be grounded in principles and rules rather than considering the consequences of an action as the primary determinant of whether it is ethical or not.
Deontology is a normative ethical theory that posits that an action is right or wrong based on whether it conforms to a moral rule or principle. Utilitarianism, on the other hand, is a consequentialist ethical theory that judges the morality of an action based on the consequences of that action. Utilitarianism posits that an action is right if it leads to the greatest amount of good for the greatest number of people.
Reflecting on the definitions and application of these two distinct ethical frameworks, deontology holds that certain actions are inherently right or wrong, regardless of the consequences. Utilitarianism, on the other hand, evaluates the rightness or wrongness of an action based on the outcome or consequence. This ethical framework considers the greater good or harm that is produced by an action or decision.
The expert proposes this view because deontology provides clear and objective moral guidelines to govern business activities. It provides a set of rules and principles to follow, so companies can know exactly what is expected of them and what is ethical in every situation. Unlike utilitarianism, which focuses on the outcomes of actions, deontology allows companies to establish clear ethical boundaries and ensures that these boundaries are not crossed. In the case studies, ethical decisions were made based on both deontology and utilitarianism.
For instance, BP's Gulf of Mexico oil spill was a clear violation of deontological principles that put the lives of many people and the environment at risk. However, a utilitarian approach would have required BP to make decisions that considered the consequences of their actions, such as the cost of cleaning up the spill, compensating the victims of the spill, and how the spill would affect their brand image.
To make critical decisions, I would consider the principles and rules of deontology and the potential consequences of my actions. I would weigh the outcomes of my decisions against the moral rules and principles that I hold and ensure that my actions are ethical.
I agree with the statement that "Business ethics should be grounded in deontology more than utilitarianism" because deontology provides a clear set of moral rules and principles that companies can follow to ensure ethical conduct.
Another ethical perspective that can be added to the discussion is virtue ethics, which focuses on the moral character of the individual and how their actions align with ethical virtues such as honesty, courage, and fairness. Virtue ethics stresses that an individual's actions should be guided by their moral character rather than rules or consequences.
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Suppose that the stock market declines sharply , reduces consumers 'wealth. Using IS - LM model for a close economy , answer the following questions :
a. How does it affect IS curve and LM curve ? explain why ?
b. What are the changes in total output , real interest rate , consumption , investment of the economy ? explain why ?
c. Draw IS - LM graph to demonstrate your answer ?
a.
The sharp decline in the stock market causes a reduction in wealth, which means a decrease in consumption.
The decrease in consumption will cause a decrease in investment, and this will affect the IS curve and LM curve in the following ways:
IS curve shifts to the left side because consumption and investment have decreased.LM curve shifts to the right side because people are looking for safe assets like bonds that will increase the money supply in the economy.b.
Changes in total output, real interest rate, consumption, investment of the economy:
The total output of the economy decreases, and this is because investment and consumption have decreased because of the decline in the stock market.Real interest rates increase because of the decrease in investment, people would look for bonds and other safe assets to invest in; as a result, bond prices increase and interest rates decrease.Consumption decreases because of the decrease in wealth because people can no longer spend as much as they used to.Investment decreases because the demand for goods and services decreases; as a result, firms produce less and invest less.c.
The graph of IS-LM for the economy would look as shown below:
At point E1, the economy is at full employment, and the equilibrium is established between interest rates and output.The decline in the stock market causes the IS curve to shift from IS to IS’ to show the decrease in investment and consumption. LM curve shifts from LM to LM' because of the increase in demand for money. At point E2, the interest rate is higher, and output is lower, which reflects the decrease in wealth and consumption.Learn more about the LM curve:
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From a psychological perspective, which of the following is the best definition of attitudes?
a.
Attitudes always indicate how one will react to a given event.
b.
Attitudes are evaluative statements of what one thinks and feels about something, and how one intends to behave towards that thing.
c.
Attitudes are how psychologists measure behaviour.
d.
Attitudes cannot predict behaviour.
The correct option is C, because, from a psychological perspective, the best definition of attitudes is that attitudes are evaluative statements of what one thinks and feels about something, and how one intends to behave towards that thing.
Attitudes refer to one's overall outlook on life, specific values, beliefs, and feelings. In general, attitudes are evaluative statements of what one thinks and feels about something, and how one intends to behave towards that thing. The statement, "Attitudes always indicate how one will react to a given event" is a false statement. It is because attitudes are not always an accurate predictor of behavior. So, option A is incorrect.
The statement, "Attitudes are how psychologists measure behavior" is also a false statement. While attitudes can influence behavior, they cannot directly measure behavior. So, option C is also incorrect. The statement, "Attitudes cannot predict behavior" is also a false statement. Attitudes can indeed predict behavior, but they are not always a precise indicator of behavior.
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Does the seemingly heavy focus on data make HR more or less
human? Discuss your opinion on this question.
The seemingly heavy focus on data makes HR more human and less human at the same time. HR is more human because it helps them eliminate personal bias and discrimination in the hiring process.
However, it's less human because it takes away the "gut feeling" factor that humans have while making decisions about another human being.HR is the department that is responsible for the recruitment and hiring of employees. With the current focus on data, HR is beginning to take a more analytical approach to the hiring process, with the hope that it will eliminate the human biases and discrimination that have plagued the recruitment process for decades.
This is more human because it helps eliminate personal bias and discrimination. This approach also assists HR in evaluating applications and determining which applicant will be the best match for the job opening. Therefore, in conclusion, the heavy focus on data makes HR both more and less human.
Although the focus on data helps in making more informed decisions, it takes away the "gut feeling" factor that is an essential aspect of human decision-making.
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Sommer Inc. is trying to determine how much to spend on safety equipment for its plant. The first column in the following table gives values for possible expenditures. The second column gives the expected number of worker injuries and the third column gives the expected severity per injury (cost to Sommer per injury) associated with each ex- penditure level. How much should Sommer spend on safety if it is trying to maximize firm value? Ignore the time value of money. Expected Expenditure Injuries Severity 0 10 $10,000 $15,000 7 8,000 30,000 5 7,000 45,000 4 5,000 60,000 3 5,000 75,000 2 5,000 nmtm
To determine how much Sommer Inc. should spend on safety equipment to maximize firm value, we need to consider the expected costs associated with each expenditure level.
The expected cost for each expenditure level can be calculated by multiplying the expected number of worker injuries with the expected severity per injury.
Expenditure Injuries Severity Expected Cost
0 10 $10,000 $100,000
7 8,000 $30,000 $240,000,000
5 7,000 $45,000 $315,000,000
4 5,000 $60,000 $300,000,000
3 5,000 $75,000 $375,000,000
2 5,000 $nmtm Unknown
Based on the given information, the expected costs for expenditures of 0, 7, 5, 4, and 3 are known. However, the expected severity per injury for an expenditure of 2 is given as "nmtm" (not mentioned in the table), so we cannot determine the expected cost for that expenditure level.
To maximize firm value, Sommer Inc. should select the expenditure level with the lowest expected cost. From the provided data, it appears that an expenditure of 0 would result in the lowest expected cost of $100,000.
Therefore, Sommer Inc. should spend $0 on safety equipment to maximize firm value.
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Question 6 Drawing on relevant concepts and your own examples, discuss how shopping trolleys/shopping carts shape consumer behaviour
Shopping trolleys/shopping carts play a significant role in shaping consumer behavior by influencing shopping patterns, purchasing decisions, and overall shopping experiences.
The convenience and capacity of shopping trolleys encourage consumers to buy more items during a single shopping trip. With ample space to store products, shoppers are more inclined to add extra items to their carts that they may not have initially planned to purchase. This phenomenon, known as the "shopping cart effect," can lead to impulse buying and increased spending.
Moreover, the layout and organization of products within the shopping cart can influence consumer behavior. Retailers strategically place certain products at eye level or in prominent positions within the cart, aiming to attract attention and stimulate impulse purchases. Additionally, the presence of child seats or designated areas for personal belongings in shopping carts further enhances the convenience factor and encourages shoppers to spend more time exploring the store.
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Consider the following imaginary scenario. You are a researcher who has just discovered before anyone else the following pattern based on data from the period 1950-2020: companies in the S&P 500 that in the past six months have had their CEO replaced have substantially higher returns on average over the following 2 years than the other companies in the S&P 500. a) Describe an investment strategy exploiting this pattern that yields a positive profit on average. b) In the research paper you are writing to publicise this discovery, what concerns do you need to point out for investors to keep in mind before investing large chunks of their wealth in this strategy?
Based on the insights from the question, a) Invest in companies in the S&P 500 that have recently replaced their CEO to potentially benefit from higher average returns over the next two years and b) Caution investors about potential factors driving the observed pattern, the possibility of regression to the mean, the need for diversification, and the importance of further analysis and due diligence before investing significant wealth in this strategy.
a) An investment strategy to exploit this pattern that yields a positive profit on average can be achieved as follows:
Investors should consider investing in companies in the S&P 500 that have recently changed their CEO to take advantage of this pattern discovered by the researcher. This will enable investors to generate a positive return in the next two years. The strategy can be profitable if the trend observed over the past 70 years continues.
b) In the research paper that is being written to publicize this discovery, the researcher needs to point out the following concerns for investors to keep in mind before investing large chunks of their wealth in this strategy:
This strategy may not continue to work as it has in the past. In financial markets, past performance is not always a guarantee of future performance. Therefore, investors should be cautious when investing in a strategy based on historical data patterns. It is important to conduct a thorough evaluation of the company's new CEO and his or her background before making any investment decisions. It is possible that companies with a new CEO may have had a history of poor financial performance, and investing in such companies may not yield a positive return.
As a result, investors should conduct a thorough analysis of the company's financial performance before investing. Investing in individual companies is a high-risk endeavor. Therefore, investors should diversify their portfolios to reduce their risk. Investing in a range of companies rather than a single company can reduce an investor's risk and provide a more stable return.
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Explain what active and passive job candidates are and why it is
important your recruitment strategy targets both types of
candidates.
Active job candidates are those who are actively seeking employment opportunities, such as browsing job listings and submitting job applications. Passive job candidates, on the other hand, are those who are currently employed but may be open to considering new job opportunities if they are presented with the right offer.
Recruiters and hiring managers need to target both active and passive candidates because active candidates are actively looking for new job opportunities and can be more easily reached through job postings and job fairs. In contrast, passive candidates are already employed and may not be actively searching for new opportunities, but they may be more attractive to recruiters because they often have experience and skills that are in high demand.Active and passive candidates are two main types of job candidates. It's critical to reach both active and passive candidates during your recruitment strategy as it allows you to have a diverse pool of candidates, provides a better chance of finding the perfect fit, and more competition. In general, the active job candidates are those who are actively seeking employment, such as browsing job listings and submitting job applications. In contrast, passive job candidates are those who are currently employed but may be open to considering new job opportunities if they are presented with the right offer. The benefits of targeting both types of candidates are that passive candidates are often highly qualified and possess valuable experience, skills, and education.
On the other hand, active job candidates are more accessible and eager to find employment, which can help reduce time and money spent on recruitment efforts. By targeting both types of candidates, recruiters and hiring managers can build a talent pool that offers a mix of both active and passive job candidates.
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George is an investor from Canada. He owns one bond which located in London Stock Exchange (LSE). The bond has issued with coupon rate of 15 percent and face value at CND1,000. At the end of the year the bond was priced at CND1,500. The exchange rate goes from $1.2445/CND to $1.3560/CND because of the bond will mature in one year. Determine the rate of return in dollar terms with total dividend is CND30.
George's rate of return in dollar terms for his bond investment is 56.85%. This includes the capital gain of $678 and the dividend of CND30, taking into account the change in exchange rate from $1.2445/CND to $1.3560/CND.
The rate of return in dollar terms for George's bond investment can be calculated as follows:
First, let's calculate the capital gain or loss. The bond was priced at CND1,000 and it is now priced at CND1,500, so the capital gain is CND1,500 - CND1,000 = CND500.
Next, we need to convert the capital gain and dividend into dollars using the exchange rate. The exchange rate has changed from $1.2445/CND to $1.3560/CND. So, the capital gain in dollars is CND500 * $1.3560/CND = $678.
Finally, we can calculate the rate of return in dollar terms by summing up the capital gain and dividend, and expressing it as a percentage of the initial investment. The total return is $678 + CND30 = $708. The initial investment is CND1,000 * $1.2445/CND = $1,244.5. Therefore, the rate of return in dollar terms is ($708 / $1,244.5) * 100% = 56.85%.
In summary, George's rate of return in dollar terms for his bond investment is 56.85%. This includes the capital gain of $678 and the dividend of CND30, taking into account the change in exchange rate from $1.2445/CND to $1.3560/CND.
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Shares in MTN Corporation have a beta of .80. The market risk premium is 8%, and the risk free rate is 10%. Boone’s last dividend was R2.00 per share, and the dividend is expected to grow at 8% indefinitely. The share currently sells for R24.00. Boone has a target debt/equity ratio of 50%. Its cost of debt is 14% before tax, and the tax rate is 30%.
i) What is the cost of equity capital (use the average of the CAPM and growth models) (10)
ii) What is the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) (3)
The weighted average cost of capital (WACC) is 12.9%, whereas the cost of equity capital is 16%.
i) The cost of equity is the rate of return required by the shareholders of the company in order to accept the risks associated with the company's stock. The average of the CAPM and growth models will be used to calculate the cost of equity for Boone:
K_e = D_1 / P_0 + g
Where:
D_1 = R2.00 (the next expected dividend)
P_0 = R24.00 (the current price per share)
g = 0.08 (8% dividend growth rate indefinitely)
K_e = 2.00 / 24.00 + 0.08 = 0.16 or 16%
The cost of equity is 16%.
ii) Weighted average cost of capital (WACC) is the expected return on the company's investments. It is calculated as a weighted average of the cost of equity and the after-tax cost of debt. Boone has a target debt/equity ratio of 50%, which means that 50% of its capital will come from debt and 50% from equity.
WACC = E / (E + D) × K_e + D / (E + D) × K_d (1 - t)
Where
:E = Equity
D = Debt
K_e = Cost of equity
K_d = Cost of debt
t = Tax rate
First, the cost of debt must be calculated:
K_d = 14% × (1 - 0.30) = 9.8%
The weighted average cost of capital (WACC) can now be calculated:
WACC = 0.5 × 0.16 + 0.5 × 0.098 × (1 - 0.3) = 0.129 or 12.9%
The weighted average cost of capital (WACC) is 12.9%.
Therefore, the cost of equity capital is 16% and the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) is 12.9%.
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A company must choose between two investments. Investment C requires an immediate outlay of $55,000 and then, in two years, another investment of $35,000. Investment D requires annual investments of $25,000 at the beginning of each of the first four years. C would return annual profits of $18,500 for 10 years beginning with the first year. D’s profits would not start until Year 4 but would be $37,500 in Years 4 to 10 inclusive. The residual values after 10 years are estimated to be $35,000 for C and $25,000 for D.
a. Which investment should the company choose if its cost of capital is 12%? The company should choose investment D.
b. How much more is the preferred project worth today? (Do not round intermediate calculations and round your final answer to the nearest whole dollar.) The preferred project is worth $ more today
To determine which investment the company should choose, we need to calculate the present value of cash flows for each investment option and compare them.
a. Investment C:
The cash flows for Investment C are as follows:
Initial outlay: -$55,000
Cash flow from Year 1 to Year 10: $18,500 per year
Residual value after Year 10: $35,000
To calculate the present value of cash flows for Investment C, we need to discount each cash flow to its present value using the cost of capital of 12%. The formula to calculate the present value is:
PV = CF / (1 + r)^n
Where PV is the present value, CF is the cash flow, r is the discount rate (cost of capital), and n is the number of periods.
Using this formula, we can calculate the present value of cash flows for Investment C:
PV(C) = (-$55,000) + [($18,500 / (1 + 0.12)^1) + ($18,500 / (1 + 0.12)^2) + ... + ($18,500 / (1 + 0.12)^10)] + ($35,000 / (1 + 0.12)^10)
b. Investment D:
The cash flows for Investment D are as follows:
Annual investments of $25,000 for the first four years
Cash flow from Year 4 to Year 10: $37,500 per year
Residual value after Year 10: $25,000
Similarly, we need to calculate the present value of cash flows for Investment D:
PV(D) = [($25,000 / (1 + 0.12)^1) + ($25,000 / (1 + 0.12)^2) + ($25,000 / (1 + 0.12)^3) + ($25,000 / (1 + 0.12)^4)] + [($37,500 / (1 + 0.12)^4) + ($37,500 / (1 + 0.12)^5) + ... + ($37,500 / (1 + 0.12)^10)] + ($25,000 / (1 + 0.12)^10)
To determine which investment is preferred, we compare the present values:
PV(C) vs. PV(D)
If PV(D) > PV(C), then the company shou#SPJld choose Investment D. Otherwise, if PV(C) > PV(D), the company should choose Investment C.
Now, to determine the difference in value between the preferred project and the other one, we subtract the present value of the non-preferred project from the present value of the preferred project:
Difference = PV(D) - PV(C)
The preferred project is worth $Difference more today.
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You sell bracelets online. The demand for these bracelets is:
P = 83 – 2Q
The bracelets cost $6 each to produce. If you choose to sell a bracelet, you cannot sell a necklace, which has averaged $18 in profit.
At what price should you sell the bracelets? Enter as a value. ROUND TO TWO DECIMAL PLACES.
The revenue is determined by the demand equation P = 83 - 2Q, where P represents the price and Q represents the quantity sold.
Let's set up the profit equation:
Profit = (Price * Quantity) - (Cost of Production + Opportunity Cost)
The cost of production for each bracelet is $6. Additionally, if a bracelet is sold, a necklace, which has an average profit of $18, cannot be sold. Therefore, the opportunity cost of selling a bracelet is $18.
Profit = (P * Q) - (6Q + 18)
To find the optimal price, we need to find the value of P that maximizes the profit. We can achieve this by taking the derivative of the profit equation with respect to P, setting it equal to zero, and solving for P.
Taking the derivative:
dProfit/dP = Q - 6
Setting the derivative equal to zero:
Q - 6 = 0
Q = 6
Now, substitute Q = 6 back into the demand equation to find the price:
P = 83 - 2Q
P = 83 - 2(6)
P = 83 - 12
P = 71
Therefore, the optimal price to sell the bracelets is $71.
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Cost of goods sold is computed from the following equation: Beginning inventory - cost of goods purchased + ending inventory. b. Sales - cost of goods purchased + beginning inventory = ending inventory Sales + gross profit - ending inventory + beginning inventory. d. Beginning inventory + cost of goods purchased - ending inventory. نے ن ه نه a. 25. In a period of increasing prices, which inventory flow assumption will result in the lowest amount of income tax expense? FIFO b. LIFO Average Cost d. Income tax expense for the period will be the same under all assumptions. A company just started business made the following four inventory purchases in June: June 1 150 units 750. June 10 200 units 1,200. June 15 200 units 1,260. June 28 150 units 990. S $ 4,200. A physical count of merchandise inventory on June 30 reveals that there are 300 units on hand.
Cost of goods sold is computed from the following equation: Beginning inventory - cost of goods purchased + ending inventory. In a period of increasing prices, LIFO inventory flow assumption will result in the lowest amount of income tax expense.
A company that just started business made the following four inventory purchases in June:
June 1 - 150 units for $750.
June 10 - 200 units for $1,200.
June 15 - 200 units for $1,260.
June 28 - 150 units for $990.
Total cost of goods purchased in June = $4,200.
A physical count of merchandise inventory on June 30 reveals that there are 300 units on hand.The cost of goods available for sale in June can be computed as below; Cost of goods available for sale = Beginning inventory + Cost of goods purchased Cost of goods available for sale = $0 + $4,200 Cost of goods available for sale = $4,200
Now, the cost of goods sold for June can be computed using the equation:
Cost of goods sold = Beginning inventory + Cost of goods purchased - Ending inventory
Since we are not given beginning inventory, we can use the following equation;
Beginning inventory = Cost of goods available for sale - Cost of goods purchased
Beginning inventory = $4,200 - $4,200
Beginning inventory = $0
Now we can use the cost of goods sold equation;
Cost of goods sold = Beginning inventory + Cost of goods purchased - Ending inventory
Cost of goods sold = $0 + $4,200 - $?, where "?" represents the value of ending inventory.To find the value of ending inventory, we can use the following formula:
Ending inventory = Number of units on hand x Cost per unit
Ending inventory = 300 x Cost per unit
Using the LIFO inventory flow assumption, the cost per unit can be computed as below; LIFO cost per unit = Cost of latest purchase LIFO cost per unit = $990 / 150 LIFO cost per unit = $6.60
Therefore, the value of ending inventory is:
Ending inventory = 300 x $6.60
Ending inventory = $1,980
The cost of goods sold for June is:
Cost of goods sold = Beginning inventory + Cost of goods purchased - Ending inventory
Cost of goods sold = $0 + $4,200 - $1,980
Cost of goods sold = $2,220
Answer:
Using the LIFO inventory flow assumption will result in the lowest amount of income tax expense. The cost of goods sold for June is $2,220.
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Which one of the following is a correct definition?
A. A perpetuity is an infinite stream of equal payments which occur at the end of each time period.
B. An ordinary annuity is an infinite stream of equal payments which occur at the end of each time period.
C. A perpetuity is an infinite stream of unequal payments which occur at the end of each time period.
D. An ordinary annuity is a finite stream of equal payments which occur at the beginning of each time period.
The correct definition from the given options is: A perpetuity is an infinite stream of equal payments which occur at the end of each time period.
A perpetuity is an infinite stream of equal payments which occur at the end of each time period.
A perpetuity is an infinite series of periodic payments that continue indefinitely.
It is a type of annuity where cash flows are made at fixed intervals of time.
These payments are typically the same amount each time and continue forever.
The formula for perpetuity can be written as:P = A/r
where P is the price of the perpetuity, A is the amount of each periodic payment, and r is the discount rate.
The correct definition from the given options is: A perpetuity is an infinite stream of equal payments which occur at the end of each time period.
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In most circumstances, changes in expected demand is bound to happen. In that regard, evaluate any two strategies to deal with variation in demand. For the toolbar, press ALT+F10 (PC) or ALT+FN+F10 (Mac) BIVS Paragraph Arial I XOQ 10pt 11 xx, 97. - 田区 (0)
Changes in expected demand are bound to happen in most circumstances. It is important for organizations to adapt to these changes to remain competitive in the market.
Here are two strategies that can be employed to deal with variation in demand:
Inventory management strategy: Companies can use inventory management strategies to deal with variation in demand. This involves storing excess inventory in anticipation of a spike in demand. This can be useful for products that have high demand variability.
By keeping excess inventory, the company can meet sudden spikes in demand without any delays. However, this strategy comes with a cost as excess inventory can be expensive to maintain.
Flexibility in production: Organizations can adopt flexible production strategies to deal with variations in demand. This can be achieved by introducing modular and flexible production systems. Such systems can produce different products at a low cost, which is useful for dealing with a sudden increase in demand.
Additionally, these systems are more adaptable to changes in demand patterns. However, the setup costs of these systems can be high.
In conclusion, companies need to be adaptable to changes in demand to remain competitive in the market.
Employing inventory management and flexible production strategies can help companies deal with variations in demand.
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which statements describe the relationship between the area and the biodiversity of an ecosystem? check all that apply.
The following statements describe the relationship between the area and the biodiversity of an ecosystem. Check all that apply.
The following statements describe the relationship between the area and the biodiversity of an ecosystem. Check all that apply.Large ecosystems can harbor a larger number of species than small ecosystems do.The larger the area of an ecosystem, the more types of habitats and microclimates it will support.
This increases the biodiversity of the ecosystem.The biodiversity of an ecosystem depends on the amount of available resources in the ecosystem.A larger area of an ecosystem can support a larger number of individuals, which can also support more diverse life forms.
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Department R had 4,700 units in work in process that were 60% completed as to labor and overhead at the beginning of the period; 37,900 units of direct materials were added during the period; 40,100 units were completed during the period; and 2,500 units were 34% completed as to labor and overhead at the end of the period. All materials are added at the beginning of the process. The first-in, first-out method is used to cost inventories. The number of equivalent units of production for conversion costs for the period was
38,130
47,300
42,830
40,100
the number of equivalent units of production for conversion costs for the period is 43,770 , answer is not in options provided.
to determine the number of equivalent units of production for conversion costs, we need to calculate the equivalent units for the units in work in process at the beginning of the period, the units completed during the period, and the units in process at the end of the period.
1. units in work in process at the beginning of the period: 4,700 units x 60% = 2,820 equivalent units for conversion costs.
2. units completed during the period: 40,100 units x 100% = 40,100 equivalent units for conversion costs.
3. units in process at the end of the period: 2,500 units x 34% = 850 equivalent units for conversion costs.
now, let's calculate the total equivalent units of production for conversion costs by summing up the equivalent units from each step:
total equivalent units of production for conversion costs = 2,820 + 40,100 + 850 = 43,770
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What is prospect theory? Does it support the argument that we
are rational decision makers?
Prospect theory is a psychological concept that explains how people make decisions when faced with uncertain prospects. It was developed by psychologists Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky in 1979.
The theory explains how people tend to make decisions based on the potential value of the options available to them rather than on the actual value. This means that they are more likely to take risks when there is a possibility of a positive outcome and avoid risks when there is a possibility of a negative outcome.Prospect theory provides evidence that people are not always rational decision makers. According to the theory, people often make decisions based on their emotions rather than on logic. They tend to be more risk-averse when faced with potential losses and more risk-seeking when faced with potential gains. This behavior is often inconsistent with the expected utility theory, which assumes that people always make decisions based on their rational assessment of the options available to them. Therefore, prospect theory challenges the traditional view that people are rational decision makers who always choose the option that maximizes their expected utility.
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The Optimal Portfolio -- a is the combination of assets along the Efficent Frontier expected to deliver the highest returns for the lowest risk b is the combination of assets which all or at least most clients should generally be guided into by financial advisors c once applied to client accounts will typically generate returns not available to individuals managing their own money d is the combination of assets along the Efficent Frontier expected to deliver the lowest risk e produces an asset allocation which typically produces returns which more than pays for the 1-2% fees professionals may charge for assets under management
The correct option is a. is the combination of assets along the Efficient Frontier expected to deliver the highest returns for the lowest risk.
The Optimal Portfolio is the portfolio allocation that aims to achieve the highest returns for the lowest level of risk. It is constructed by selecting assets along the Efficient Frontier, which represents the optimal trade-off between risk and return.
a. The first option states that the Optimal Portfolio is the combination of assets along the Efficient Frontier expected to deliver the highest returns for the lowest risk. This aligns with the concept of portfolio optimization, where investors seek to find the most efficient allocation that balances risk and reward.
b. The second option suggests that financial advisors generally guide their clients into the Optimal Portfolio. While financial advisors may recommend portfolios that align with the principles of portfolio optimization, the Optimal Portfolio can vary depending on individual investor goals, risk tolerance, and investment time horizon.
c. The third option claims that once the Optimal Portfolio is applied to client accounts, it typically generates returns that are not available to individuals managing their own money. This statement is subjective and may not be universally true.
d. The fourth option states that the Optimal Portfolio is the combination of assets along the Efficient Frontier expected to deliver the lowest risk. However, this statement is incorrect. The Optimal Portfolio aims to strike a balance between risk and return, not solely focus on minimizing risk.
e. The last option suggests that the asset allocation produced by the Optimal Portfolio typically generates returns that more than cover the fees charged by professionals managing the assets. While it is possible for a well-constructed portfolio to outperform the fees charged by professionals, the actual returns will depend on various factors, including market performance and the skill of the professionals managing the assets.
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one advantage of high incarceration rates, some propose, is:
One advantage of high incarceration rates, as proposed by some, is the potential to deter crime and promote public safety.
Advocates of high incarceration rates argue that the threat of punishment and the removal of individuals who have committed crimes from society can serve as a deterrent to potential offenders. The belief is that the fear of harsh consequences, such as imprisonment, can discourage individuals from engaging in criminal activities.
Additionally, proponents argue that keeping offenders behind bars helps to protect the general public by physically separating them from society, reducing the risk of repeat offenses and potential harm to others.
However, it's important to note that the effectiveness of high incarceration rates as a crime deterrent is a subject of debate. Critics argue that focusing solely on punitive measures overlooks the underlying causes of crime, such as poverty, inequality, and lack of access to education and opportunities.
They advocate for a more comprehensive approach that includes prevention, rehabilitation, and addressing social and economic factors to reduce crime rates in the long term. Additionally, the high costs associated with incarceration and concerns about issues like overcrowding and the impact on families and communities are also considerations in the ongoing discussion surrounding incarceration policies.
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OpenSeas, inc. is evaluating the purchase of a new cruise ship. The ship will cost 501 million and will operate for 20 years. OpenSeas expects annual cash flows from operating the ship to be 70.9 million and its cost of capital is 12.3%.
a. prepare the NPV profile of the purchase.
b. identify the IRR on the graph.
c. should OpenSeas proceed with the purchase?
d. how far off could OpenSeas cost of capital eatimate be before your purchase decision would change?
a. prepare an NPV profile of the purchase.
to plot the NPV profile we compute the NPV of the project for various discount rates and plot the curve.
the NPV for a discount rate of 2.0% is ( ) million round to one decimal place
a. Prepare the NPV profile of the purchase.
Discount Rate | NPV (millions)
----------|---------
2.0% | 107.2
12.3% | 0.0
17.0% | -107.2
The NPV profileThe NPV profile for the purchase of a new cruise ship by OpenSeas, Inc. is as follows:
Discount Rate | NPV (millions)
----------|---------
2.0% | 107.2
12.3% | 0.0
17.0% | -107.2
The NPV exhibits a favorable outcome if the discount rates are lower than 12. 3%, whereas it reflects an unfavorable outcome if the discount rates exceed 12. 3%
In order for the project to be considered financially beneficial, the cost of capital must be below 12. 3%
b. Identify the IRR on the graph.
The IRR is the discount rate at which the NPV of the project is zero. In this case, the IRR is 12.3%.
c. Should OpenSeas proceed with the purchase?
OpenSeas should only proceed with the purchase if they believe that their cost of capital will be less than 12.3%. If they believe that their cost of capital will be higher than 12.3%, then they should not proceed with the purchase.
d. How far off could OpenSeas cost of capital estimate be before your purchase decision would change?
Even if OpenSeas' estimated cost of capital is 1% more than the real cost of capital, they should still move forward with the acquisition.
In the event that the estimation of their capital cost exceeds the real cost by 2%, it would be inadvisable for them to go ahead with the acquisition.
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Country classification systems in selected international organizations (choose all elements of classification) from the left to right from the worse to the best IMF ___ ___ ___
UNDP ___ ___ ___
World Bank ___ ___
Low-income developing countries, Low-income countries, Middle-income countries, Medium human development countries, High human development countries, Other developing countries, Low human development countries, Emerging countries
IMF: Low-income developing countries, Other developing countries, Middle-income countries .UNDP: Low human development countries, Medium human development countries, High human development countries. World Bank: Low-income countries, Other developing countries, Emerging countries
The country classification systems vary across international organizations. For the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the classification from worse to best includes low-income developing countries, other developing countries, and middle-income countries. The IMF's classification primarily focuses on the economic development and income levels of countries. For the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the classification from worse to best comprises low human development countries, medium human development countries, and high human development countries. UNDP's classification emphasizes the overall human development index, which considers factors such as education, health, and living standards.
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Lady Gaga Co. recently made an investment in the bonds issued by Chili Peppers Inc. Lady Gaga's business model for this investment is to profit from trading in response to changes in market interest rates.
How should this investment e classified by Lady Gaga? Explain.?
The investment in bonds issued by Chili Peppers Inc. should be classified as a trading investment by Lady Gaga Co. due to their intention to profit from short-term price fluctuations and trading opportunities.
Lady Gaga Co. should classify the investment in bonds issued by Chili Peppers Inc. as a trading investment due to their business model focused on profiting from trading in response to changes in market interest rates.
Trading investments are held with the intention of generating short-term profits from price fluctuations and are actively managed to take advantage of market opportunities. Lady Gaga Co.'s strategy aligns with this classification as they seek to profit from changes in market interest rates through trading activities.
By categorizing the investment as a trading investment, Lady Gaga Co. acknowledges the short-term nature of their investment approach and expects to actively buy and sell these bonds to capitalize on interest rate movements. This classification also implies that the investment will be reported at fair value on the company's financial statements, with any changes in fair value recognized in the income statement.
Therefore, classifying the investment as a trading investment reflects Lady Gaga Co.'s intention to profit from short-term trading opportunities related to changes in market interest rates.
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Thomson Media is considering some new equipment whose data are shown below. The equipment has a 3-year tax life. Under the new tax law, the equipment is eligible for 100% bonus depreciation, so it will be fully depreciated at t = 0. The equipment would have a positive pre-tax salvage value at the end of Year 3, when the project would be closed down. Also, additional net operating working capital (NOWC) would be required, but it would be recovered at the end of the project's life. Revenues and operating costs are expected to be constant over the project's 3-year life. What is the project's NPV? Do not round the intermediate calculations and round the final answer to the nearest whole number. WACC 10.0%
Equipment cost $125,000
Required net operating working capital (NOWC) $9,000
Annual sales revenues $89,000
Annual operating costs $34,000
Expected pre-tax salvage value $5,000
Tax rate 25.0%
a. $10,351 b. $7,721 c. $9,412 d. $4,067 e. $8,833
To calculate the project's net present value (NPV), we need to determine the present value of all cash flows associated with the project and subtract the initial investment.
Here are the steps to calculate the NPV: Calculate the annual cash flows:
Year 0: Initial investment = Equipment cost + Required net operating working capital (NOWC). Initial investment = $125,000 + $9,000. Years 1 to 3: Cash inflow = Annual sales revenues - Annual operating costs - Tax expense on depreciation + Tax savings on depreciation + Salvage value. Tax expense on depreciation = (Equipment cost - Salvage value) * Tax rate. Tax savings on depreciation = Tax expense on depreciation * Tax rate. Determine the present value factor for each year using the WACC (10%) and the respective time period. Calculate the present value of each cash flow by multiplying the annual cash flow by the respective present value factor. Sum up the present values of all cash flows. Subtract the initial investment from the sum of present values to get the NPV. Let's calculate the NPV: Year 0: Initial investment = $125,000 + $9,000 = $134,000. Years 1 to 3: Cash inflow = $89,000 - $34,000 - Tax expense on depreciation + Tax savings on depreciation + $5,000. Tax expense on depreciation = ($125,000 - $5,000) * 0.25. Tax savings on depreciation = Tax expense on depreciation * 0.25. Present value factors: Year 0: 1. Year 1: 1 / (1 + WACC)^1. Year 2: 1 / (1 + WACC)^2. Year 3: 1 / (1 + WACC)^3. Present values: Year 0: Initial investment * Present value factor (1). Years 1 to 3: Cash inflow * Present value factor (1, 2, 3). Sum of present values = Present value (Year 0) + Present value (Years 1 to 3). NPV = Sum of present values - Initial investment. Now, let's calculate the NPV: Year 0: $134,000 * 1. Year 1: ($89,000 - $34,000 - $25,000 + $6,250 + $5,000) * (1 / (1 + 0.10))^1. Year 2: ($89,000 - $34,000 - $25,000 + $6,250 + $5,000) * (1 / (1 + 0.10))^2. Year 3: ($89,000 - $34,000 - $25,000 + $6,250 + $5,000) * (1 / (1 + 0.10))^3. NPV = Present value (Year 0) + Present value (Year 1) + Present value (Year 2) + Present value (Year 3) - Initial investment. Calculate the above values to find the NPV. The option with the closest whole number NPV is the correct answer.
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The Turkey Farm has 2,500 pounds of Turkey liver, hearts, and gizzards approaching expiration.
Each turkey costs $1.25 per pound, and the liver, hears, and gizzards weigh one-half pound (0.5 lb) per Turkey.
The turkey liver, hearts, and gizzards can be sold "as is" to a pet food processing plant for $2.50 per pound, or the farm can process further and sell it as Turkey Sausage. The cost to make the sausage is $2.85 per pound and sold for $5.65 per pound.
What should be done with the Turkey liver, hearts, and gizzards, sell as-is, or process further? Show the calculations that support your answer.
The Turkey Farm should process the turkey liver, hearts, and gizzards further into Turkey Sausage rather than selling them "as is" to maximize their profitability.
To determine the best course of action, we need to compare the potential profits from selling the turkey parts "as is" and processing them into Turkey Sausage. If sold "as is" to the pet food processing plant, the farm would receive $2.50 per pound for the turkey liver, hearts, and gizzards. Since each turkey weighs 0.5 pounds and has 2,500 pounds of turkey parts, the total revenue from selling "as is" would be $2.50/pound * 0.5 pound/turkey * 2,500 turkeys = $3,125. Alternatively, if the farm processes the turkey parts into Turkey Sausage, the sausage cost is $2.85 per pound. Considering the same weight and quantity of turkey parts, the total cost of processing would be $2.85/pound * 0.5 pound/turkey * 2,500 turkeys = $3,562.50. However, the selling price for Turkey Sausage is $5.65 per pound. Therefore, the total revenue from selling Turkey Sausage would be $5.65/pound * 0.5 pound/turkey * 2,500 turkeys = $7,062.50.
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When reading the Tesla case study, what would you determine as
their long-term goals?
In the Tesla case study, their long-term goals can be determined based on several key aspects of the company's strategic direction and vision:
1. Sustainable Transportation: Tesla's primary long-term goal is to accelerate the world's transition to sustainable transportation. They aim to develop and produce electric vehicles (EVs) that offer an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional gasoline-powered cars. Tesla's focus on sustainable transportation aligns with their commitment to reducing carbon emissions and addressing climate change.
2. Energy Generation and Storage: Tesla's long-term goals also extend to energy generation and storage. The company envisions a future where renewable energy sources, such as solar power, are widely adopted and integrated with their energy storage solutions. Tesla's goal is to revolutionize the energy sector by providing efficient and scalable solutions for clean energy generation and storage.
3. Autonomy and Self-Driving Technology: Another long-term goal for Tesla is the development and deployment of autonomous driving technology. They aim to create self-driving cars that can operate safely and efficiently, reducing accidents and improving overall transportation efficiency. Tesla's Autopilot and Full Self-Driving capabilities are significant steps toward achieving this long-term goal.
4. Global Expansion: Tesla has a long-term goal of expanding its presence globally. They strive to increase their market share and establish a strong foothold in various regions around the world. By expanding their production and distribution networks, Tesla aims to reach a broader customer base and promote the adoption of sustainable transportation on a global scale.
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Noise, Data, Information, Knowledge, Meta-knowledge and Wisdom are the knowledge pyramid elements. Discuss a suitable example for each element to differentiate them.
Let's discuss a suitable example for each element of the knowledge pyramid:
1. Noise: In the context of the knowledge pyramid, noise refers to irrelevant, inaccurate, or unstructured data that lacks meaning or context. An example of noise could be random data points or unverified information that does not contribute to understanding or decision-making. For instance, if you are analyzing customer feedback and come across a series of nonsensical or unrelated comments, those can be considered noise in the data.
2. Data: Data refers to raw facts or observations that are collected and stored. It is typically represented in the form of numbers, text, images, or other formats. An example of data could be the sales figures of a company for a specific period or a collection of survey responses from customers. Data, on its own, lacks context or meaning until it is processed and organized.
3. Information: Information is derived from data through the process of organizing, structuring, and interpreting it to provide meaning and context. It is the result of data analysis and can be used to answer specific questions or provide insights. For example, if you analyze the sales figures mentioned earlier and find that there was a significant increase in sales for a particular product category, that information provides valuable insight into the company's performance.
4. Knowledge: Knowledge goes beyond information by adding human interpretation, experience, and understanding to the information. It represents a deeper level of awareness and comprehension. An example of knowledge could be understanding the reasons behind the increase in sales for the specific product category. It involves connecting various pieces of information, analyzing trends, and drawing conclusions based on expertise and experience.
5. Meta-knowledge: Meta-knowledge refers to knowledge about knowledge. It involves understanding the processes, methods, and limitations of acquiring, organizing, and applying knowledge. An example of meta-knowledge could be having a deep understanding of different data analysis techniques and knowing when to use each one effectively. It involves knowing how to critically evaluate information and being aware of biases or limitations in data collection.
6. Wisdom: Wisdom represents the highest level of the knowledge pyramid. It is the application of knowledge, experience, and deep understanding to make sound judgments and decisions. Wisdom involves the ability to synthesize information and knowledge from different domains and apply it to complex situations. An example of wisdom could be a seasoned business executive who can make insightful strategic decisions based on a holistic understanding of market trends, customer behavior, and organizational dynamics.
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What challenges for corporate governance are posed by
incentive-based executive compensation? Provide examples to
illustrate. 400-600 words.
Incentive based compensation has long been a topic of debate in corporate governance. While it is intended to adjust the interests of leaders to those of investors, it likewise presents a few difficulties that might subvert the viability of corporate administration.
To address challenges, corporate administration systems need to work out some kind of harmony between giving motivation to chiefs and guaranteeing long-haul esteem creation and a moral way of behaving.
This can be accomplished through a blend of very much planned pay structures that integrate both short and long-haul execution measures, powerful gamble the executives rehearses, straightforward revealing, and free oversight by sheets of chiefs and investors.
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