Muscle contraction occurs when somatic neurons and muscle fibers connect through neuromuscular synapse. The order of events is 4, 3, 5, 2, 1.
How does muscle contaction occur?Muscle fiber contractions are due to stimulation produced by somatic motor neurons, when their axons get in contact with muscle fibers through a neuromuscular synapse.
The sequence of events during muscle contraction is as follows,
1) At rest, attraction strengths between myosin and actin filaments are inhibited by the tropomyosin.
2) An action potential originates in the central nervous system, and travels to the somatic motor neuron membrane, where it activates the calcium channels.
3) Calcium channels open and the ions get into the neuron.
4) Calcium makes vesicles fuse with the membrane.
5) Vesicles release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (Ach) into the synaptic space at the juncture.
6) Ach moves through the synaptic cleft and binds to its receptors on the skeletal muscle fiber.
7) This recognition event causes the ion channels to open,
sodium ions cross the membrane to get into the muscle fiber (sarcoplasm), potassium gets out.8) The difference in charges caused by the migration of sodium and potassium makes the muscle fiber membrane turns more positively charged (depolarized).
9) The action potential caused by the depolarization enters the t-tubules. Consequently, it depolarizes the inner portion of the muscle fiber.
10) Depolarization activates the T tubules membrane calcium channels and releases the ion into the sarcolemma.
At this point, tropomyosin is obstructing binding sites for myosin on the thin filament.
11) When calcium binds the troponin C, the troponin T alters the structure of tropomyosin by moving it and unblocks the binding sites.
12) Myosin binds to the uncovered actin-binding sites, and while doing it, ATP is transformed into ADP and inorganic phosphate.
13) Z-bands are then pulled toward each other, thus shortening the sarcomere and the I-band and producing muscle fiber contraction.
According to this framework, the correct order of events is,
4. Vesicles full of acetylcholine are stored at the axon terminal.
3. Action potential arrives at the neuromuscular junction.
5. Acetylcholine is released into the synaptic cleft.
2. Acetylcholine binds to ligand gated sodium channels.
1. Action potential is propagated in the sarcolemma.
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What is the process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water. This process in plants generally involves the green pigment chlorophyll and generates oxygen as a byproduct
The methodology by which green plants and some additional organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water is known as Photosynthesis.
What are the factors instructed to perform photosynthesis?The factors or parameters which are required to perform photosynthesis by plants are water, carbon dioxide, and sunlight.
Photosynthesis typically involves the green pigment chlorophyll and induces oxygen as a byproduct. The chemical reaction of photosynthesis is as follows:
[tex]6CO_2 + 12H_2O[/tex] ⇒ [tex]C_2H_1_2O_6 + 6O_2 +6H_20[/tex].
Therefore, it is well described above.
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Which statement about bones is
INCORRECT?
A. Babies' bones are mostly cartilage.
B. Ossification is the process of bone
development.
C. Blood vessels run around bones and not
through.
D. Bones are made of living tissues.
A solution that has an osmotic pressure less than that of red blood cells is called:.
Imagine an instance where there are two parents, and both have polydactyly, a trait which is determined in this example by a singel gene. They have four children, one of hwom have polydactyly. what is the probailty their next child witll have polydactyly
The probability that their next child will have polydactyly is 0.75
What is Polydactyly?Polydactyly may be characterized as a circumstance in which an individual has more fingers or toes as compared to normal.
In humans, it occurs due to the homozygous mutants for a HOXD13, and due to which digits are joined and a condition known as Polysyndactyly occurs.
If both parents carry the genotype heterozygous for Polydactyly, i.e. Pp, the resultant offspring will have the genotypes PP, Pp, Pp, and pp. In which pp is normal, while all the three are affected due to the expression of dominant allele causing Polydactyly.
Now, according to the question, only one of the offspring possess the genotype of pp, hence the probability of their next child will have polydactyly is [tex]\frac{3}{4}[/tex] = 0.75.
Therefore, the probability that their next child will have polydactyly is 0.75.
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what's the answer???
Answer:
D. Community C has a greater species population than Community B and A.
Explanation:
Community C total population: 98
Community B total population: 62
Community A total population: 24
What is paleontology?
State two economic importance of bacteria.
Paleontology is the science of the form of life existing in former geologic periods, as represented by their fossils.
____
Bacteria are ubiquitous one-celled organisms, spherical, spiral, or rod-shaped and appearing singly or in chains, comprising the Schizmycota, a phylum of the kingdom Monera (in some classification systems the plant class Schizmycetes), various species of which are involved in fermentation, putrefaction, infectious diseases, or nitrogen fixation.
Bacteria play major role in decomposition, agriculture and industries.They are a part of human life.There are both beneficial and harmful effects of bacteria.In decomposition:
They decompose dead plant and animal wastes, such as fallen leaves, and animal biological wastes.
Production of organic manure:
Manure is created by decomposing animal wastes such as dung and plant wastes.
Treatment of sewage:
Anaerobic decomposition by bacteria is used to convert wastes in sewage water to energy and purify the water.
Production of biogas:
It contributes to biogas plants by converting manure and household wastes to methane, which can then be utilized as fuel.
Nitrogen fixing through biological means
Rhizobium aids in symbiotic nitrogen fixation, whereas Nitrosomonas, Nitrobacter, and Nitrococcus aid in nitrogen conversion from one form to another.
Importance in medicine, industry, and biotechnology
Microbes are a source of antibiotics and vaccines in human and veterinary medicine for the treatment and prevention of infectious illnesses.
Dairy:
Curd and other milk products are mass-produced in factories using Lactobacillus curdling of milk.
Antibiotics:
Antibiotics are microorganism-produced chemicals that kill or inhibit other bacteria and are used to treat infectious illness. Molds like Penicillium and bacteria like Streptomyces and Bacillus create antibiotics in nature.
Vaccines
Vaccines are microorganism-derived compounds used to immunize against illness. Vaccines are often derived from the microorganisms that cause infectious illness. To immunize against diphtheria, a toxoid form of the diphtheria toxin is employed, and portions of Bordetella pertussis cells are utilized to vaccinate against pertussis (whooping cough). Smallpox, polio, diphtheria, tetanus, and whooping cough vaccinations have almost eliminated these illnesses in places of the world where they have been used.
Biotechnology
Microbiology contributes significantly to biotechnology, a branch of science that applies microbial genetics to biological processes in order to produce valuable molecules. Microorganisms are critical components of recombinant DNA technology and genetic engineering. Microbial cells, microbial DNA, and microbial enzymes are important technological tools.
Many biological products and biological processes have genetic information that may be introduced into microorganisms to genetically engineer them to produce a chemical or perform an activity. The genes can come from any biological source, including humans, animals, plants, and microorganisms. This allows for the microbial production of meals, fuels, enzymes, hormones, diagnostic agents, medications, antibiotics, vaccines, antibodies, natural pesticides and fertilizers, and a variety of other chemicals helpful in our civilization and society. Furthermore, the microbial genes that encode for these chemicals, the most of which are unknown, represent a wealth of knowledge for use in medicine, pharmacy, agriculture, food science, and biotechnology.
Harmful effects:
Causes diseases to plants and animals. Many human diseases are caused by bacterias.Spoilage of food.Bacteria have numerous ecological and biological importance.
Answer:
Some of the halophilic archaea carry some processes which are economically very important such as biodegradation, bioremediation and environmental processes.
the two type of importance of bacteria
Bacteria are economically very important to people as they are employed in variety of reasons. For example, bacteria are used in the making delicacies like cheese, fudge, vinegar and yogurt. These are just a few things, that use bacteria.
have a great day and mark me brain listwhy is modern view more convenient regarding mixing of blood in ventricle in frog??
Answer:
Frogs are often used in dissection when demonstrating the organ systems of a complex organism. The presence and position of the organs found in a frog are similar enough to a person to be able to provide insights into the internal workings of the human body.
What are the molecules that make up the cytoskeleton?
The molecules that make up the cytoskeleton are microtubules, intermediate filaments and microfilaments.
What is the cytoskeleton?The cytoskeleton is a network of proteins inside the cell that provides structural support.
The main proteins of the cytoskeleton are composed of subunits that may be added or removed according to the cell function.
In conclusion, the molecules that make up the cytoskeleton are microtubules, intermediate filaments and microfilaments.
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Internal membrane-bound compartments located in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells are called.
Internal membrane-bound compartments located in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells are called organelles.
What is a membrane-bound compartment within the cell?An organelle is a membrane-bound compartment or structure in a cell that serves a particular function.
In the less-stricter definition, an organelle directs to any cellular structure, whether it is membrane-bound or not, that has a special function.
Thus organelles are the answer.
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What is convection?
a type of circular flow
a type of heat cell
a type of heat current
a type of heat transfer
___________ provide motility to a sperm cell, ___________ act as sensory "antennae" in many cells and ____________ Increase a cell surface area
Flagella provide motility to a sperm cell, cilia act as sensory "antennae" in many cells and microvilli Increase a cell surface area
What is flagella, cilia and microvilli?Flagella is a hair-like structure used by cells for locomotion or movement. The sperm makes use of flagella for locomotion.
Cilia is a hair-like structure that is found on the surface of organisms which are sensitive to touch.
Microvilli is a hair-like structure that is richly fortified with blood vessels found in areas for absorption. This is because it increases the surface area.
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why does the structure of the plasma membrane make this type of transport neccesary for fluids
Explanation:
Both phospholipid molecules and embedded proteins are
able to diffuse rapidly and laterally in the membrane. The
fluidity of the plasma membrane is necessary for the
activities of certain enzymes and transport molecules
within the membrane .and also The plasma membrane, or the cell membrane, provides
protection for a cell. It also provides a fixed environment
inside the cell, and that membrane has several different
functions. One is to transport nutrients into the cell and
also to transport toxic substances out of the cell .
1.write the chemical equation for transpiration
2.what is translocation ??,give the chemical equation for translocation
plss help will mark brainlest..
Answer:
Explanation:
1.6CO2 + 6H2O — > C6H12O6 + 6O2.
2.Conducting tissue is concerned mainly with the transport of soluble organic material made during photosynthesis. This process of transportation is called as translocation.
Which of the following is a function of the plasma membrane?
a. breaks down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins from foods
b. stores water, salt, proteins, and carbohydrates
c. keeps the cell wall in place
d. regulates which materials enter and leave the cell
This year, druehl, inc. , will produce hot water heaters at its plant in delaware, in order to meet expected global demand. To accomplish this, each laborer at the plant will work hours per month. If the labor productivity at the plant is hot water heaters per labor hour, how many laborers are employed at the plant?.
2400 laborers are employed at the plant in given case.
What do you mean by global demand?The overall demand around the globe for a good or service is called global demand.
N should represent the number of workers engaged at the plant. The total number of heaters made by all employees in an hour is:
watts = 0.15 watts per hour * N
The total number of heaters in a month will be:
heating units = 0.15 * N * 160
This must be 57600 to satisfy the anticipated demand, so:
If we solve for N using 57600 = 0.15 * N * 160, we get:
N = 57600 / (0.15 * 160) = 2400 laborers.
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How does the intracellular fluid compartment differ from the extracellular fluid compartment?.
what does the somatic nervous system do ?
According to the research, the somatic nervous system is responsible for transmitting sensory information as well as to the muscles.
What is the somatic nervous system?It is a complex group of nervous structures that is divided into two main groups, these are the Central Nervous System and the Peripheral Nervous System.
It is responsible for transmitting sensory information and sending motor control information to the skeletal muscles.
Therefore, we can conclude that according to the research, the somatic nervous system is responsible for transmitting sensory information as well as to the muscles.
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what happens once the neurotransmitters are released into the synapse?
Once, neurotransmitters are released into a synapse, an action potential is generated in the postsynaptic neuron.
What are neurotransmitters?Neurotransmitters are molecules which produce a nervous impulse when they are released into the junction of two nerves called a synapse.
Some examples of neurotransmitters are acetylcholine and dopamine.
Once, neurotransmitters are released into a synapse, an action potential is generated in the postsynaptic neuron.
Therefore, neurotransmitters are important in neuronal impulse transmission.
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The amount of blood ejected with each beat of the heart is known as:
The amount of blood ejected with each beat of the heart is known as the Stroke volume
What is Stroke volume?Stroke volume is the volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle of the heart during each systolic cardiac contraction.
It is the difference between end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes.
Thus, it is the volume ejected with each heart beat.
Hence, the amount of blood ejected with each beat of the heart is known as the Stroke volume
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What would most likely prevent the outside-in model from becoming an accepted scientific theory
Answer:
THE RESEARCH
Explanation:
Answer:
the research
Explanation:
What causes the
sun's rays to hit
different parts of
earth at different
angles?
A. the curve of the earth
B. the magnetic field of the
earth
C. the distance between
the sun and the earth
D. more wind from the
equator
Answer:
B
Explanation:
B is the answer because the magnetic field of the earth attracts sun Ray's
Why would it be hard to study the four major earth systems individually?
because all the systems are integral parts of the Earth, wherein all physical, chemical, and biological means are interrelated in these systems
Which of the following correctly explains the data in the graphs above?
Select one:
O a. The eastern states use much more water for agricultural use because the majority
of use farms and ranches are found there.
Ob. The western states use much more water for agricultural use because the majority
of use farms and ranches are found there.
OC.
The northern states use much more water for agricultural use because the majority
of use farms and ranches are found there.
↑
The correct option to your question is : ( B ) The western states use much more water for agricultural use because the majority of use farms and ranches are found there.
The Agricultural regionThe western states of the united states use much of water for agricultural purposes because most of the farms and ranches are found in the western region of the united states due its temperate weather conditions and fertile soil the west region can be classified as the agricultural region. as well as Texas
Although the graphs related to your question is missing the region that uses much water for agricultural purposes is the western region.
Hence we can conclude that The western states use much more water for agricultural use because the majority of use farms and ranches are found there.
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explain the terms of obligate categories discuss the various intermediate categories.
refer to the taxonomic groups that are consistently utilized in organism hierarchy classification. Sub-phyla, subclasses, suborders, subfamilies, subgenera, and variations are a few examples of .
:It is challenging to classify newly discovered creatures into established categories. As a result, the prefixes "super" and "sub" have been added to the existing categories, such as sub-kingdom, sub-phylum, super class, etc. These are categorized as . This has also made the placement of different taxa more soundly and scientifically.
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what is the purpose of a control
How could we build a microscope with a higher resolution?
The way that we could build a microscope with a higher resolution is; as detailed below
How to create a better Microscope?To achieve the higher resolution in a microscope system, each of the optical components must be of the highest Numerical aperture available.
Another way to achieve a higher resolution is by using a shorter wavelength of light to view the specimen which will increase the resolution.
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Organisms with the most beneficial traits will survive. This is commonly known as.
what does the sympathetic and parasympathetic do ?
The sympathetic and parasympathetic are responsible for the body's spontaneous actions, such as breathing, heartbeat, digestion, body temperature control.
What is the function of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?The sympathetic nervous system acts in an opposite way to the parasympathetic one, preparing the organism to react in situations of fear, stress and excitement, adapting the functioning of several internal systems to a high state of readiness.
In this case, the Sympathetic nervous system also controls body functions that are rarely conscious and parasympathetic nervous system the part of the autonomic nervous system responsible for stimulating actions that allow the body to respond to calm.
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Whenever electrosurgical instruments are used, the irrigation fluid must be ________.
The irrigation fluid must be non-electrolytic whenever electrosurgical instruments are used.
What is an irrigation fluid?An irrigation fluid can be defined as any fluid that is typically used to rinse or wash an electrosurgical instrument, organ or body cavity.
As a general rule and standard, it is very important that the irrigation fluid must be non-electrolytic whenever electrosurgical instruments are used in order to prevent electric hazard or electrocution.
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Heat is an example of____energy of matter, and temperature is the measure of this energy.
Internal
Potential
Latent
Kinetic
Heat is an example of Kinetic energy of matter, and temperature is the measure of this energy. So, the correct option is (D).
What is Heat?Thermal energy or heat is a type of energy that comes from the motion of atoms and molecules in a substance. It increases when these particles move faster.
Geothermal energy is the heat energy in the earth while kinetic energy is the energy stored in the motion of objects. Heat energy comes from a substance whose molecules and atoms are vibrating rapidly due to the increase in temperature.
Heat energy is another name for Thermal energy or Kinetic energy which is the energy of an object in motion. Since heat energy comes from moving particles. It is a form of kinetic energy.
Thus, heat is an example of Kinetic energy of matter, and temperature is the measure of this energy. So, the correct option is (D).
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