2.1 The Economic Order Quantity is approximately 167 units.
2.2 The reorder point is approximately 63 units.
2.3 The average inventory is approximately 147 units.
2.4 To find the optimal period and optimal order quantity, you can use the Silver-Meal heuristic methodm therefore you must provide the forecasted demand for each period to calculate these values.
2.1 To determine the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ), use the formula:
EOQ = √(2DS/C), where D = annual demand, S = order cost, and C = annual carrying cost per unit. In this case, D = 1500 units, S = R35/order, and C = 15% of R25/unit (R3.75/unit).
EOQ = √(2 * 1500 * 35 / 3.75) = √(105000 / 3.75) ≈ √28000 ≈ 167.33 units.
Therefore, the Economic Order Quantity is approximately 167 units.
2.2 To determine the reorder point, use the formula:
Reorder Point = Lead Time Demand, where Lead Time Demand = lead time * daily demand. In this case, lead time = 10 working days, and daily demand = annual demand / working days per year (1500 / 240).
Daily demand = 1500 / 240 ≈ 6.25 units/day.
Thus, the Reorder Point = 10 * 6.25 ≈ 62.5 units. Therefore, the reorder point is approximately 63 units.
2.3 To determine the average inventory, use the formula: Average Inventory = EOQ / 2 + Reorder Point. In this case, EOQ = 167 units, and Reorder Point = 63 units.
Average Inventory = 167 / 2 + 63 = 83.5 + 63 ≈ 146.5 units. Therefore, the average inventory is approximately 147 units.
2.4 To find the optimal period and optimal order quantity, you can use the Silver-Meal heuristic method. However, without knowing the forecasted demand for each period, it is not possible to determine the optimal period and order quantity in this case. Please provide the forecasted demand for each period to calculate these values.
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Private decisions about consumption of common resources and production of public goods usually lead to an a. Efficient allocation of resources and no external effects. B. Inefficient allocation of resources and no external effects. C. Efficient allocation of resources and external effects. D. Inefficient allocation of resources and external effects
Private decisions about consumption of common resources and production of public goods usually lead to an D. Inefficient allocation of resources and external effects.
Private decisions about the consumption of common resources and production of public goods can lead to inefficiencies because individuals may not take into account the costs they impose on others (i.e., external effects).
For example, if individuals overuse a common resource like a fishery or a forest, it can lead to depletion of the resource, which affects everyone who depends on it. Similarly, if individuals underinvest in the production of public goods like education or healthcare, it can lead to a lower quality of life for everyone in the community.
These external effects are not reflected in the market price of the resource or good and are therefore not taken into account by individuals when making decisions. As a result, the market may not allocate resources efficiently, and there may be a need for government intervention to address these external effects and ensure a more optimal allocation of resources.
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the new machine has a purchase price of $1,170,000, an estimated useful life and macrs class life of 5 years, and an estimated salvage value of $105,000. the applicable depreciation rates are 20.00%, 32.00%, 19.20%, 11.52%, 11.52%, and 5.76%. being highly efficient, it is expected to economize on electric power usage, labor, and repair costs, and, most importantly, to reduce the number of defective chickens. in total, an annual savings of $245,000 will be realized if the new machine is installed. the company's marginal tax rate is 35% and the project cost of capital is 16%. what is the initial net cash flow if the new machine is purchased and the old one is replaced? round your answer to the nearest dollar. $
If the new machine has a purchase price of $1,170,000, an estimated useful life and macrs class life of 5 years, the initial net cash flow is -$180,590.
The initial net cash flow is the difference between the initial investment required to purchase the new machine and the present value of the expected annual savings over the useful life of the machine.
In this case, the initial investment is the purchase price of the new machine minus the estimated salvage value, which equals $1,065,000 ($1,170,000 - $105,000).
To calculate the present value of the expected annual savings, we need to use the cost of capital, which is 16%. We can use the formula for present value of an annuity to find the present value of the annual savings.
PV = C x ((1 - (1 + r)^-n) / r)
Where:
C = Annual savings = $245,000
r = Discount rate = 16%
n = Number of years = 5
Plugging in the values, we get:
PV = $245,000 x ((1 - (1 + 0.16)^-5) / 0.16)
PV = $884,410
Therefore, the initial net cash flow is:
Initial Net Cash Flow = -$1,065,000 + $884,410
Initial Net Cash Flow = -$180,590
The negative sign indicates that there is an initial cash outflow required to purchase the new machine. This means that the company will have to invest $180,590 upfront to replace the old machine with the new one.
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jan and jill started a business 20 years ago. jill recently stepped down and her daughter jenny has agreed to start managing the company with jan's help. the eventual goal is for jenny to run the entire company. this process between jan and jenny is called
The process between Jan and Jenny, where Jan is providing guidance and support to Jenny as she takes over the management of the company, is called "succession planning."
Succession planning is the process of identifying and developing potential successors to key positions in an organization, such as a CEO or manager.
In this case, Jill stepping down from her position in the company has created a need for a new manager, and Jenny has been identified as the potential successor. Jan, who has been with the company for 20 years and likely has valuable knowledge and experience, is assisting Jenny in the transition and helping her learn the ropes of managing the business.
Succession planning is important for the continuity and long-term success of a business. By identifying and developing potential successors, the business can ensure a smooth transition of leadership and minimize disruptions. It also helps to ensure that the values and vision of the company are maintained, even as leadership changes hands.
Overall, succession planning is a critical process for any organization, and can be especially important for family businesses like this one where the transition of leadership from one generation to the next can be complex and emotionally charged.
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a nonexcludable good is a good in which: group of answer choices it is difficult to prevent someone from using or having access to the good. one person consuming or using the good cannot prevent others from using or consuming the same unit of the good. there is a regulation that the good must be provided to everyone. the good has no cost of production and so is available to consumers at no cost.
A nonexcludable good is the good in which one person consuming or using the good cannot prevent others from using or consuming the same unit of the good. Option B is correct.
A nonexcludable good is a type of public good that is difficult, costly, or impossible to prevent someone from using or having access to it once it is provided. In other words, it is a good for which exclusion of non-payers is not feasible or is prohibitively expensive. This creates a free-rider problem, where individuals can benefit from the good without paying for it. Examples of nonexcludable goods include clean air, national defense, street lighting, and public parks.
In other words, it is a good that is difficult or impossible to exclude people from using or having access to, regardless of whether or not they have paid for it.
Hence, B. is the correct option.
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--The given question is incomplete, the complete question is
"A nonexcludable good is a good in which: group of answer choices A) it is difficult to prevent someone from using or having access to the good. B) one person consuming or using the good cannot prevent others from using or consuming the same unit of the good. C) there is a regulation that the good must be provided to everyone. D) the good has no cost of production and so is available to consumers at no cost."--
1999, Eton Ziba was a cleaner with just R68 in his pocket, but he noticed a business
opportunity. Good quality detergents and disinfectants could make a tough cleaning job
much easier, so he started buying quality products in bulk and selling them to his fellow
cleaners and households. He was not satisfied, though, he wanted a business that made
and sold its products.
Eton started renting premises and employed two full-time assistants. Therefore, he
tackled the long and arduous process of creating cleaning material and detergents that
could pass strict regulations and compete with the best products on the market and ecofriendly products. It was not easy, but he kept at it. He only got his first real breakthrough
in 2006 when a supermarket agreed to start stocking his products. Eton, saw an untapped
market, today his detergents products can be found all over Africa and he counts Picky n
Pay as one of his main clients. {Adapted from Nieuwenhuizen, C. & Nieman, G. 2019}
1. 1. What is the target market of the Eton Ziba business?
Based on the information provided, the target market of Eton Ziba's business appears to be consumers in Africa who are in need of cleaning materials and detergents. As a cleaner himself, Ziba likely noticed a gap in the market for high-quality, effective cleaning products that were easily accessible to consumers in the region. By creating his own line of detergents, Ziba was able to fill this need and offer a solution to those in his community who were struggling to keep their homes and businesses clean.
Given that Ziba's products can now be found all over Africa, it is likely that his target market has expanded beyond just his local community to include consumers throughout the continent. However, it is still likely that his products are geared towards those who value high-quality, effective cleaning products and who are looking for a more affordable option than some of the more expensive brands on the market. Ultimately, Ziba's target market is likely made up of individuals and businesses who are looking for a reliable, affordable, and effective solution to their cleaning needs.
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Big Brothers, Inc. Borrows $171,989 from the bank at 7. 22 percent per year, compounded annually, to purchase new machinery. This loan is to be repaid in equal annual installments at the end of each year over the next 10 years. How much will each annual payment be? USING EXCEL
The annual payment using Excel, we can use the PMT function. PMT stands for Payment and is used to calculate the periodic payment for a loan or investment based on constant payments and a constant interest rate.
Here's how to use Excel to calculate the annual payment for this loan:
Open a new Excel worksheet and enter the following values in cells A1 to A4:
A1: Loan amount = -$171,989 (Note the minus sign to indicate a cash outflow)
A2: Interest rate per year = 7.22%
A3: Number of years = 10
A4: Compounding frequency = 1 (annually)
In cell A5, enter the following formula to calculate the annual payment:
=PMT(A2/A4,A3*A4,A1)
The PMT function takes three arguments:
Rate: The interest rate per period. Since our interest rate is per year and our compounding frequency is also per year, we divide the annual interest rate by the compounding frequency to get the periodic interest rate. In this case, we divide 7.22% by 1 to get a rate of 7.22%/1 = 0.0722.
Nper: The total number of payment periods. Since the loan is to be repaid over 10 years with annual payments, the total number of payment periods is 10*1 = 10.
Pv: The present value or loan amount. Since the loan amount is $171,989 and it is a cash outflow, we enter -$171,989 as the present value.
Press Enter, and Excel will calculate the annual payment to be $28,176.59. This means that Big Brothers, Inc. will have to make annual payments of $28,176.59 at the end of each year for the next 10 years to repay the loan.
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Internal equity means that ______. Select one: a. all jobs are paid indirectly proportionally to their alignment with strategy b. jobs of greater value to the organization are assigned higher pay rates c. ranking jobs based on their respective worth is procedural and interactional d. job analyses are conducted for all jobs annually
Internal equity means that jobs of greater value to the organization are assigned higher pay rates. Option B is correct.
Internal equity is a compensation strategy that ensures the pay rates of different jobs within an organization are equivalent to the relative worth of those jobs to the organization. This is significant to guarantee that people within the same company are paid equitably for their work. Additionally, internal equity is all about maintaining pay consistency across jobs and ranks of the company.
This process helps keep the employees happy and, therefore, motivates them to work harder. As part of internal equity, jobs of greater value to the organization are assigned higher pay rates. This is because the value or worth of each job is determined by analyzing different factors, including the skill level required, experience, and education, and comparing the same with the market.
Therefore, the organization's structure and hierarchy play a significant role in internal equity. It's essential to keep the internal equity structure consistent with the organization's culture, goals, and objectives. Therefore, option B is correct.
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marks company makes one product. the standard for materials is 4.5 pounds at a cost of $16 per pound. during march, marks made 10,000 units of the product using 50,000 pounds at a total purchase price of $825,000. what is the materials price variance?
If the standard for materials is 4.5 pounds at a cost of $16 per pound, the materials price variance for March is $25,000.
The materials price variance is a measure of the difference between the actual cost of materials and the standard cost of materials based on the quantity of materials used.
It is calculated as the difference between the actual quantity of materials purchased and the standard quantity of materials multiplied by the difference between the actual price per unit and the standard price per unit.
Using the information provided, the actual quantity of materials used is 50,000 pounds, which is the same as the standard quantity of materials. The actual price per pound is $16.50, which is $0.50 higher than the standard price of $16. Therefore, the materials price variance can be calculated as follows:
Materials price variance = (Actual price - Standard price) x Actual quantity
= ($16.50 - $16.00) x 50,000
= $25,000
This indicates that the actual price paid for materials was higher than the standard price, resulting in an unfavorable variance.
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Acme corp. is a leading provider of radios to the commercial market. its products all rely on printed circuit-board technology. acme has protected its market leadership with continued advancements in this technology, which it patents. a competitor has developed a radio for this market with equal performance but uses a software-based technology instead of circuit boards
is acme's technology leadership(compeptitive advantage) sustainable? why/ why not (what capability tests does acme's technology leadership fail?)
Acme Corp.'s technology leadership in printed circuit-board technology has helped it maintain a competitive advantage in the commercial radio market. However, the emergence of a competitor using software-based technology with equal performance could pose a threat to Acme's sustainability in maintaining this competitive advantage.
Acme's technology leadership might fail several capability tests, which are essential to assess the sustainability of their competitive advantage:
1. Imitability: If the competitor's software-based technology is easier or more cost-effective to replicate than Acme's printed circuit-board technology, other competitors might adopt it, reducing Acme's advantage in the market.
2. Substitutability: The competitor's software-based technology might be a substitute for Acme's printed circuit-board technology, especially if it offers equal performance. This could potentially make Acme's technology less relevant and valuable in the market.
3. Adaptability: As technology advances, Acme needs to ensure its continued innovation in printed circuit-board technology to maintain its leadership. If Acme cannot adapt to the changing market needs and preferences, it might lose its competitive advantage to competitors with more adaptable technologies, like the software-based technology.
In conclusion, Acme's technology leadership and competitive advantage may not be sustainable in the long run if it fails the capability tests of imitability, substitutability, and adaptability. To maintain its market leadership, Acme should continually innovate and adapt its technology to stay ahead of competitors and respond to changing market demands.
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Sam Strother and Shawna Tibbs are vice presidents of Mutual of.
Sam Strother and Shawna Tibbs are vice presidents of Mutual of Seattle Insurance Company and co-directors of the company's pension fund management division. An important new client, the North-Western Municipal Alliance, has requested that Mutual of Seattle present an investment seminar to the mayors of the represented cities, and Strother and Tibbs, who will make the actual presentation, have asked you to help them by answering the following questions.
a. What are the key features of a bond?
b. What are call provisions and sinking fund provisions? Do these provisions make bonds more or less risky?
c. How does one determine the value of any asset whose value is based on expected future cash flows?
d. How is the value of a bond determined? What is the value of a 10-year, $1,000 par value bond with a 10% annual coupon if its required rate of return is 10%?
e. (1) What would be the value of the bond described in Part d if, just after it had been issued, the expected inflation rate rose by 3 percentage points, causing investors to require a 13% return? Would we now have a discount or a premium bond?
e. (2) What would happen to the bond's value if inflation fell and declined to 7%? Would we now have a premium or a discount bond?
e. (3) What would happen to the value of the 10-year bond over time if the required rate of return remained at 13%? If it remained at 7%? (Hint: With a financial calculator, enter PMT, I/YR, FV, and N, and then change N to see what happens to the PV as the bond approaches maturity. )
f. (1) What is the yield to maturity on a 10-year, 9% annual coupon, $1,000 par value bond that sells for $887. 00? That sells for $1,134. 20? What does the fact that a bond sells at a discount or at a premium tell you about the relationship between and the bond's coupon rate?
f. (2) What are the total return, the current yield, and the capital gains yield for the discount bond? (Assume the bond is held to maturity and the company does not default on the bond. )
Answer:
Mutual of Seattle insurance company
Approximately ____ percent of professionals working on virtual teams have never met their teammates in person, Mutiple Choice a 25 b 40 c 75 d 90
Approximately 40 percent of professionals working on virtual teams have never met their teammates in person. The answer to this question is option d.
Virtual teams are groups of people who collaborate remotely to achieve a common goal. They use communication technologies to interact and share information as if they were in the same location. Virtual teams are becoming more common in today's interconnected world, thanks to advances in communication technologies, globalisation, and outsourcing. They bring together individuals from diverse locations, cultures, and backgrounds.
However, because members work remotely and communicate through digital media, they may feel isolated and disconnected from one another. Members of virtual teams must establish and maintain connections to ensure that they remain cohesive and effective.
The answer is option d.
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Shana norris wants to buy five-year zero coupon bonds with a face value of $1,000. her yield to maturity is 8.5 percent. assuming annual compounding, what would be the current market price of these bonds
The current market price of the five-year zero-coupon bonds with a face value of $1,000 and a yield to maturity of 8.5% is approximately $680.58.
To calculate the current market price of the five-year zero-coupon bonds, we need to use the formula for present value of a single future cash flow;
PV = FV / [tex](1+r)^{n}[/tex]
Where;
PV = Present value
FV = Face value of the bond
r = Yield to maturity (in decimal form)
n = Number of compounding periods
In this case, the face value of the bond is $1,000, the yield to maturity is 8.5% or 0.085, and the number of compounding periods is 5 (since it is a five-year bond and compounding is annual). Plugging in these values, we get;
PV = 1000 / (1 + 0.085)⁵
PV = 1000 / 1.469328
PV = $680.58
Therefore, the current market price of these bonds is $680.58.
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First National Bank is doing some scenario analysis. It believes that its source of funds (the Federal Reserve) will soon increase the cost of loans. In fact, the cost of making loans is expected to change from the current 2 percent interest to either 3 percent or 4 percent interest in the next year. There will be no change in its $2,000,000 income at the 2 percent interest level, but net income will fall to $1,000,000 if interest rates increase to 3 percent and decrease to $100,000 if the interest rates increase to 4 percent. Finally, National predicts a 10 percent probability of a decrease to 2 percent interest rate, a 50 percent probability of a 3 percent interest rate, and a 40 percent probability of an increase to 4 percent interest rate.
Required:
What is the expected financial impact of changing interest rates at First National Bank?
According to the financial projections, a change in interest rates at First National Bank is expected to result in a substantial decrease in income. The projected reduction amounts to $1,260,000, with income dropping from $2,000,000 to $740,000.
First National Bank is facing a scenario in which the cost of making loans is expected to change from the current 2 percent interest to either 3 percent or 4 percent interest in the next year. The bank predicts a 10 percent probability of a decrease to 2 percent interest rate, a 50 percent probability of a 3 percent interest rate, and a 40 percent probability of an increase to 4 percent interest rate. Given this information, we can calculate the expected financial impact of changing interest rates at First National Bank.
If the interest rate remains at 2 percent, the bank's income will be $2,000,000. If the interest rate increases to 3 percent, the bank's income will fall to $1,000,000. If the interest rate increases to 4 percent, the bank's income will decrease to $100,000. Using the probabilities provided, we can calculate the expected income for the bank as follows:
Expected income = (Probability of 2% interest rate x Income at 2% interest rate) + (Probability of 3% interest rate x Income at 3% interest rate) + (Probability of 4% interest rate x Income at 4% interest rate)
Expected income = (0.1 x $2,000,000) + (0.5 x $1,000,000) + (0.4 x $100,000)
Expected income = $200,000 + $500,000 + $40,000
Expected income = $740,000
Therefore, the expected financial impact of changing interest rates at First National Bank is a decrease in income from $2,000,000 to $740,000, or a decrease of $1,260,000. The bank should take steps to prepare for this potential decrease in income, such as cutting costs or finding new sources of revenue.
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A precision lathe costs $16,000 and will cost $26,000 a year to operate and maintain. If the discount rate is 10% and the lathe will last for 4 years, what is the equivalent annual cost of the tool?
The equivalent annual cost of the lathe is $27,288.26. This is the annual cost that would make the purchase and operation of the lathe equivalent to a stream of equal payments over the 4-year period.
To calculate the equivalent annual cost of the lathe, we need to add up all the costs associated with it and convert them into an annual cost.
The cost of the lathe is $16,000 and it will last for 4 years. Therefore, the depreciation expense for the lathe can be calculated as:
Depreciation expense = Cost of lathe / Useful life of lathe
Depreciation expense = $16,000 / 4 years
Depreciation expense = $4,000 per year
In addition to the cost of the lathe, there is also an annual cost of $26,000 to operate and maintain it. Therefore, the total cost of the lathe for one year is:
Total cost = Depreciation expense + Operating and maintenance expense
Total cost = $4,000 + $26,000
Total cost = $30,000 per year
To calculate the equivalent annual cost of the lathe, we need to discount this cost over the 4-year period using the discount rate of 10%. The formula for calculating the present value of an annuity is:
Equivalent annual cost = (Total cost x Discount factor) / Present value of annuity factor
Where:
Discount factor = (1 - (1 + Discount rate)^-n) / Discount rate
n = Number of years
Present value of annuity factor = ((1 - (1 + Discount rate)^-n) / Discount rate) x (1 + Discount rate)
Substituting the values, we get:
Discount factor = (1 - (1 + 0.1)^-4) / 0.1
Discount factor = 3.16986
Present value of annuity factor = ((1 - (1 + 0.1)^-4) / 0.1) x (1 + 0.1)
Present value of annuity factor = 3.48685
Equivalent annual cost = ($30,000 x 3.16986) / 3.48685
Equivalent annual cost = $27,288.26
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the accompanying graph represents the market for loanable funds in the hypothetical country of bunko. assume the market is initially in equilibrium and inflation expectations are 2%. a. adjust the graph to demonstrate the effects of inflation expectations increasing from 2% to 4%. market for loanable funds interest rate (%) quantity of loanable funds (billions of $) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 d s b. what is the real interest rate after the change in inflation expectations? 7% 3% 2% 5% c. which effect below characterizes the relationship between inflation expectations and nominal interest rates? the pigou effect the leontief paradox the inflation effect the fisher effect
The demand for loanable funds and interest rate rise as the graph swings upward.After accounting for the shift in inflation expectations, the real interest rate is 3%.
Will the demand for loanable money increase as the interest rate rises?Answer and justification The reason for this is that loanable funds are less likely to be required as interest rates rise. It's because the borrowers would be required to pay a higher rate of interest on the money they borrowed. Every time the interest rate charged is cut, there is a greater demand for these money.
What happens when the amount of loanable funds rises?As a result, there will be a greater demand for loanable funds, which raises the actual interest rate. Alternatively said, we would anticipate a rise in real interest rates and the quantity of loans made, when the economy is doing well.
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which of the following is not correct?a.a managed fund will outperform an index fund only 60% of the time.b.managed funds may be open-end funds or closed-end funds.c.over many years, the majority of managed mutual funds have failed to outperform the standard
The statement "a managed fund will outperform an index fund only 60% of the time" may not be correct.
While it is true that actively managed funds may outperform index fund in certain market conditions or over certain time periods, it is not accurate to say that this will happen only 60% of the time. The performance of any investment is subject to a wide range of factors and can be unpredictable, making it difficult to make generalizations about the performance of managed funds relative to index funds.
Therefore, statement (a) may not be entirely accurate. Statements (b) and (c) are generally accurate. Managed funds can be open-end or closed-end, and over many years, the majority of managed mutual funds have failed to outperform their benchmark index.
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Topsider Inc. Is evaluating whether to replace an existing leather-cutting machine with a new machine that has a five-year life. The old machine has current salvage value equal to $5,000; its salvage value in five years is expected to be zero. The net (after-tax) salvage value of the new machine in five years is expected to be $7,500. If the new machine is purchased, Topsider will have to invest $4,520 in its net working capital. Based on this information, what is the new machine's terminal cash?
The machine's salvage value is $7,500, so the after-tax cash inflow from the sale would be: TCF = SV x (1 - T) + ATCF5 = $7,500 x (1 - 0.35) + (0.15P - $1,238) = $4,875 + 0.15P, where P is the purchase price of the new machine.
To calculate the terminal cash flow of the new machine, we need to find the after-tax cash flows for each year of its life, including the final year when it will be sold.
Assuming a tax rate of 35%, the after-tax cash flows for each year are as follows:
Year 0 (initial investment): -$4,520
Year 1: CF1
Year 2: CF2
Year 3: CF3
Year 4: CF4
Year 5 (sale of machine): CF5
To calculate CF1 to CF4, we need to find the annual after-tax cash inflows generated by the new machine. We are not given this information directly, but we can find it indirectly by subtracting the annual depreciation expense from the annual pre-tax cash inflows.
Assuming the new machine has a purchase price of P, and an expected annual pre-tax cash inflow of I, its annual depreciation expense D would be:
D = P / n
where n is the machine's useful life in years. In this case, n is 5, so:
D = P / 5The annual pre-tax cash inflow for the new machine is not given, but we can find it using the following formula:
I = (P - SV) / n
where SV is the expected salvage value of the machine at the end of its useful life. In this case, SV is $7,500, so:
I = (P - $7,500) / 5
We can now use these formulas to find the annual after-tax cash inflows as follows:
ATCF = (I - D) x (1 - T)
where T is the tax rate of 35%.
Year 1:
ATCF1 = (I - D) x (1 - T) = [(P - $7,500) / 5 - P / 5] x (1 - 0.35) = 0.45P - $2,925
Year 2:
ATCF2 = (I - D) x (1 - T) = [(P - $7,500) / 5 - 2P / 5] x (1 - 0.35) = 0.3P - $1,950
Year 3:
ATCF3 = (I - D) x (1 - T) = [(P - $7,500) / 5 - 3P / 5] x (1 - 0.35) = 0.15P - $975
Year 4:
ATCF4 = (I - D) x (1 - T) = [(P - $7,500) / 5 - 4P / 5] x (1 - 0.35) = -0.0.001P + $525
Year 5:
ATCF5 = (I + SV - P) x (1 - T) = [$7,500 + (P - $7,500) / 5 - P] x (1 - 0.35) = 0.15P - $1,238
To find the terminal cash flow, we need to calculate the after-tax cash inflow generated by selling the new machine at the end of its useful life. In this case,
TCF = SV x (1 - T) + ATCF5 = $7,500 x (1 - 0.35) + (0.15P - $1,238) = $4,875 + 0.15P
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Firm ABC has debt with a face value of $40m (which could be considered to be the exercise price on call and put options on the firm). The standard deviation of assets is σ = 0. 2. The risk-free rate is currently 4. 5% and a time to expiration of 30 years is sufficiently long to use for option valuation. The market value of the firm is $80m.
a. Find the market value of debt and equity using the Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model.
b. If the firm decides to increase the volatility of its assets to σ =. 3 by investing in riskier assets, what will happen to the market values of debt and equity? Find the new values.
c. Briefly explain the conflict between shareholders and bondholders for a firm.
d. Is this approach consistent with the roles of financial markets?
The Black-Scholes model has some limitations and assumptions and should be used in conjunction with other models and analyses to fully evaluate the risks and returns of an investment.
a. Using the Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model, we can calculate the market value of debt and equity as follows:
The value of a call option on the firm's assets, with an exercise price equal to the face value of the debt, is:
[tex]C = A N(d_1) - K e^{-rt} N(d_2)[/tex]
where:
A is the market value of the firm, which is $80m
N([tex]d_1[/tex]) and N([tex]d_2[/tex]) are the cumulative distribution functions of a standard normal variable, evaluated at [tex]d_1[/tex] and [tex]d_2[/tex] respectively
[tex]$d_1 = \frac{\ln\left(\frac{A}{K}\right) + \left(r + \frac{\sigma^2}{2}\right)t}{\sigma\sqrt{t}}$[/tex]
[tex]$d_2 = d_1 - \sigma\sqrt{t}$[/tex]
K is the face value of the debt, which is $40m
r is the risk-free rate, which is 4.5%
t is the time to expiration, which is 30 years
σ is the standard deviation of the assets, which is 0.2
Therefore, d1 = 0.9743 and d2 = 0.6731, and we can calculate the value of the call option as:
[tex]C = \$80m N(0.9743) - \$40m \exp(-0.04530) N(0.6731) = \$52.73m[/tex]
The market value of the debt is simply the face value, which is $40m. Therefore, the market value of equity is:
E = A - D - C = $80m - $40m - $52.73m = -$12.73m
Since the market value of equity is negative, it means that the firm is currently insolvent.
b. If the firm decides to increase the volatility of its assets to σ = 0.3, the market value of debt and equity will change. Using the same formula as in part a, we can calculate the new value of the call option as:
C = $80mN(1.0770) - $40mexp(-0.04530)*N(0.8747) = $60.36m
Therefore, the market value of equity is:
E = A - D - C = $80m - $40m - $60.36m = -$20.36m
The increase in asset volatility has caused the market value of equity to decrease further, making the firm even more insolvent.
c. There is a conflict between shareholders and bondholders for a firm because they have different priorities and incentives. Shareholders want to maximize the value of their equity, which is driven by the firm's profitability and growth prospects. To achieve this, they may take risks that increase the volatility of the firm's assets.
Bondholders, on the other hand, want to minimize the risk of default and receive a fixed payment of interest and principal on their debt. Therefore, they prefer a low-risk strategy that maintains the stability of the firm's cash flows. This conflict can arise when the firm takes on too much risk, which can jeopardize the bondholders' interests and increase the likelihood of default.
d. The approach of using the Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model to value debt and equity is consistent with the roles of financial markets. Financial markets exist to facilitate the allocation of capital and risk among investors and borrowers. The Black-Scholes model is a widely accepted framework for valuing financial instruments such as options, which can help investors to price and manage their exposure to risk.
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the following table shows your stock positions at the beginning of the year, the dividends that each stock paid during the year, and the stock prices at the end of the year. what is your portfolio percentage return?
Start by calculating the total value of your stocks at the beginning of the year, which is the sum of all the stock values listed in the table
Add up the total amount of dividends received throughout the year, which is also listed in the table. To determine the total value of your stocks at the end of the year, multiply the number of shares you own by the stock price at the end of the year for each stock listed in the table. Once you have the total value of your stocks at the end of the year, add this amount to the total dividends received throughout the year, subtract the total value of your stocks at the beginning of the year from the total value of your stocks at the end of the year plus dividends received throughout the year.This will give you the overall return on your portfolio. To calculate the percentage return on your portfolio, divide the overall return by the total value of your stocks at the beginning of the year and multiply by 100. The result will be your portfolio percentage return. It's important to note that this calculation does not take into account any fees or taxes that may have been incurred throughout the year. However, it provides a general idea of how your portfolio performed during the year.
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Garcia Co. Sells snowboards. Each snowboard requires direct materials of $112, direct labor of $42, and variable overhead of $57. The company expects fixed overhead costs of $659,000 and fixed selling and administrative costs of $125,000 for the next year. It expects to produce and sell 11,200 snowboards in the next year. What will be the selling price per unit if Garcia uses a markup of 10% of total cost
Garcia Co. should sell each snowboard for $308.02 to achieve a 10% markup on the total cost per unit.
To calculate the selling price per unit, we need to determine the total cost per unit and then apply the markup of 10%.
First, let's calculate the total cost per unit:
Direct materials per unit = $112
Direct labor per unit = $42
Variable overhead per unit = $57
Fixed overhead per unit = ($659,000 ÷ 11,200 units) = $58.77
Fixed selling and administrative costs per unit = ($125,000 ÷ 11,200 units) = $11.16
Total cost per unit = Direct materials + Direct labor + Variable overhead + Fixed overhead + Fixed selling and administrative costs
Total cost per unit = $112 + $42 + $57 + $58.77 + $11.16
Total cost per unit = $280.93
Now, we can apply the markup of 10% to the total cost per unit to get the selling price per unit:
Markup price per unit = Total cost per unit x Markup percentage
Markup price per unit = $280.93 x 1.1
Markup price per unit = $308.02
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Crane Lumber, Inc. , is considering purchasing a new wood saw that costs $55,000. The saw will generate revenues of $100,000 per year for five years. The cost of materials and labor needed to generate these revenues will total $60,000 per year, and other cash expenses will be $10,000 per year. The machine is expected to sell for $3,300 at the end of its five-year life and will be depreciated on a straight-line basis over five years to zero. Crane’s tax rate is 34 percent, and its opportunity cost of capital is 11. 80 percent.
What is the project's NPV? (Do not round intermediate calculations. Round final answer to the nearest whole dollar, e. G. 5,275. )
NPV $______
The company (should not buy, or, should buy) the machine
The project's NPV is $10,348, indicating that it is a profitable investment, and Crane Lumber, Inc. should buy the wood saw to increase its profitability and long-term growth potential.
To calculate the NPV of the project, we need to discount all cash flows back to their present value using the opportunity cost of capital. The formula for NPV is:
[tex]\begin{equation}\text{NPV} = -\text{Initial Investment} + \frac{\text{CF1}}{(1+r)^1} + \frac{\text{CF2}}{(1+r)^2} + \cdots + \frac{\text{CFn}}{(1+r)^n}\end{equation}[/tex]
where CF is the cash flow in each year, r is the discount rate, and n is the number of years.
Using the information given in the question, we can calculate the cash flows as follows:
Year 0: -$55,000 (Initial Investment)
Year 1-5: $30,000 = ($100,000 - $60,000 - $10,000)
Year 5: $3,300 + $55,000 = $58,300 (Sale Price + Tax Benefit from Salvage)
Using the straight-line depreciation method, the depreciation expense each year will be $11,000 ($55,000 / 5 years). The tax benefit from depreciation each year will be $3,740 ($11,000 x 34%). Therefore, the after-tax cash flow for each year will be:
Year 1-4: $26,260 = $30,000 - $3,740
Year 5: $49,860 = $58,300 - $11,440
Plugging these values into the NPV formula, we get:
[tex]\begin{equation}\text{NPV} = -55,000 + \frac{26,260}{1.1180^1} + \frac{26,260}{1.1180^2} + \frac{26,260}{1.1180^3} + \frac{26,260}{1.1180^4} + \frac{49,860}{1.1180^5}\end{equation}[/tex]
NPV = $10,348
The NPV of the project is positive, indicating that it is a profitable investment. Therefore, Crane Lumber, Inc. should buy the wood saw.
Furthermore, the positive NPV of the project suggests that the project's cash inflows are more than enough to cover the cash outflows and generate a return that is greater than the opportunity cost of capital. The project is expected to yield a profit of $10,348 after considering the time value of money and the company's cost of capital. As a result, Crane Lumber, Inc. should pursue this investment opportunity to increase its profitability and long-term growth potential.
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As you have seen, there are advantages and disadvantages of using credit. Chapter 10 in your online textbook takes this understanding a bit further and outlines what a person should do should they find themselves in financial trouble. Review Chapter 10. Reflect on types of financial problems and ways to correct them.
After the successful completion of this assignment, you will be able to say:
I can create a plan for solving credit problems.
You are allowed only two completed attempts for this lesson. This activity will count for 10% of your grade in this unit.
Instructions
Describe two ways in which someone could solve their financial issues. Make sure to use your resources to support your answer.
Submission
Please submit your answers into the text box.
Two ways with which someone could solve their financial issues include:
Create a budget and stick to itSeek professional financial adviceHow can we solve financial issues ?One effective way to solve financial issues is to create a budget that tracks income and expenses and allows for careful planning and management of money. A budget can help identify areas of overspending or wastage, and allow for adjustments to be made to improve financial stability.
Another way to solve financial issues is to seek the advice and guidance of a professional financial advisor or counselor. A financial advisor can provide expert advice on a wide range of financial issues, such as managing debt, investing, retirement planning, and estate planning.
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Question 1. Discuss the United States Supreme Court and explain how a case becomes heard and is decided by this Court? Question 2. Discuss what it means to have an open and public trial. What are the impacts of this approach on justice?
1. The United States Supreme Court is the highest court in the federal judiciary system of the United States. A case can be heard by Supreme Court by processes such as Writ of Certiorari, appeals, and original jurisdiction.
2. An open and public trial is one in which the proceedings are open to the public and the press. Open and public trials play an essential role in promoting transparency, fairness, and trust in the legal system.
1. The United States Supreme Court is the highest court in the U.S. judicial system and has the ultimate authority to interpret federal laws and the U.S. Constitution. It consists of nine justices, who are nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate. The Court has the power of judicial review, which means it can review and interpret the Constitution and determine whether laws are constitutional or not.
A case can become heard by the Supreme Court through a few different processes:
1. Writ of Certiorari: The most common way is when the losing party of a lower court's decision files a petition for a writ of certiorari, asking the Supreme Court to review the case. The Court reviews these petitions and selects the cases they believe have significant legal and constitutional implications.
2. Appeals: In some cases, federal law specifically provides for a direct appeal to the Supreme Court from certain lower courts.
3. Original Jurisdiction: The Supreme Court also has original jurisdiction in cases involving disputes between states or between a state and the federal government.
Once a case is accepted, both parties submit written briefs, and oral arguments are presented before the justices. After considering the case, the justices meet in a conference to discuss the arguments and vote on the outcome. A majority vote is required to decide the case, and the Court's opinion is then drafted and published.
2. An open and public trial means that the proceedings of the trial are accessible to the general public and the press. This transparency is a fundamental principle in democratic societies and is protected under the Sixth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. The impacts of having an open and public trial on justice include:
1. Ensuring fairness: Public trials help guarantee that the proceedings are conducted fairly and impartially, as the presence of observers acts as a check on the actions of the judge, prosecution, and defense.
2. Promoting public trust: Open trials allow the public to see how justice is administered and can help foster confidence in the legal system.
3. Protecting the rights of the accused: Public trials can prevent potential abuse of power or miscarriages of justice, as the public can witness how the accused is treated during the trial process.
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Amarindo, Inc. (AMR), is a newly public firm with 9. 5 million shares outstanding. You are doing a valuation analysis of AMR. You estimate its free cash flow in the coming year to be $14. 73 million, and you expect the firm's free cash flows to grow by 4. 4% per year in subsequent years. Because the firm has only been listed on the stock exchange for a short time, you do not have an accurate assessment of AMR's equity beta. However, you do have beta data for UAL, another firm in the same industry:. AMR has a much lower debt-equity ratio of 0. 42, which is expected to remain stable, and its debt is risk free. AMR's corporate tax rate is 20%, the risk-free rate is 4. 6%, and the expected return on the market portfolio is 11. 2%. A. Estimate AMR's equity cost of capital. B. Estimate AMR's share price.
Equity Beta Debt Beta Debt-Equity Ratio
UAL 2. 10 0. 42 1. 4
Blossom Co. At the end of 2020, its first year of operations, prepared a reconciliation between pretax financial income and taxable income as follows: Pretax financial income $2285000 Estimated litigation expense 3285000 Extra depreciation for taxes (5298000) Taxable income $ 272000 The estimated litigation expense of $3285000 will be deductible in 2021 when it is expected to be paid. Use of the depreciable assets will result in taxable amounts of $1766000 in each of the next 3 years. The income tax rate is 20% for all years.
Income taxes payable is: _________
The income taxes payable for Blossom Co. in 2020 is $629,133.
To calculate the income taxes payable, we need to start with taxable income and then apply the applicable tax rate. From the information given in the question, we have;
Taxable income = $272,000
Next, we need to calculate the income tax expense for the year, which is calculated as follows;
Tax expense=Taxable income x Tax rate
Tax expense = $272,000 x 20% = $54,400
Now, we need to adjust the tax expense for any timing differences between the financial income and taxable income. In this case, we have two timing differences;
The estimated litigation expense of $3,285,000 will be deductible in 2021 when it is expected to be paid. This means that the expense is not deductible in 2020 for tax purposes, so we need to add it back to taxable income.
The extra depreciation for taxes of $5,298,000 reduces taxable income in 2020, but it will result in taxable amounts of $1,766,000 in each of the next 3 years. This means that we need to add back the extra depreciation for taxes to taxable income in equal installments over the next 3 years.
Adjusting for these timing differences, the income tax payable for 2020 can be calculated as follows;
Tax expense for 2020 = $54,400
Add back estimated litigation expense = $3,285,000
Add back 1/3 of extra depreciation for taxes = $1,766,000/3
= $588,667
Adjusted taxable income for 2020 = $3,145,667
Adjusted tax expense for 2020 = $3,145,667 x 20%
= $629,133
Therefore, the income taxes payable is $629,133.
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When a company is good at performing a particular internal activity, it is said to have: select one: a. a competitive advantage b. a competence c. a resource-based strategy d. benchmark
When a company is good at performing a particular internal activity, it is said to have a competence.
Competence refers to the ability of a company to perform a specific activity or task in a superior way compared to its competitors. It can contribute to a company's competitive advantage if it enables the company to differentiate itself from competitors or to offer products or services at a lower cost. Resource-based strategy involves leveraging a company's unique resources and capabilities to achieve a sustained competitive advantage. Benchmarking refers to the process of comparing a company's performance to industry standards or best practices to identify areas for improvement.
Competence is a key component of a company's overall strategy. It refers to the knowledge, skills, and abilities that enable a company to perform a specific task or function in a superior way compared to its competitors. Competence can be built through investments in training, development, and research and development (R&D), as well as by cultivating a culture of continuous improvement.
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suppose the government wants to reduce this type of unemployment. which of the following policies would help achieve this goal? check all that apply. increasing the benefits offered to unemployed workers through the government's unemployment insurance program establishing government-run employment agencies to connect unemployed workers to job vacancies improving a widely used job-search website so that it matches workers to job vacancies more effectively
Options B and C are the correct options for reducing unemployment due to sectoral shifts and job searches.
When the world price of aluminum falls, the demand for labor among aluminum-producing firms in Pittsburgh will decrease, leading to a decrease in the employment level.
On the other hand, the demand for labor among airplane manufacturing firms in Washington, which use aluminum as an input, will increase, leading to an increase in the employment level.
The temporary unemployment that results from such sectoral shifts is called frictional unemployment, which occurs when workers are transitioning between jobs or industries due to changes in market conditions.
To reduce frictional unemployment, the government can implement policies that help connect workers to available job vacancies. Increasing the benefits offered to unemployed workers through the government's unemployment insurance program may provide temporary relief but does not address the root cause of the problem.
Instead, establishing government-run employment agencies to connect unemployed workers to job vacancies and improving a widely used job-search website to match workers to job vacancies more effectively would be more effective in reducing frictional unemployment.
By facilitating the matching process between employers and job seekers, these policies can reduce the time it takes for workers to find new employment, ultimately reducing frictional unemployment.
So, correct options are B and C.
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Theo is a buyer who's contemplating a land contract. why might he choose this route over traditional financing
He choose this route over traditional financing because of Credit Issues, Flexible terms,Quick Closing,Investment purposes,Creative financing.
A land contract, also known as a contract for deed, is an alternative form of financing where the buyer makes payments to the seller over time, rather than obtaining a traditional mortgage loan from a bank or other financial institution. There are several reasons why Theo might choose this route over traditional financing:
Credit Issues: If Theo has poor credit or a limited credit history, he may not be able to qualify for a traditional mortgage. In this case, a land contract may be a viable option as the seller is more interested in the buyer's ability to make payments rather than their credit score.
Flexible terms: A land contract can often have more flexible terms than a traditional mortgage, such as a lower down payment or a longer repayment period. This can make it easier for Theo to afford the property.
Quick Closing: Since there is no involvement of a third-party lender in a land contract, the process can be faster than traditional financing, allowing Theo to close the deal quicker.
Investment purposes: In some cases, investors may choose a land contract to acquire a property for investment purposes. This can be a good option for investors who do not want to tie up their cash in a down payment and want to avoid the closing costs associated with a traditional mortgage.
Creative financing: In some cases, a land contract can allow for creative financing arrangements between the buyer and seller, such as a lease-to-own agreement or seller financing.
It's important to note that there are potential risks associated with land contracts, such as the seller retaining legal ownership of the property until the final payment is made. It's crucial for Theo to carefully review and understand the terms of the contract before entering into an agreement.
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5. Understanding the IRR and NPVThe net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR) methods of investment analysis are interrelated and are sometimes used together to make capital budgeting decisions. Consider the case of Cold Goose Metal Works Inc. :Last Tuesday, Cold Goose Metal Works Inc. Lost a portion of its planning and financial data when both its main and its backup servers crashed. The company’s CFO remembers that the internal rate of return (IRR) of Project Lambda is 11. 3%, but he can’t recall how much Cold Goose originally invested in the project nor the project’s net present value (NPV). However, he found a note that detailed the annual net cash flows expected to be generated by Project Lambda. They are:YearCash FlowYear 1 $2,400,000Year 2 $4,500,000Year 3 $4,500,000Year 4 $4,500,000The CFO has asked you to compute Project Lambda’s initial investment using the information currently available to you. He has offered the following suggestions and observations:• A project’s IRR represents the return the project would generate when its NPV is zero or the discounted value of its cash inflows equals the discounted value of its cash outflows—when the cash flows are discounted using the project’s IRR. • The level of risk exhibited by Project Lambda is the same as that exhibited by the company’s average project, which means that Project Lambda’s net cash flows can be discounted using Cold Goose’s 7% WACC. Given the data and hints, Project Lambda’s initial investment is __________ , and its NPV is ____________ (rounded to the nearest whole dollar). A project’s IRR will ______ if the project’s cash inflows increase, and everything else is unaffected
The initial investment of Project Lambda was $9,325,350.56.
The NPV of Project Lambda is $1,514,304.22,
How to solve for initial investmentPV = A / (r * (1 + r)^n - 1)
where PV is the present value, A is the annual cash flow, r is the discount rate (which is the project's IRR), and n is the number of years.
Using the given annual cash flows and the project's IRR of 11.3%, we can calculate the present value of the annuity as follows:
PV = $2,400,000 / (0.113 * (1 + 0.113)^1 - 1) + $4,500,000 / (0.113 * (1 + 0.113)^2 - 1) + $4,500,000 / (0.113 * (1 + 0.113)^3 - 1) + $4,500,000 / (0.113 * (1 + 0.113)^4 - 1)
PV = $9,325,350.56
Therefore, the initial investment of Project Lambda was $9,325,350.56.
To calculate the NPV of the project, we can use the formula:
NPV = PV of cash inflows - Initial investment
Using the present value of the annuity calculated above as the PV of cash inflows, we can calculate the NPV as follows:
NPV = $2,400,000 / (1 + 0.07)^1 + $4,500,000 / (1 + 0.07)^2 + $4,500,000 / (1 + 0.07)^3 + $4,500,000 / (1 + 0.07)^4 - $9,325,350.56
NPV = $1,514,304.22
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How long does it take the irs to approve your taxes?.
Answer:
Typically, if you file your tax return electronically and choose direct deposit for any refund, you can expect to receive a refund within three weeks of the date the IRS receives your return. However, if your return requires additional review, it may take longer for the IRS to process your return and approve your taxes.
If you file your tax return on paper, the processing time can take longer, and it may take up to six weeks to receive your refund.
Explanation:
