The marketing department of ABC Systems has determined that there would be demand for a new product at or b a selling price of $500 per unit. The anticipated cost per unit is $340, and the company's desired profit is 50 percent. a. Calculate the target cost for this product. b. Based on your answer to a., what alternatives does the company have? Explain below.

Answers

Answer 1

a. Calculate the target cost for this product:The target cost is calculated by subtracting the company's desired profit margin from the selling price of the product. Desired profit is 50% of the selling price.Target Cost = Selling Price - Desired Profit Margin

Target Cost = $500 - (50% x $500)
Target Cost = $500 - $250
Target Cost = $250
b. Based on the above answer of target cost, the company has the following alternatives:
ABC Systems can change the price of the product, which can either increase or decrease the target cost.
ABC Systems can also reduce the expected profit margin, which will also decrease the target cost.
ABC Systems can also reduce the anticipated cost per unit, which will decrease the target cost. This can be achieved by finding cheaper raw materials, lowering production costs, or reducing labor costs.

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Related Questions

Submit TWO (2) reasons that a project’s final report should be
permanently retained by a firm. (6 marks)

Answers

A project’s final report should be permanently retained by a firm because of many reasons such as future references, legal issues, etc.

The reasons are as follows:

1. Future references- The final report of a project is significant because it includes all the necessary details about the project from the start until the end. This report is useful for future references. Suppose the organization needs to create a similar project in the future; it can use the previous report as a reference to ensure that the new project is on the right track.

2. Legal issues - If legal issues ever arise with a project, the final report of the project can act as evidence to support the firm's position. It can show that the organization met the project requirements and followed the rules. By retaining the final report of a project, the firm can protect its reputation, as it can defend its actions through the evidence in the report.

The final report is a valuable resource for firms as it contains crucial information about a project. Therefore, retaining it permanently can help the organization with future projects and legal issues.

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Your client is new to real estate and wants to purchase a home to flip. Your client says I am going to sell the property within 3 to 6 months.
He asks you what type of loan should I get?
1. What is a a 30 year fixed (fully amortized loan) and what is a straight note (interest only)?
2. Should he get a 30 year fixed (fully amortized loan) or Should he get a straight note (interest only). Explain why?

Answers

1. A 30-year fixed fully amortized loan is a mortgage loan where the borrower makes regular monthly payments over a period of 30 years. Each payment includes both principal and interest, gradually reducing the outstanding balance until the loan is fully repaid at the end of the 30-year term.

On the other hand, a straight note (interest-only loan) is a type of loan where the borrower only pays the interest portion for a specified period, typically for a few years. The principal amount remains unchanged during this period, and at the end of the term, the borrower must pay the remaining principal balance in full.

It is recommended that your client should consider getting a straight note (interest-only loan) for a short-term flip project, intending to sell the property within 3 to 6 months.

2. The reason for this is that an interest-only loan allows your client to minimize their monthly payments during the holding period since they are only paying the interest portion and not the principal. This can help improve cash flow and provide flexibility for the short-term investment.

In contrast, a 30-year fixed fully amortized loan would require higher monthly payments as it includes both principal and interest. This type of loan is more suitable for long-term homeownership rather than a short-term investment strategy like flipping.

However, it's essential to note that your client should carefully consider their financial situation, risk tolerance, and consult with a mortgage professional to determine the best loan option for their specific circumstances and goals.

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Using the Gordon growth model, a stock's price will increase if:

A) the dividend growth rate increases

B) the growth rate of dividends falls

C) the required rate of return on equity rises

D) the expected sales price rises

Answers

The Gordon growth model is a simple method of calculating the intrinsic value of a stock. Using the Gordon growth model, a stock's price will increase if the dividend growth rate increases, and/or the required rate of return on equity falls (option A).

According to the Gordon growth model, the price of a stock is determined by the following formula:

P = D / (r - g)

Where, P is the price of the stock, D is the annual dividend paid by the company, r is the required rate of return on equity, and g is the growth rate of dividends per year. The Gordon growth model assumes that the dividends of the company grow at a constant rate indefinitely. If the dividend growth rate of a company increases, it means that the company is performing well, and the stock price will increase.

On the other hand, if the growth rate of dividends falls, it indicates that the company is not performing well, and the stock price will fall. The required rate of return on equity is the minimum return that investors expect from their investment. If the required rate of return on equity rises, it means that investors have become risk-averse, and they demand a higher return for the same level of risk. In this case, the stock price will fall.Finally, the expected sales price is not relevant to the Gordon growth model as it only considers the dividends paid by the company and the required rate of return on equity. Thus, option D is not correct. The correct option is A.

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t: Business law Tort law
Paula Jankie was injured after she got pinned between two trolleys during an incident at Price Shoppers. The accident allegedly took place on 3rd May, 2022 as Paula was leaving the Price Shoppers warehouse with her purchased items in a trolley. She was accompanied by her six-year-old daughter and a family friend. Paula contends that she was using the travellator from the upper floor to get to the car park on the ground floor.
Her trolley was securely placed on the travellator by an employee of Price Shopper and her daughter and friend stepped onto the travellator and stood behind it whilst Paula was holding onto the handle of the trolley. This was in keeping with the instructions issued to Paula by the said the employee of Price Shoppers.
She further stated that the employee then proceeded to place another trolley immediately behind her. Paula indicated that soon thereafter, as she was midway along the travellator as it descended to the ground floor, the trolley immediately behind her came rolling downwards towards her. Paula’s friend observed what was happening and shouted a warning to her, however, Paula was pinned in between the runaway, which was filled with items purchased by another customer of Price Shoppers and her trolley. The said runaway trolley hit Paula on her lower back and she fell to the ground.
Paula also stated that there were no employees at the bottom of the travellator to assist her and her friend had to help in removing her from between the trolleys. The user of the runaway trolley asked Paula if she was okay and then left. Paula has since been hospitalized with severe back injury and cannot return to work.

Answers

Paula may have a potential claim for negligence against Price Shoppers based on the incident. The store employee's placement of a trolley immediately behind Paula, the absence of assistance at the bottom of the travellator, and the resulting severe back injury could establish a breach of duty and causation.

Paula's situation raises potential issues of negligence on the part of Price Shoppers. Negligence involves the failure to exercise reasonable care, resulting in harm to another person. In this case, Price Shoppers may have breached their duty of care towards Paula.

Firstly, the store employee placed another trolley immediately behind Paula, creating an unsafe situation. This could be seen as a breach of the duty to provide a safe environment for customers.

Secondly, the absence of employees at the bottom of the travellator to assist customers may indicate a failure on the part of Price Shoppers to take reasonable steps to ensure customer safety. The incident resulted in severe back injury to Paula, which could establish causation between Price Shoppers' alleged negligence and the harm suffered.

Given these factors, Paula may have grounds to pursue a claim for negligence against Price Shoppers to seek compensation for her medical expenses, lost wages, and other damages resulting from the incident.

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A company entered into the following transactions. Match each transaction with the appropriate journal in which it should be recorded. M Purchased merchandise from Able Co. for $2,000 terms 2/10, n/30. Invoice dated August 1. A. Cash payments journal ✓ Paid cash to Incite Telephone Co. for monthly telephone bill $250, Check No. 758. B. General Journal c. Sales Journal Sold merchandise on credit to Delta Corp. for $3,000, terms, 2/10, n/30, Invoice No. 246. Cost of Goods Sold is $1,740. D. Purchases journal E. Cash receipts journal Received cash payment in full from Delta Corp. for August 5 sale. Recorded cash sales for the month, $9,000. ✓ Returned defective inventory purchased on account from Able Co. for $550. A Moving to another question will save this response.

Answers

The correct matches for each transaction with the appropriate journal are as follows:

M. Purchased merchandise from Able Co. for $2,000 terms 2/10, n/30. Invoice dated August 1.

Journal: Purchases journal

The purchase of merchandise from Able Co. for $2,000 is a credit purchase. It should be recorded in the Purchases journal since it involves acquiring inventory on credit. The Purchases journal is used to record all credit purchases of merchandise.

The transaction should be recorded in the Purchases journal.

A. Paid cash to Incite Telephone Co. for monthly telephone bill $250, Check No. 758.

Journal: Cash payments journal

The payment of the monthly telephone bill to Incite Telephone Co. is a cash payment. It should be recorded in the Cash payments journal, which is used to record all cash payments made by the company.

The transaction should be recorded in the Cash payments journal.

C. Sold merchandise on credit to Delta Corp. for $3,000, terms 2/10, n/30, Invoice No. 246. Cost of Goods Sold is $1,740.

Journal: Sales journal

The sale of merchandise to Delta Corp. on credit for $3,000 should be recorded in the Sales journal. The Sales journal is used to record all credit sales made by the company. The cost of goods sold, which is $1,740, is not recorded in the Sales journal but is used for calculating the gross profit.

The transaction should be recorded in the Sales journal.

E. Received cash payment in full from Delta Corp. for August 5 sale. Recorded cash sales for the month, $9,000.

Journal: Cash receipts journal

The receipt of cash in full from Delta Corp. for the August 5 sale and the recording of cash sales for the month, totaling $9,000, should be recorded in the Cash receipts journal. This journal is used to record all cash receipts received by the company.

The transaction should be recorded in the Cash receipts journal.

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Which of the Amway company’s inputs are fixed inputs? Why?

Answers

Fixed inputs are typically resources that cannot be easily changed in the short run. In the case of Amway, some examples of fixed inputs could be their factory buildings, land, and machinery. These are considered fixed inputs because they are difficult or costly to adjust in the short term. For example, it would be difficult for Amway to quickly sell or acquire new land or buildings, or to replace all of their machinery, without significant time and expense.

In a traditional job costing system, the issuance of indirect
materials to a production department increases: (CPA adapted)
Multiple Choice
A. Stores Control.
B. Work-in-Process Control.
C. Manufactur

Answers

In a traditional job costing system, the issuance of indirect materials to a production department increases: B) Work-in-Process Control.

Indirect materials are defined as the materials that are required in the production process but do not form part of the final product.Explanation:Indirect materials include lubricants, oil, cleaning supplies, and other supplies used in the manufacturing process but do not form part of the final product. Direct materials, on the other hand, are the materials that can be traced directly to a specific product, such as wood, screws, and glue.

Indirect materials are allocated to work in progress in a traditional job costing system. Work in progress refers to products that are partially completed but have not yet been completed.Indirect materials are tracked in stores control until they are issued to the production department. When they are issued to the production department, they increase Work-in-Process Control. Work-in-Process Control is a control account that is used to track the cost of goods that are currently being produced. So the answer is B. Work-in-Process Control.

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Sam, a US tax resident individual wholly owns Hong Kong Ltd (treated as a corporation for US tax purposes) and it anticipates distributing a dividend in the upcoming tax year. Hong Kong imposed a 16% corporate tax rate and Hong Kong Ltd does not have any Subpart F income (including no GILTI income). If Sam imposes a US HoldCo (an Inc.) between himself and Hong Kong Ltd and Hong Kong Ltd distributes the dividend to US HoldCo (who then distributes such dividend to Sam), would the effective tax rate increase, decrease or remain the same compared to the current structure? Explain your reasoning and provide a calculation with effective tax rates.

Answers

The effective tax rate would decrease if Sam imposes a US HoldCo between himself and Hong Kong Ltd and the dividend is distributed through this structure.

Currently, Hong Kong Ltd is subject to a 16% corporate tax rate in Hong Kong. If Hong Kong Ltd directly distributes the dividend to Sam, he would be subject to the US individual tax rates on the dividend income. The US individual tax rates can be higher than the corporate tax rates.

However, by introducing a US HoldCo, the dividend would first be received by the US HoldCo as a shareholder of Hong Kong Ltd. The US HoldCo would then distribute the dividend to Sam. This structure allows for the potential application of a reduced tax rate on dividend income received by a US corporation.

The reduced tax rate on qualified dividends for US corporations is generally lower than the individual tax rates. Under current tax laws, qualified dividends are taxed at a maximum federal rate of 20%.

To calculate the effective tax rate, we need to consider both the corporate tax rate in Hong Kong and the applicable US tax rate. Assuming the US HoldCo receives the dividend and distributes it to Sam, the effective tax rate would be the sum of the corporate tax rate in Hong Kong (16%) and the US tax rate on qualified dividends (20%).

Effective tax rate = 16% (Hong Kong corporate tax rate) + 20% (US tax rate on qualified dividends)

= 36%

Therefore, the effective tax rate would be 36%, which is lower than the potential individual tax rates that Sam would face if he directly received the dividend without the US HoldCo structure. Thus, the effective tax rate would decrease compared to the current structure.

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Thoms Atlantic's 12 percent annual coupon bonds mature in 10 years and sell for $1,000. The firm is selling, at par, $100 preferred stock, which pays 6.51% of par annual dividend, and flotation costs are 7 percent. Thoms Atlantic's beta is 1.2, the risk-free rate is 10 percent, and the market risk premium is 5 percent. What is Thoms Atlantic's cost of newly issued preferred stock?

Answers

The flotation costs are equal to 7%. The cost of newly issued preferred stock is the cost of newly issued preferred stock to the company, which is equal to the dividend yield divided by (1 - flotation costs) since flotation costs are a function of the total proceeds from the sale of preferred stock rather than the issue price itself.

The market risk premium is 5%, and the risk-free rate is 10%. The beta is 1.2. The firm sells $100 preferred stock, which pays 6.51% of par annual dividends, at par.The firm is selling $100 preferred stock at par. The annual dividend paid on the preferred stock is 6.51% of par, which is $6.51. The price of the preferred stock is $100. The flotation costs are 7%, so the total proceeds from the sale of the preferred stock are $93 ($100 x (1 - 7%)).The formula for the cost of newly issued preferred stock is as follows:rps = Dp / (Pp * (1 - F))Where:rps = cost of newly issued preferred stockDp = annual dividend on preferred stockPp = price of preferred stockF = flotation costsrps = $6.51 / ($100 * (1 - 7%)) = 7.04%Therefore, Thoms Atlantic's cost of newly issued preferred stock is 7.04%.

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Distinguish between
Safety hazards and Health hazards. Discuss the three standards to
refuse hazardous work.

Answers

Safety hazards refer to risks that can cause physical harm or injury, such as slippery floors or exposed wires. Health hazards involve risks to overall well-being, including exposure to chemicals or harmful work conditions. The three standards to refuse hazardous work are imminent danger, reasonable belief, and good faith.

Safety hazards refer to potential risks or dangers that can cause physical harm or injury to individuals in the workplace. These hazards are typically associated with unsafe conditions, equipment, or practices, such as slippery floors, exposed wires, or inadequate protective gear.

Health hazards, on the other hand, involve potential risks to an individual's overall well-being and can result in illnesses or long-term health effects. These hazards often arise from exposure to hazardous substances, such as chemicals, toxins, or biological agents, or from harmful work conditions, such as excessive noise or poor ventilation.

There are three standards to refuse hazardous work:

1. Imminent danger: If an employee believes that performing a specific task poses an immediate threat to their life or health, they have the right to refuse to carry out the work until the hazard is eliminated or adequately controlled.

2. Reasonable belief: If an employee has a reasonable belief that a workplace condition or practice poses a risk of serious harm, even if it may not be an imminent danger, they have the right to refuse the work and request that the hazard be addressed.

3. Good faith: The refusal to perform hazardous work must be done in good faith, meaning the employee genuinely believes that the task or condition is hazardous based on their knowledge, training, and understanding of the situation.

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A stock price is currently $31. It is known that at the end of 3 months it will be either $40 or $22. The risk-free rate of interest with continuous compounding is 4% per annum. (1) Calculate the value of a 3-month European at-the-money put option on the stock and verify that no-arbitrage arguments and risk-neutral valuation arguments give the same answers. (2) If the stock has a volatility of 20% per annum, by using a two-step binomial tree calculate the value of 6-month European and American put options with exercise price of $35. How does the delta of these two options change?

Answers

(1) The value of a 3-month European at-the-money put option on the stock is $2.09. Both no-arbitrage arguments and risk-neutral valuation arguments give the same answer, indicating consistency in pricing models.

(2) Using a two-step binomial tree, the value of a 6-month European put option is $3.97, and the value of a 6-month American put option is $4.36. The delta of these options changes over time due to the different exercise styles. The delta of the European put decreases as time passes, while the delta of the American put increases initially and then decreases as time progresses.

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What is not an above average type of value creation? A. Getting existing customers to buy more B. Gaining market share through promotion and pricing C. Creating new markets D. Attracting new customers to the market

Answers

Value creation refers to the process of creating added value to the commodity or service being produced, ultimately increasing its value to the final customer. The correct option is D. Attracting new customers to the market.

The means of achieving value creation can differ depending on the product, the industry, and the consumer's requirements. However, not all types of value creation are equally effective.Based on the above statement, it is clear that value creation involves adding more value to the product or service. Creating new markets and attracting new customers are two types of value creation that go above and beyond the average.

Gaining market share through promotions and pricing is another type of value creation. As a result, option B is not an above-average form of value creation. It's just a typical strategy for increasing a firm's market share.

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Material limitations or conditions that are prominently disclosed In order to avoid UDAAP concerns, marketing material should contain. True or False

Answers

Material limitations or conditions that are prominently disclosed In order to avoid UDAAP concerns, marketing material should contain" hence, this statement is a True statement.

The statement that the material limitations or conditions that are prominently disclosed to avoid UDAAP concerns is a requirement that helps prevent marketing messages from deceiving consumers.However, The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 authorizes the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) to establish and enforce rules to protect consumers from what it terms unfair, deceptive, or abusive acts or practices (UDAAPs) committed by financial service providers. The act's scope includes banks, credit unions, mortgage lenders, payday lenders, debt collectors, credit reporting agencies, and other financial firms.

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Discuss the four aspects of the Flow Sheet Stage of a design
(i.e. Process Hazard Study 2).

Answers

In the context of a Process Hazard Study, the Flow Sheet Stage focuses on analyzing the process flow sheet or diagram of a design.

There are four key aspects to consider during this stage:1. Identification of Major Equipment,2. Material Balance.3. Stream Composition,4. Stream Conditions

1. Identification of Major Equipment: In this aspect, the major equipment items within the process are identified and documented. This includes equipment such as reactors, pumps, heat exchangers, and distillation columns. Understanding the purpose, specifications, and operational conditions of each major equipment item is crucial for evaluating potential hazards.

2. Material Balance: Material balance involves quantifying the input and output streams of the process. It is essential to ensure that the quantities of materials entering and leaving each unit operation are accurately accounted for. This helps identify any discrepancies or potential issues in the flow of materials within the system.

3. Stream Composition: This aspect focuses on the composition of the process streams. It includes identifying the types and concentrations of chemicals or substances present in each stream. Analyzing stream composition is important for assessing the potential for chemical reactions, phase changes, or other interactions that could lead to hazards.

c: The conditions of process streams, such as temperature, pressure, and flow rates, are examined in this aspect. It is crucial to understand the operating conditions of each stream to evaluate potential hazards associated with extreme temperatures, high pressures, or flow imbalances that could cause equipment failures or process upsets.

During the Flow Sheet Stage, these four aspects work together to provide a comprehensive understanding of the process design. This understanding enables the identification and evaluation of potential hazards, allowing for the implementation of appropriate safety measures to mitigate risks and ensure the safe operation of the process. The findings from the Flow Sheet Stage serve as inputs for subsequent stages of the Process Hazard Study, such as the Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment stages.

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Critically assess how effective the Uber is at being an ethical
organisation

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Critically assessing Uber's effectiveness as an ethical organization that Uber has made efforts to address some of the ethical challenges which is company faced.

The challenges such as implementing safety measures and revising driver policies. The company's past controversies related to driver treatment, passenger safety, pricing and workplace culture raise questions about its commitment to ethical practices.

To despite improvements, ongoing issues and the need for further changes indicate that Uber's effectiveness as an ethical organization is still a work in progress and requiring sustained efforts and transparency to regain trust.

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Homework 4 Save Score: 0 of 1 pt 10 of 10 (6 complete) HW Score: 53.3%, 533 of 10 pt P10-24 (similar to) o All techniques-Decision among mutually exclusive investments Pound Industries is attempting to select the best of three mutually exclusive projects. The initial investment and after-tax cash inflows associated with these projects are shown in the following table. Cash flows Project A Project B Project C Initial investment (CF) $60,000 $100,000 $100,000 Cash Intlows (CF).- 1 to 5 $20,000 $31,000 531,500 a. Calculate the payback period for each project b. Calculate the net present value (NPV) of each project, assuming that the firm has a cost of capital equal to 12% c. Calculate the internal rate of return (IRR) for each project d. Indicate which project you would recommend a. The payback period of project Ais years. (Round to two decimal places) Enter your answer in the answer box and then click Check Answer 9 parts remaining Clear All Check Answer y exclusive investments Pound Industries is attempting to select the best of three mutually exdu projects are shown in the following table. Cash flows Initial investment (CF) Cash inflows (CF), t= 1 to 5 Project A $60,000 $20,000 Project B $100,000 $31,000 Project C $100,000 $31.500 roject of each project, assuming that the firm has a cost of capital equal to 12%. PR for each project mend. ears. (Round to two decimal places.)

Answers

To calculate the payback period for each project, you need to determine the time it takes for the initial investment to be recovered by the cash inflows.

a. Payback Period:

For each project, you sum up the cash inflows until the total is equal to or greater than the initial investment. The year when this occurs is the payback period.

For Project A:

Initial investment: $60,000

Cash inflows: $20,000 per year

To calculate the payback period for Project A, divide the initial investment by the annual cash inflow:

Payback Period for Project A = Initial Investment / Annual Cash Inflow

Payback Period for Project A = $60,000 / $20,000 = 3 years

Repeat the same process for Project B and Project C to find their respective payback periods.

b. Net Present Value (NPV):

To calculate the NPV of each project, you need to discount the cash inflows to the present value using the firm's cost of capital.

The formula to calculate NPV is:

NPV = -Initial Investment + (Cash Inflow Year 1 / (1 + r)^1) + (Cash Inflow Year 2 / (1 + r)^2) + ... + (Cash Inflow Year n / (1 + r)^n)

Where r is the discount rate or cost of capital.

For each project, calculate the NPV using the given cash inflows and a discount rate of 12%. Compare the NPV values to determine the most favorable project.

c. Internal Rate of Return (IRR):

The internal rate of return (IRR) is the discount rate that makes the NPV of a project equal to zero. You can find the IRR using trial and error or by using software or financial calculators.

For each project, calculate the IRR to determine the rate of return on the investment.

d. Recommendation:

Based on the results of the payback period, NPV, and IRR, you can compare the projects and make a recommendation. Choose the project with the shortest payback period, highest positive NPV, and highest IRR, as these indicate higher profitability and quicker return on investment.

Remember to round your answers according to the specified instructions in the problem.

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1. What resources are valuable and rare at the beginning of the simulation?
2. Which of Porter's 5 Forces apply in Capstone 2.0 and which are less relevant due to the nature of the simulation?
3. What are the strategic implications for your firm based on the industry forces that do apply in Capstone 2.0?
4. What resources or capabilities could be valuable and rare at the end of the simulation?
5. What are the 6 generic business strategies Capstone 2.0 providing?

Answers

1. At the beginning of the simulation, valuable and rare resources could include initial capital, skilled employees, unique technologies or patents, strategic partnerships, and exclusive access to key distribution channels or resources.

2. In Capstone 2.0, Porter's Five Forces that apply include competition among firms, the bargaining power of buyers, and the bargaining power of suppliers. Forces such as the threat of new entrants and the threat of substitute products may be less relevant due to the nature of the simulation.

3. The strategic implications for a firm in Capstone 2.0 would involve understanding and leveraging the industry forces that apply. This could include strategies such as differentiation to stand out from competitors, effective pricing strategies to navigate buyer power, and building strong supplier relationships to secure necessary resources.

4. At the end of the simulation, resources or capabilities that could be valuable and rare may include a strong brand reputation, loyal customer base, efficient supply chain management, innovative product development capabilities, advanced data analytics capabilities, and effective strategic decision-making processes.

5. The six generic business strategies provided in Capstone 2.0 include cost leadership, differentiation, focused cost leadership, focused differentiation, best-cost provider, and market niche strategies. These strategies allow firms to position themselves in the market based on factors such as price, product uniqueness, target market focus, or a combination of these factors.

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Chapter 4: Strategic Quality Planning • Discussion questions- 15- Describe the difference between "strategy content" and "strategy process." Describe examples of quality related strategy content and strategy process issues.

Answers

In strategic quality planning, "strategy content" refers to the substance or the elements of a strategy, such as the goals, objectives, action plans, and initiatives that an organization intends to pursue.

It focuses on determining what needs to be achieved and the specific actions to achieve those goals. Strategy content involves making decisions about the direction and scope of the organization's quality efforts.

On the other hand, "strategy process" refers to the way in which strategies are formulated, implemented, and evaluated within an organization. It involves the processes, procedures, and activities used to develop and execute strategies. Strategy process includes activities like strategic analysis, stakeholder engagement, decision-making processes, communication, and monitoring and control mechanisms.

Examples of quality-related strategy content issues may include setting quality improvement goals, developing quality standards, establishing quality assurance procedures, and defining the key performance indicators for quality measurement.

Examples of strategy process issues in the context of quality planning could involve the involvement of cross-functional teams in strategy development, conducting regular quality audits, fostering a culture of continuous improvement, ensuring effective communication and coordination among departments, and regularly reviewing and updating the quality strategy based on feedback and performance evaluation.

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According to the principle of insufficient punishment, which of the following parentaltechniques should be most effective in changing a child’s behavior permanently (i.e.,even behavior that occurs in the absence of the parent)?a.ignoring the child’s troublesome behaviorb.threat of severe punishmentc.threat of mild punishmentd.severe punishment

Answers

By ignoring negative behavior, the child is no longer rewarded for it, and hence the behavior will no longer be reinforced.

The Principle of Insufficient Punishment, developed by Azrin and Holz, implies that the most effective parental technique to change a child’s behavior permanently is ignoring the child’s troublesome behavior.Parenting styles are important in raising a child. Parenting techniques that make use of discipline and punishment are often used to correct children's negative behaviors. However, there is a difference between discipline and punishment.Discipline is the use of techniques that direct the child's behavior in a positive manner, while punishment is the use of negative or unpleasant results to discipline a child. This is where the Principle of Insufficient Punishment (PIP) comes in. It proposes that insufficient punishment can lead to the likelihood of continued misbehavior from the child. According to the principle, the most effective technique in changing a child’s behavior permanently is ignoring the child's troublesome behavior.In other words, not giving attention to the misbehavior of the child makes the child lose interest and eventually stop the action.Punishment, on the other hand, has been shown to produce short-term change. When a child misbehaves, ignoring the behavior can create a lack of reinforcement that can lead to the behavior no longer being repeated.

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Whoville Marble Works (WMW) produces Bespoke Marble Kits (BMKs) for discerning marble connoisseurs. To produce their BMKS, WMW uses raw materials, labor and energy, and their production function is given by q = 20r^0.4 l^0.25 m^0.35, where q= WMW's monthly output, measured in BMKS, r = WMW's monthly raw material input, measured in tons, l = WMW's monthly labor input, measured in hours of labor, m = WMW's monthly energy input, measured in megawatt hours. Raw material costs WMW $100/ton, labor costs WMW $30/hour and energy costs WMW $50/megawatt hour. Find the input levels of raw materials, labor and energy that maximize WMW's output, given that their monthly production budget is $30,000. What is the minimum cost?

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The minimum cost for WMW to produce their desired output is $84,000 after optimizing their production function.

To find the input levels of raw materials, labor, and energy that maximize WMW's output, we need to optimize their production function subject to the budget constraint.

Let's set up the optimization problem:

Maximize q = 20r^0.4 l^0.25 m^0.35

Subject to the budget constraint: 100r + 30l + 50m ≤ 30,000

To solve this problem, we can use the method of Lagrange multipliers. The Lagrangian function is:

L(r, l, m, λ) = 20r^0.4 l^0.25 m^0.35 + λ(30,000 - 100r - 30l - 50m)

We need to find the critical points by taking partial derivatives and setting them equal to zero:

∂L/∂r = 8r^(-0.6) l^0.25 m^0.35 - 100λ = 0

∂L/∂l = 5r^0.4 l^(-0.75) m^0.35 - 30λ = 0

∂L/∂m = 7r^0.4 l^0.25 m^(-0.65) - 50λ = 0

Solving these equations simultaneously, we get:

8r^(-0.6) l^0.25 m^0.35 = 100λ

5r^0.4 l^(-0.75) m^0.35 = 30λ

7r^0.4 l^0.25 m^(-0.65) = 50λ

Dividing the equations, we have:

(8r^(-0.6) l^0.25 m^0.35) / (5r^0.4 l^(-0.75) m^0.35) = (100λ) / (30λ) = 10/3

Simplifying further, we obtain:

8r^(-0.6 - 0.4) l^(0.25 + 0.75) m^(0.35 - 0.35) = 10/3

8r^(-1) l^1 m^0 = 10/3

8l/r = 10/3

24l = 10r

Substituting this relationship into the budget constraint, we have:

100r + 30l + 50m = 30,000

100r + 30(10r/24) + 50m = 30,000

100r + 5r + 50m = 30,000

105r + 50m = 30,000

21r + 10m = 6,000

Now we have a system of two equations:

21r + 10m = 6,000

24l = 10r

Solving these equations simultaneously, we find:

r = 600

l = 250

m = 300

Therefore, the input levels that maximize WMW's output while staying within their budget are: 600 tons of raw materials, 250 hours of labor, and 300 megawatt hours of energy. The minimum cost can be calculated by substituting these values into the cost function:

Cost = 100(600) + 30(250) + 50(300) = $84,000

Hence, the minimum cost for WMW to produce their desired output is $84,000.

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Which of the following is a difference between "quantitative easing" and ordinary open-market operations? Multiple Choice Open-market operations involve forward commitment; quantitative easing is intentionally vague to maintain flexibility Quantitative easing is done in order to lower interest rates, open-market operations are merely intended to Increase bank reserves Open-market operations are focused exclusively on U.S. government bonds; quantitative easing also includes the buying and selling of debt issued by government agencies and government sponsored entities There is no difference between the two policy tools.

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Quantitative easing is done in order to lower interest rates, while open-market operations are merely intended to increase bank reserves.

The difference between "quantitative easing" and ordinary open-market operations is: Quantitative easing (QE) is a monetary policy tool used by central banks to stimulate the economy by purchasing long-term government bonds or other financial assets from the market. The primary objective of QE is to lower interest rates and increase the money supply to encourage lending and investment. On the other hand, ordinary open-market operations involve the buying and selling of short-term government securities (usually U.S. Treasury bills) by central banks to control the money supply and manage short-term interest rates. The primary goal of open-market operations is to adjust bank reserves in the banking system.

The correct difference between "quantitative easing" and ordinary open-market operations is that quantitative easing is done in order to lower interest rates, while open-market operations are merely intended to increase bank reserves.

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A bank has a cost of funds of 10%, a default rate of 5% and an underwriting transaction cost of $25 per loan. To break even on a $100 loan, the bank must charge $10 to cover cost of funds, $5 to cover expected defaults, and $25 to cover transaction cost, totaling $40 or an interest rate of 40%. On a $50 loan, using the same cost of funds rate, default rate, and underwriting transaction cost above, the break even rate would be ____ %. The interest rate for the $100 loan is lower than the rate for the $50 loan due to ____ that is a lower percentage of the principal. a. 65%, fixed cost b. 65%, variable cost c. 48%, fixed cost d. 48%, variable costs

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The break even rate would be 65%. The interest rate for the $100 loan is lower than the rate for the $50 loan due to fixed costs. The correct answer is option (a).

To calculate the break-even rate for a $50 loan, we can follow a similar approach as for the $100 loan.

Cost of funds for a $50 loan: 10% * $50 = $5

Expected defaults for a $50 loan: 5% * $50 = $2.50

Transaction cost for a $50 loan: $25

Total costs for a $50 loan: $5 (cost of funds) + $2.50 (expected defaults) + $25 (transaction cost) = $32.50

To break even, the bank needs to charge enough interest to cover the total costs. Therefore, the break-even rate for the $50 loan would be:

Break-even rate = (Total costs / Loan amount) * 100

= ($32.50 / $50) * 100

= 65%

So, the correct answer is option (a) 65%, fixed cost.

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Exercise Three: On a certain business class at BMCC, the class average on the latest examination was 94.75, with a standard deviation of 8.25. Given your knowledge of the Normal Probability Distribution, (a) find the probability of observing a test score lower than 87.00, (b) find the probability of observing a test score greater than 94.75, (c) find the probability of observing a test score greater than 80 and less than 100 on the given examination.

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In statistics, a normal distribution is a continuous probability distribution that has a bell-shaped probability density function. It is a common way to describe real-valued random variables whose distribution is not known.The mean is a measure of central tendency that is used to determine the average value of a dataset.

It is the arithmetic average of all values in the dataset. The standard deviation is a measure of variability that is used to determine how spread out the values in a dataset are from the mean. It is the square root of the variance, which is the average of the squared differences between each value and the mean.The Normal Distribution is an important probability distribution that is widely used in statistical theory. It is characterized by its mean and standard deviation, and its probability density function is a bell-shaped curve that is symmetrical around the mean. There are several properties of the Normal Distribution that make it useful in statistical analysis.To solve the given problem, we need to find the probabilities of observing test scores below or above certain values using the Normal Probability Distribution. The Normal Probability Distribution can be standardized using the z-score formula:

z = (x - μ) / σ, where x is the value we want to standardize, μ is the mean of the distribution, and σ is the standard deviation of the distribution.

(a) The probability of observing a test score lower than 87.00 can be found by standardizing the value using the z-score formula and looking up the corresponding probability in the Normal Distribution Table:

P(z < (87 - 94.75) / 8.25) = P(z < -0.94) = 0.1711

Therefore, the probability of observing a test score lower than 87.00 is 0.1711.

(b) The probability of observing a test score greater than 94.75 is 0.5, since the Normal Distribution is symmetrical around the mean and 94.75 is the mean

.(c) The probability of observing a test score greater than 80 and less than 100 can be found by standardizing the values using the z-score formula and calculating the area under the curve between the corresponding z-scores:

P((80 - 94.75) / 8.25 < z < (100 - 94.75) / 8.25) = P(-1.80 < z < 0.85) = P(z < 0.85) - P(z < -1.80) = 0.8023 - 0.0359 = 0.7664

Therefore, the probability of observing a test score greater than 80 and less than 100 is 0.7664. In conclusion, the probability of observing a test score lower than 87.00 is 0.1711, the probability of observing a test score greater than 94.75 is 0.5, and the probability of observing a test score greater than 80 and less than 100 is 0.7664.

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Suppose you are a money manager who manages a portfolio of two bonds, A and B. Bond A is a 5% semi-annual coupon bond with 5 years to maturity; its par value is $1000; the YTM is 7%; there are 10,000 units of bond A held in the portfolio. Bond B is a 3-year 6% semi-annual coupon bond, $500 par value, and its YTM is 8%; you hold 5,000 units of Bond B. (You must keep 5 decimal places in all steps, eg. $2.1234)

A. What is the duration of Bond A and Bond B? (Use excel)

B. If the YTM for both bonds increases by 50 basis points, what is, in dollar amount, the change in the value of the portfolio? You must use modified duration method to solve this problem.

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A. The duration of Bond A is 4.27 years and the duration of Bond B is 2.88 years.

B. If the YTM for both bonds increases by 50 basis points, the value of the portfolio will decrease by $25,773.77.

How to solve

To solve this problem, we can use the following formula:

Change in price = -modified duration * change in yield

The modified duration of the portfolio is the weighted average of the modified durations of the individual bonds. In this case, the modified duration of the portfolio is 3.57 years.

The change in yield is 0.05, or 50 basis points.

Therefore, the change in price of the portfolio is:

Change in price = -3.57 * 0.05 = -$25,773.77

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Star Promotions Valle Builders. $ 6,000 Indirect materials Indirect labor Other overhead Overhead applied $ 11,200 55,300 46,200 17,100 49,200 90,200 95,800 Star Promotions 1-a. Determine whether overhead is overapplied or underapplied. 1-b. Prepare the journal entry to allocate (close) overapplied or underapplied overhead to Cost of Goods Sold. Valle Builders 2-a. Determine whether overhead is overapplied or underapplied. 2-b. Prepare the journal entry to allocate (close) overapplied or underapplied overhead to Cost of Goods Sold. Complete this question by entering your answers in the tabs below.

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The journal entry would be: MOH Dr. $136,800COGS Cr. $136,800.

1-a. Star Promotions

Overhead Applied = $11,200

Actual Overhead = $55,300 + $46,200 + $17,100 = $118,600

Underapplied overhead = Actual overhead - Overhead applied= $118,600 - $11,200 = $107,400

As the actual overhead is greater than the overhead applied, there is an underapplied overhead.

1-b. Star PromotionsAccounts affected: Cost of Goods Sold (COGS) and Manufacturing Overhead (MOH)Underapplied overhead is closed by debiting COGS and crediting MOH. Therefore, the journal entry would be: COGS Dr. $107,400MOH Cr. $107,400

2-a. Valle Builders

Overhead Applied = $49,200

Actual Overhead = $90,200 + $95,800 = $186,000

Overapplied overhead = Overhead applied - Actual overhead= $49,200 - $186,000 = ($136,800)

As the overhead applied is greater than the actual overhead, there is an overapplied overhead.

2-b. Valle BuildersAccounts affected: Cost of Goods Sold (COGS) and Manufacturing Overhead (MOH)Overapplied overhead is closed by debiting MOH and crediting COGS.

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Harris Fabrics computes its plantwide predetermined overhead rate annually on the basis of direct labor-hours. At the beginning of the year a estimated that 27000 direct labor hours would be required for the period's estimated level of production. The company also estimated $595,000 of foxed manufacturing overhead cost for the coming period and variable manufacturing overhead of $300 per direct labor-hour Harms's actual manufacturing overhead cost for the year was $731344 and its actual total direct labor was 27500 hours Required: Compute the company's plantwede predetermined overhead rate for the year

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the Harris Fabric's plantwide predetermined overhead rate for the year is $8.87 per direct labor-hour.

Plantwide predetermined overhead rate is an overall overhead rate utilized to allocate overhead expenses to merchandise or service lines with disparate levels of work. The Harris Fabric computes its plantwide predetermined overhead rate yearly on the basis of direct labor-hours.The computation of the company's plantwede predetermined overhead rate for the year is discussed below:The formula to calculate the predetermined overhead rate is:Predetermined Overhead Rate = Estimated Overhead / Estimated Activity LevelThe predetermined overhead rate can be calculated by dividing the estimated overhead by the estimated activity level. The predetermined overhead rate can be used to apply overhead costs to jobs and inventory.In this problem, we have the following data:Estimated total fixed overhead = $595,000Estimated total variable overhead = $300 per direct labor-hourEstimated total direct labor-hours = 27,000Direct labor-hours worked = 27,500Now, we can use the formula for predetermined overhead rate to compute the rate:Predetermined overhead rate = (Estimated total fixed overhead + Estimated total variable overhead) / Estimated total direct labor-hours= ($595,000 + $300 × 27,000) / 27,000= $8.87 per direct labor-hour

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The stock of Louis Ltd is currently selling at R50 per share and investors expect a 30.4% rate of return on the stock. The return is equally divided between the dividend yield and capital gain yield. If the firm is expected to maintain a payout ratio of 0.52. what is the firm's latest earnings per share?
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The earnings per share can be calculated with the following formula: Retained Earnings = Dividend Paid Out Ratio × Net Income Earnings per Share = (Net Income - Retained Earnings) ÷ Number of SharesThe following information is given:

Current Stock Price = R50Rate of Return = 30.4%Dividend Yield = 15.2%Capital Gain Yield = 15.2%Dividend Paid Out Ratio = 0.52We need to calculate the earnings per share of the firm. The earnings per share for the Louis Ltd is R13.48, where the current stock price is R50 per share, investors expect a 30.4% rate of return on the stock, the return is equally divided between the dividend yield and capital gain yield, and the firm is expected to maintain a payout ratio of 0.52

The earnings per share is one of the most important financial ratios. It's a critical measure of a company's profitability and financial health, which is why investors and analysts look for this figure when evaluating a company's stock. This ratio is calculated by dividing a company's net income by the number of outstanding shares. Net income is the company's total earnings minus expenses, taxes, and interest payments. The number of outstanding shares represents the number of shares currently held by investors. The earnings per share ratio can be used to determine a company's profitability, growth potential, and stock price. It can also be used to compare the profitability of different companies in the same industry.

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A company has established a joint venture with another company to build a toll road. The initial investment is paving equipment is 38 million. the equipment will be fully depreciated using the straight-line method over its economic life of five years. Earnings before interest, taxes and depreciation collected from the toll road are projected to be 4 million per annum for 29 years starting from the end of the first year. The corporate tax rate is 30%. The required rate of return for the project under all-equity financing is 13%. The pretax cost of debt for the joint partnership is 7%. To encourage investment in the country's infrastructure, the government will subsidize the project with an 22 million, 10-year loan at an interest rate of 4% per year. All principal will be repaid in one balloon payment at the end of year 10. what is the NPV of the project (keep two decimal places)?

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To calculate the net present value (NPV) of the project, we need to determine the cash flows associated with the project and discount them to their present value. Here's how we can calculate the NPV:

1. Initial investment: The initial investment in paving equipment is $38 million. This is considered an outflow and occurs at the beginning of the project.

2. Annual cash flows: The project is expected to generate earnings before interest, taxes, and depreciation (EBITDA) of $4 million per year for 29 years, starting from the end of the first year. We need to calculate the after-tax cash flows for each year by considering the tax rate.

Year 1 to Year 5:

EBITDA = $4 million

Tax = EBITDA * Tax Rate = $4 million * 30% = $1.2 million

Depreciation = Initial Investment / Economic Life = $38 million / 5 = $7.6 million

Taxable Income = EBITDA - Depreciation = $4 million - $7.6 million = -$3.6 million (tax shield)

After-Tax Cash Flow = EBITDA - Tax = $4 million - $1.2 million = $2.8 million

Year 6 to Year 29:

EBITDA = $4 million

Tax = EBITDA * Tax Rate = $4 million * 30% = $1.2 million

After-Tax Cash Flow = EBITDA - Tax = $4 million - $1.2 million = $2.8 million

3. Loan subsidy: The government will provide a loan subsidy of $22 million at an interest rate of 4% per year for 10 years. The principal will be repaid in a balloon payment at the end of Year 10. This loan subsidy is considered an inflow.

4. Discount rate: The required rate of return for the project under all-equity financing is 13%. We will use this rate to discount the cash flows.

Now, we can calculate the NPV of the project by discounting the cash flows to their present value:

NPV = (-Initial Investment) + (Annual Cash Flows / (1 + Discount Rate)^Year) + (Loan Subsidy / (1 + Discount Rate)^10)

NPV = (-$38 million) + ($2.8 million / (1 + 0.13)^1 + $2.8 million / (1 + 0.13)^2 + ... + $2.8 million / (1 + 0.13)^29) + ($22 million / (1 + 0.13)^10)

Calculating this equation will give you the NPV of the project. Please note that the equation involves a summation of cash flows over the 29-year period, which can be time-consuming to calculate manually. It's recommended to use a financial calculator or spreadsheet software to perform the calculations.

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Entity XYZ acquires a machine for CU100,000. The machine has an estimated useful life of 5 years and zero salvage value. For tax purposes, however, the useful life is 4 years. Net income before taxes equals CU110,000 each year. Every year XYZ has tax-free revenues CU10,000. The statutory tax rate is 20%.
Required:
1. Calculate the current tax, the tax expense, and the deferred tax asset or liability for each year.
2. Calculate the effective tax rate and the current tax rate and comment on them.

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The effective tax rate is the ratio of total tax expense (CU20,000 for each year) to the net income before taxes (CU110,000 for each year), which is 18.18% [(CU20,000 / CU110,000) x 100%].

Year 1: