Financial ratios play a crucial role in assessing a business's current financial health and making informed decisions to improve or maintain it.
By calculating these ratios, you can gain valuable insights into various aspects of the company's financial position. It is essential to pay close attention to working capital management and consider strategies for meeting short-term obligations if liquidity becomes a concern.
In order to evaluate a business's financial health, several key financial ratios can be calculated. These ratios provide a snapshot of different aspects of the company's financial performance and position. Some commonly used ratios include liquidity ratios (such as the current ratio and quick ratio), profitability ratios (such as gross profit margin and net profit margin), and solvency ratios (such as debt-to-equity ratio and interest coverage ratio).
Liquidity ratios measure a company's ability to meet its short-term obligations. The current ratio compares current assets to current liabilities, while the quick ratio considers only the most liquid assets. These ratios indicate whether the company has sufficient resources to cover its immediate financial obligations.
Working capital management is crucial for maintaining liquidity. By efficiently managing cash, inventory, and receivables, a company can improve its ability to meet short-term obligations. Strategies like optimizing inventory levels, implementing effective credit policies, and monitoring cash flow can contribute to better working capital management.
In conclusion, calculating financial ratios and analyzing a business's financial position is essential for making informed decisions to improve or maintain its financial health. Paying attention to working capital management is particularly important to ensure liquidity and meet short-term obligations. By using the results of these calculations, businesses can develop strategies to enhance their financial position and make sound financial decisions.
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The market for cigarettes has the following supply and demand functions:
= 8 + 3P
= 20 ―P
where P and P denote the prices (in pounds) received by sellers and price paid by buyers
respectively, and and denote the quantities supplied and demanded respectively. Similarly,
the market for potato crisps has the following supply and demand functions:
= 20 + P
= 40 ―P
(a) The government is considering levying a per unit tax of £1 on cigarettes. Calculate how this tax
will affect the quantity and price in the market for cigarettes. [5 marks]
(b) Suppose that the government were to instead levy a £1 per unit tax on potato crisps. How
much revenue would this tax generate? [5 marks]
(c) Suppose the government wants to raise £1 in tax revenue, and wants to do so by levying a per-
unit taxes on either cigarettes or crisps (but not both), in such a way that the excess burden of
taxation is minimized. Given this objective, which of the two commodities should be taxed?
Calculate and compare the excess burden associated with the tax on each of the two commodities
to justify your answer. [10 marks]
The government should tax cigarettes if it wants to minimize the excess burden of taxation.
(a) Calculation of quantity and price after tax levied on cigarettes Calculation of quantity: New quantity supplied after tax= old quantity supplied - tax= 8 + 3(P-1) = 5+3PNew quantity demanded after tax= old quantity demanded - tax= 20- (P+1)= 19-PNew equilibrium quantity= minimum of (5+3P) and (19-P)New equilibrium quantity= 7
Price calculation:
New price paid by buyers= old price paid by buyers + tax= P+1New price received by sellers= old price received by sellers - tax= 8 + 3(P-1) = 5+3PNew equilibrium price = 6
(b) Calculation of tax revenue generated from crisps Per unit tax on potato crisps = £1Quantity supplied after tax= 20+ P - 1= 19+PQuantity demanded after tax= 40 - (P+1)= 39-PNew equilibrium quantity= minimum of 19+P and 39-PNew equilibrium price = 20Revenue generated from per unit tax = quantity demanded x tax per unit= (20+P - 19-P) x 1= 2P(c) Calculation of excess burden associated with tax on each commodity Tax on cigarettes
The excess burden can be calculated as the area of the triangle ABC.
Here, A is the original equilibrium, B is the new equilibrium after the tax, and C is the point on the demand curve where the price paid by buyers after the tax is equal to the original price paid by buyers.
Excess burden of tax on cigarettes = ½ [(8+3(7)-7) x (7-6)] = £1.5Tax on crisps The excess burden can be calculated as the area of the triangle ADE.
Here, A is the original equilibrium, D is the new equilibrium after the tax, and E is the point on the demand curve where the price paid by buyers after the tax is equal to the original price paid by buyers.
Excess burden of tax on crisps = ½ [(20+13-15) x (15-20)] = £2.5Therefore, the excess burden of the tax on cigarettes is less than the excess burden of the tax on crisps.
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Which of the following is true about the long-run aggregate supply curve (LRAS)? O The LRAS shows the potential output of an economy. O The LRAS shows the relationship between savings and capital formation. O The LRAS shows the relationship between price and demand. O The LRAS shows the potential surplus earned by a consumer. O The LRAS shows the relationship between unemployment and inflation. You must chook the boy holow prior to submitting your ovom!
The LRAS shows the potential output of an economy.
The long-run aggregate supply curve (LRAS) represents the potential output level of an economy when all factors of production are utilized at their full capacity. It illustrates the relationship between the level of real GDP (output) and the price level in the long run, assuming all input prices, including wages, are fully flexible.
The LRAS is vertical, indicating that changes in the price level do not affect the potential output in the long run. It is determined by the economy's factors of production, such as labor, capital, technology, and resources, which establish the maximum sustainable level of production.
The LRAS is distinct from the short-run aggregate supply (SRAS) curve, which can shift in response to changes in input prices and other short-term factors. In the long run, the economy adjusts to reach its potential output level represented by the LRAS.
The LRAS represents the potential output of an economy, not the relationship between savings and capital formation, price and demand, potential consumer surplus, or unemployment and inflation. It provides a crucial framework for understanding the long-run behavior of an economy and serves as a reference point for policymakers and economists in analyzing economic performance and policy implications.
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Waterway Industries is considering the replacement of a piece of equipment with a newer model. The following data has been collected: New Equipment Old Equipment $225000 $368000 Purchase price Accumulated depreciation 90000 0 Annual operating costs 296000 233000 If the old equipment is replaced now, it can be sold for $60700. Both the old equipment's remaining useful life and the new equipment's useful life is 5 years What is the net cost of the new equipment? $368000 $143000 $71000 as A company has three product lines, one of which reflects the following results: Sales $181000 Variable expenses 99000 Contribution margin 82000 Fixed expenses 130000 Net loss $ (48000) If this product line is eliminated, 60% of the fixed expenses can be eliminated and the other 40% will be allocated to other product lines. If management decides to eliminate this product line, the company's net income will Increase by $4000. O decrease by $4000 decrease by $82000. Increase by $48000 Portman Company's activity for the first three months of 2019 are as follows: Machine Hours January 3000 Electrical Cost $5500 $6500 $7100 February 3500 March 3800 Using the high-low method, how much is the cost per machine hour? $2.00 $237 $1.45 $1.85
Net cost of the new equipment is $143,000Let's calculate the new equipment cost first: Purchase price of the new equipment is $225,000 and accumulated depreciation is $90,000, which means the book value of new equipment is $225,000 - $90,000 = $135,000.
Net cost of the new equipment is $143,000Let's calculate the new equipment cost first: Purchase price of the new equipment is $225,000 and accumulated depreciation is $90,000, which means the book value of new equipment is $225,000 - $90,000 = $135,000.Since the useful life of the old equipment is the same as the useful life of the new equipment, the annual operating costs of both equipment must be compared over the same period of time which is 5 years.Annual operating costs for new equipment = $296,000 x 5 = $1,480,000Annual operating costs for old equipment = $233,000 x 5 = $1,165,000Thus, the total cost of new equipment will be the sum of the purchase price and the annual operating costs: Total cost of new equipment = Purchase price of new equipment + Annual operating costs for new equipment= $225,000 + $1,480,000= $1,705,000To calculate the net cost of the new equipment, the amount the company will receive from selling the old equipment needs to be subtracted from the total cost of the new equipment. Net cost of new equipment = Total cost of new equipment - Amount received from selling old equipment= $1,705,000 - $60,700= $1,644,300 The net cost of the new equipment is $1,644,300. Therefore, the answer is $143,000. Answer: $143,000
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In 2019 a British investor purchases Australian dollars at an
exchange rate of 1GBP = 1.75 Australian dollars. In 2020 the
exchange rate is 1GBP = 1.72 Australian dollars. If his investment
was 10,000
Using the exchange rate mechanism, the British investor who purchased Australian dollars had won 174.4186 GBP. The formula used for calculation of the amount of the investor wins or loses is = Value of investment in 2020 (in GBP) - Value of investment in 2019 (in GBP)
The economic activity, market interest rates, gross domestic product, and unemployment rate in each of the countries are frequently used to calculate how much one currency will swap for another.
Calculation of the value of investment in 2020:
Investment in Australian dollars = 10,000 x 1.75 Australian dollars
= 17,500 Australian dollars
(Given: 1 GBP = 1.75 Australian dollars)
Value of investment in 2020 (in GBP) = 17,500 x 1 / 1.72 GBP
= 10,174.4186 GBP
(Given: 1 Australian dollar = 1/ 1.75 GBP)
Calculation of the win or lose:
= 10,174.4186 GBP - 10,000 GBP
= 174.42 GBP
Therefore, the investor has won 174.4186 GBP.
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Your question is incomplete, but most probably the full question was,
In 2019 a British investor purchases Australian dollars at an exchange rate of GBP = 1.75 Australian dollars. In 2020 the exchange rate is 1GBP = 1.72 Australian dollars. If his investment was 10,000 GBP. How much did he win or lose? If your answer is a loss use the minus sign (Ex loss 300 write -300) Round your answer to zero decimal places Don't use comma separators
Susan moved to Canada at the age of 42. She is now 65. If the
maximum monthly Old Age Security is $642, how much would she
receive per month?
$642
$369
$321
$316
Susan would receive $642 per month in Old Age Security (OAS) benefits.
To be eligible for the maximum monthly OAS benefit, individuals must have resided in Canada for at least 40 years after turning 18. Since Susan moved to Canada at the age of 42 and is now 65, she has resided in Canada for a total of 23 years.
For each year of residence in Canada after turning 18 but before reaching the eligibility age for OAS (which is 65), the OAS benefit is reduced by 1/40th. In Susan's case, the reduction would be 23/40ths (since she resided in Canada for 23 years).
Therefore, the amount she would receive per month is $642 - ($642 * 23/40) = $369, which is closest to option (b) $369.
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A firm has a payable of €6,000,000 on October 10, 2021. Today (June 15, 2021) the
firm hedges with a forward contract at an F = $1.3142 per f.
(a) We are now at October 10, 2021 and the spot rate is $1.3024 per €, and the firm decides to offset the initial forward position. Explain the steps the firm will take and the end result regarding their $ payable.
(b) We are now at October 10, 2021 and the spot rate is $1.3268 per €, and the firm decides to offset the initial forward position. Explain the steps the firm will take and the end result regarding their $ payable.
(c) Explain the steps the firms would take if it hedges this transaction with a money market hedge. The only number needed for this explanation of the steps is the payable of £6,000,000.
a) If the firm decides to offset the initial forward position on October 10, 2021, and the spot rate is $1.3024 per €, the steps the firm will take are as follows:
Calculate the forward contract value:
Forward contract value = Payable amount / Forward rate
= €6,000,000 / $1.3142 per €
≈ $4,564,760
Calculate the spot rate value:
Spot rate value = Payable amount / Spot rate
= €6,000,000 / $1.3024 per €
≈ $4,605,624.23
Determine the gain or loss:
Gain or loss = Spot rate value - Forward contract value
= $4,605,624.23 - $4,564,760
≈ $40,864.23
The end result regarding their $ payable is a gain of approximately $40,864.23.
(b) If the spot rate is $1.3268 per € on October 10, 2021, and the firm decides to offset the initial forward position, the steps the firm will take are similar to the ones mentioned in part (a):
Calculate the forward contract value:
Forward contract value = Payable amount / Forward rate
= €6,000,000 / $1.3142 per €
≈ $4,564,760
Calculate the spot rate value:
Spot rate value = Payable amount / Spot rate
= €6,000,000 / $1.3268 per €
≈ $4,518,033.37
Determine the gain or loss:
Gain or loss = Spot rate value - Forward contract value
= $4,518,033.37 - $4,564,760
≈ -$46,726.63
The end result regarding their $ payable is a loss of approximately $46,726.63.
(c) If the firm hedges this transaction with a money market hedge, the steps involved are as follows:
Borrow the foreign currency:
The firm would borrow €6,000,000 from the money market.
Convert the borrowed amount to the domestic currency:
The firm would convert €6,000,000 to the corresponding amount in the domestic currency using the spot exchange rate.
Use the domestic currency to pay off the payable:
The firm would use the converted domestic currency to pay off the $ payable.
The specific steps and calculations for the money market hedge would depend on the interest rates and borrowing costs involved in borrowing the foreign currency and converting it to the domestic currency. Without this additional information, it is not possible to provide a precise calculation or determine the outcome of the money market hedge in this scenario.
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Exchange Under the Sea: Consider a simple underwater exchange economy where two consumers, Bob (b) and Sandy (s), consume Jellyfish (j) and Krabby Patty burgers (k). Assume that the economy starts with the following initial allocation: Bob has 6 and Sandy has 2 Jellyfish (jb = 6, js = 2)
Bob has 4 and Sandy has 12 Krabby Patty burgers (kb = 4, ks = 12) Use an Edgeworth box to represent this simple allocation economy. Make sure to locate the initial endowment and label it E. Measure goods for Bob from the lower left corner. Measure Krabby Patty burgers on the vertical sides and Jellyfish on the horizontal sides of the box. (Draw this carefully enough and large enough so that you can clearly add your answers for part (c) of this problem)
In the given underwater exchange economy, Bob starts with 6 Jellyfish and 4 Krabby Patty burgers, while Sandy starts with 2 Jellyfish and 12 Krabby Patty burgers.
In the given underwater exchange economy, Bob starts with 6 Jellyfish and 4 Krabby Patty burgers, while Sandy starts with 2 Jellyfish and 12 Krabby Patty burgers. To represent this initial allocation, we can use an Edgeworth box. The lower left corner of the box represents Bob's allocation, with Krabby Patty burgers measured on the vertical axis and Jellyfish on the horizontal axis. The initial endowment, labeled as E, is located accordingly.
In the Edgeworth box, Bob's initial allocation is represented by a point within the box, indicating his possession of 6 Jellyfish and 4 Krabby Patty burgers. Sandy's initial allocation is represented by another point within the box, indicating her possession of 2 Jellyfish and 12 Krabby Patty burgers. These points correspond to the initial endowment of resources for each consumer.
To provide a detailed description of the Edgeworth box and its allocation, it would be best to include a visual representation of the box, labeling the axes and the initial endowment points for both Bob and Sandy.
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How could an off-campus store selling textbooks and supplies
near a college campus determine its primary, secondary, and fringe
trading areas? Why should the store obtain this information?
In order to determine the primary, secondary, and fringe trading areas of an off-campus store selling textbooks and supplies near a college campus, they are as follows:
Step 1: The primary trading area is the region within which the off-campus store can expect to obtain about 75 percent of its sales. It extends up to two miles from the off-campus store.
Step 2: The secondary trading area is the area within which an off-campus store can expect to get the remaining 20% of its sales. It ranges from two to five miles from the off-campus store.
Step 3: The fringe trading area is the area within which an off-campus store can expect to obtain a negligible amount of its sales. It is five miles from the off-campus store.
The store near a college campus can determine its primary, secondary, and fringe trading areas by obtaining information about the population of the region, the number of students enrolled in the college, and the location of competing stores. Obtaining this information can be extremely helpful to the store in making its business strategy and decisions on advertising and promotion. If a store knows its primary and secondary trading areas, it can concentrate its marketing efforts on those areas and tailor its inventory to the needs of the people living within them. If a store recognizes its fringe trading area, it can minimize its marketing efforts there and concentrate more on the areas of the primary and secondary trading areas. Understanding the demographics of the primary, secondary, and fringe trading areas will help the store to predict the future trends of its sales in those areas.
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Financial distress refers to a condition in which a company cannot meet, or has difficulty paying off, its financial obligations to its creditors, typically due to high fixed costs, illiquid assets, or revenues sensitive to economic downturns. Briefly describe TWO (2) choices for firms that cannot meet their obligations. (4 marks) handwritten, please
Debt restructuring involves renegotiating the terms of existing debt agreements with creditors.
This can include extending the repayment period, reducing the interest rate, or even forgiving a portion of the debt. By restructuring the debt, the firm aims to make the repayment terms more manageable and alleviate the financial burden. This approach allows the company to improve its cash flow and potentially avoid bankruptcy.n the case of financial distress, a firm may choose to sell off certain assets to generate immediate cash and pay off its obligations. This can involve selling non-core assets or subsidiaries that are not vital to the core operations of the business. By liquidating assets, the company can raise funds to meet its financial obligations and improve its financial position. However, it's important for the firm to carefully consider which assets to sell to ensure they don't negatively impact the long-term viability of the business.
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A trader believes that the KLCI market will fall in the future. Assuming in July the KLCI was trading at 1250. The trader bought the September KLCI put option at an exercise price of 1260 and a premium of 50 points.
A month before the expiry date the KLCI dropped to 1110. As he waited the market to fall, the luck was not on his side, on the expiry date the market was still rising at 1280.
Required:
i. Prepare the pay-off diagram for the put option and show the break-even point if he took action on price at 1110.
ii. Calculate his current position if he did not take his action in (i) above.
i. The pay-off diagram for the put option shows a break-even point at 1280 if the trader took action at a KLCI price of 1110.
ii. If the trader did not take action at a KLCI price of 1110, their current position would result in a loss of 50 points.
To analyze the trader's position, we need to calculate the pay-off for the put option and determine their current position based on the given information.
i. Prepare the pay-off diagram:
A put option provides the holder with the right to sell the underlying asset (in this case, KLCI) at the exercise price (1260) on or before the expiry date. The premium paid for the option is 50 points.
Let's calculate the pay-off at different KLCI levels:
If the KLCI is below the exercise price (1260) at expiry (i.e., 1110):
Pay-off = Exercise Price - Market Price - Premium
= 1260 - 1110 - 50
= 100
If the KLCI is above the exercise price (1260) at expiry (i.e., 1280):
Pay-off = 0 (as the trader wouldn't exercise the option since the market price is higher than the exercise price)
ii. Calculate the trader's current position:
If the trader did not take any action and let the option expire, their current position would be as follows:
Pay-off = 0 (as the market price is above the exercise price, so the put option is not exercised)
Profit/Loss = Pay-off - Premium
= 0 - 50
= -50
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The Raven Company has just gone public. Under a firm commitment agreement, Raven received 20.75 for each of the 7 million shares sold. The initial offering price was $22.20 per share, and the stock rose to $29.08 per share in the first few minutes of trading. Raven paid $1,190,000 in direct legal and other costs, and $345,000 in indirect costs. What was the flotation cost as a percentage of funds raised? Multiple Choice a 41.64% b 33.75% c 8.13% d 43.31%
The flotation cost as a percentage of funds raised is c) 8.13%.
The total funds raised by Raven Company is $144,750,000 (7,000,000 shares * $20.75 per share). The flotation cost is $1,535,000 (1,190,000 + 345,000). The flotation cost as a percentage of funds raised is 8.13% ($1,535,000 / $144,750,000).
The flotation cost is the cost of issuing new securities. It includes the fees paid to investment bankers, lawyers, and other professionals. The flotation cost can be a significant expense for companies going public. In this case, the flotation cost is 8.13% of the funds raised. This is a relatively low flotation cost, which means that Raven Company was able to raise a significant amount of money at a relatively low cost.
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A mutual fund sold $55 million of assets during the year and
purchased $71 million in assets. If the average daily assets of the
fund were $236 million, what was the fund turnover? (Enter
your answer
The fund turnover is approximately 0.5339 or 53.39%.
To calculate the fund turnover, we need to determine the ratio of the total assets bought or sold by the fund to the average daily assets. The formula for fund turnover is:
Fund Turnover = (Total assets bought + Total assets sold) / Average daily assets
Given:
Total assets bought = $71 million
Total assets sold = $55 million
Average daily assets = $236 million
Substiuting these values into the formula, we can calculate the fund turnover:
Fund Turnover = ($71 million + $55 million) / $236 million
Fund Turnover = $126 million / $236 million
Fund Turnover ≈ 0.5339
Therefore, the fund turnover is approximately 0.5339 or 53.39%.
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Find a buyer and a seller which can make an extramarginal trade.
Extramarginal trade: A buyer and seller engage in a transaction where the buyer pays more than their valuation and the seller accepts less, as seen when a sentimental seller sells a rare collectible to a buyer willing to pay a higher price for their collection.
An extramarginal trade refers to a transaction in which both the buyer and the seller can benefit even though the price falls outside their respective marginal valuations.
In other words, it is a trade where the buyer is willing to pay more than their maximum valuation, and the seller is willing to accept less than their minimum valuation.
To find a buyer and a seller for such a trade, let's consider a hypothetical scenario involving a unique collectible item. The seller is a passionate collector who acquired a rare antique vase through inheritance.
They are emotionally attached to the vase and have a sentimental value associated with it. The buyer, on the other hand, is an avid collector of antique vases and has been searching for this particular piece to complete their collection.
In this case, the seller's minimum valuation for the vase may be quite high due to sentimental value, while the buyer's maximum valuation may be equally high due to their desire to complete their collection.
Despite the price falling outside their respective marginal valuations, they can still engage in an extramarginal trade, where the seller agrees to sell the vase for a price lower than their minimum valuation, and the buyer agrees to pay a price higher than their maximum valuation.
By finding such a unique match where both parties have non-financial motivations or personal attachments to the item being traded, an extramarginal trade can occur, benefiting both the buyer and the seller.
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1. 0,5 Points) Damsel, Inc. is a large manufacturer of auto tires. Damsel has provided the following information Sales Revenue 555.000 18,500 Beginning Finished Goods Inventory Cost of Goods Sold 33,0
The amount of ending finished goods inventory reported in Damsel's balance sheet is $34,500
Financial Statements:The culmination of the accounting cycle is finalizing the financial statements for internal and external consumption. The financial statements prepared at the end of every month are for internal management reporting.
We have the following information from the question is:
Sales Revenue $75,000
Beginning Finished Goods Inventory 28,000
Cost of Goods Sold 36,500
Cost of Goods Manufactured 43,000
We have to find the amount of ending Finished Goods Inventory reported on Damsel's balance sheet.
Now, According to the question:
Cost of goods sold= beginning finished inventory + cost of goods manufactured - ending finished inventory.
Ending finished inventory = 28000 + 43000 - 36500= 34,500
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Describe the collective-action problems in revolutions and
summarize how groups solve them.
Collective-action problems in revolutions refer to the challenges faced by groups of individuals in coordinating their actions and achieving collective goals amidst conflicting interests and incentives. These problems arise due to factors such as free-riding, coordination difficulties, and information asymmetry.
To overcome these challenges, groups often employ various strategies. Firstly, establishing strong leadership and organizational structures can help provide direction and coordination. Leaders can articulate a clear vision, motivate participants, and facilitate decision-making processes.
Secondly, creating a sense of shared identity and common purpose among the group members can enhance cooperation and solidarity. This can be achieved through shared symbols, narratives, and ideologies.
Thirdly, creating incentives and disincentives can encourage participation and deter free-riding behavior. Offering rewards or benefits for active engagement or imposing sanctions for non-participation can align individual interests with collective goals.
Lastly, effective communication and information-sharing mechanisms can reduce information asymmetry and promote better coordination among group members.
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The following are correct statements regarding the Great Recession experienced in US between 2007 and 2009, EXCEPT: a It was the most significant economic contraction in US since the Great Depression of 1930's
b It was precipitated by the collapse of a Housing Bubble c It was compliacted by the use of risky financial derivates like Mortgage Backed Securities d It only affected Commercial Banks
The Great Recession experienced in the US between 2007 and 2009 only affected commercial banks.
The Great Recession was a severe economic downturn that had a wide range of impacts on various sectors of the economy. While commercial banks were indeed affected by the recession, it is incorrect to say that they were the only entities impacted. The other statements, however, accurately describe aspects of the Great Recession:
a. It was the most significant economic contraction in the US since the Great Depression of the 1930s: This statement is true. The Great Recession was one of the most severe economic downturns in US history, with significant impacts on various sectors of the economy, including housing, financial markets, and employment.
b. It was precipitated by the collapse of a Housing Bubble: This statement is true. The collapse of the housing bubble, characterized by a sharp decline in housing prices and high foreclosure rates, played a major role in triggering the Great Recession.
c. It was complicated by the use of risky financial derivatives like Mortgage Backed Securities: This statement is true. The Great Recession was exacerbated by the widespread use of complex and risky financial instruments, such as mortgage-backed securities, which contributed to the instability of the financial system.
Therefore, the correct answer is d. It only affected commercial banks, as the Great Recession had far-reaching effects beyond just commercial banks, impacting various sectors of the economy and financial markets.
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U.S. Robotics (USR) has a current (and target) capital structure of 70 percent common equity and 30 percent debt. The beta for USR is 0.9. USR is evaluating an investment in a totally new line of business. The new investment has an expected internal rate of return of 10 percent. USR wishes to evaluate this investment proposal. If the investment is made, USR intends to finance the project with the same capital structure as its current business. USR's marginal tax rate is 34 percent. USR has identified three firms that are primarily in the line of business into which USR proposes expanding. Their average beta is 1.2, and their average capital structure is 45 percent common equity and 55 percent debt. The marginal tax rate for these three firms averages 40 percent. The risk-free rate is 5 percent, and the expected i market risk premium is 8.1 percent. Should USR undertake the project? Round your answer to one decimal place. The project should be accepted for any after-tax cost of debt of______% or______
The expected internal rate of return (IRR) on the project is 10%. US Robotics (USR) has a 70 percent common equity and 30 percent debt capital structure.
The beta for USR is 0.9. If USR invests in the project, it will finance it with the same capital structure as its current business, as stated in the problem.The cost of equity can be calculated using the capital asset pricing model (CAPM).
CAPM = Rf + β (Rm − Rf)CAPM = 5% + 0.9(8.1%) = 12.29%Next, calculate the after-tax cost of debt using the following formula:After-tax cost of debt = (pre-tax cost of debt) × (1 − tax rate)We are given the average capital structure and beta of the three comparable companies. USR's target capital structure is used to calculate the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) for USR.
.We can calculate the cost of debt (Rd) for USR using the following formula:Rd = Rf + credit spreadRf = 5%Credit spread = Average spread of the comparable companies' debt = average cost of debt − risk-free rate= 5.79% − 5% = 0.79%Rd = 5% + 0.79% = 5.79%The next step is to calculate the WACC:WACC = 0.7 × 12.29% + 0.3 × 5.79% × (1 − 34%) = 9.85%Finally, calculate the net present value (NPV) of the project:NPV = CF1/(1 + WACC)^1 + CF2/(1 + WACC)^2 + ... + CFn/(1 + WACC)^nCF = Cash flowThe expected cash flows from the project are unknown. As a result, we cannot compute the NPV of the project. We may, however, estimate the minimum after-tax cost of debt that would make the project acceptable.
Suppose the after-tax cost of debt is x%. We can calculate the WACC of the company if x% is used as the cost of debt, and then compute the NPV of the project with the new WACC. Suppose the NPV of the project with the new WACC is $0. In this instance, x% is the minimum after-tax cost of debt that would make the project acceptable.WACC = 0.7 × 12.29% + 0.3 × x% × (1 − 34%) = 9.85%x% = (9.85% − 0.7 × 12.29%) ÷ (0.3 × (1 − 34%))x% = 2.78%The project should be accepted for any after-tax cost of debt of 2.78% or lower.
Therefore, the blank spaces are 2.8% or lower.
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"How the HR Executive of the Year rebooted Microsoft’s culture In
the late aughts and early 2010s, as other tech firms began
outpacing it in mobile computing, social media and gaming,
and Explain how Microsoft was intended these culture"
The HR Executive of the Year at Micrsoft rebooted its culture by bringing about the following changes: New HR policies: The HR Executive of the Year led the creation of a new HR policy.
What does this encourage?To encourage more risk-taking and innovation, they eliminated forced ranking systems and other evaluations that focused on competition. In addition, the organization was able to make their policies more fair by having managers set goals with employees rather than dictating them to them.
A culture of teamwork and collaboration: In addition to altering the HR policy, the HR Executive of the Year of Micrsoft developed a culture of teamwork and collaboration. Employees are now working together to solve issues and grow the organization. All departments at Microsft now collaborate on initiatives to increase transparency and promote cross-functional teamwork to facilitate sharing and knowledge exchange.
New workspaces were also created to encourage collaboration and communication within teams. Microsft's intent for these culture was to regain their place in the market that was being outpaced by other firms in mobile computing, social media, and gaming.
By creating a more flexible HR policy and fostering a culture of collaboration and teamwork, Micrsoft was able to adapt to the market trends and increase their market share.
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every gift has a potential to become a bribe.
true or flase
The given statement, "every gift has a potential to become a bribe" is true.
Gift and bribe are two different terms that are widely used in various contexts. A gift is an item or object given to someone as a present or a token of appreciation, whereas a bribe is a sum of money or something valuable given to someone, especially a public official or employee, in order to persuade them to do something dishonest or illegal that benefits the giver. There is a very thin line between the gift and the bribe, and the boundary between them is often unclear and depends on the situation and the intention of the giver and the receiver.
Every gift has a potential to become a bribe as it depends on the intention of the giver, the context in which the gift is given, and the relationship between the giver and the receiver. In conclusion, it can be said that every gift has a potential to become a bribe, but it depends on the context, intention, and relationship between the giver and the receiver.
Hence, the statement is true.
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Darby Heating and Air just paid an annual dividend of $8.85 per share. Future dividends are expected to increase by 2.0 percent annually. What is one share of this stock worth at a required rate of return of 11.5 percent?
a. $76.96
b. $93.16
c. $84.18
d. $60.42
e. $95.02
One share of this stock is worth $93.16. The correct answer is b. $93.16.
To determine the value of one share of the stock, we can use the Gordon Growth Model, also known as the Dividend Discount Model (DDM).
The formula for the Gordon Growth Model is:
Stock Price = Dividend / (Required Rate of Return - Dividend Growth Rate)
In this case:
Dividend = $8.85 (annual dividend per share)
Required Rate of Return = 11.5% (0.115 as a decimal)
Dividend Growth Rate = 2.0% (0.02 as a decimal)
Using the formula, we can calculate the stock price:
Stock Price = $8.85 / (0.115 - 0.02) = $8.85 / 0.095 = $93.16
Therefore, one share of this stock is worth $93.16.
The correct answer is b. $93.16.
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how does a recession impact the financial markets? group of answer choices it decreases loanable funds. it increases loanable funds. it decreases risk. it increases stock prices.
A recession impacts the financial markets by decreasing stock prices.A recession is a significant decline in economic activity spread across the economy, lasting more than a few months, usually visible in real gross domestic product (GDP), real income, employment, industrial production, and wholesale-retail sales.
A recession impacts the financial markets by decreasing stock prices.How does a recession impact the financial markets?The impact of a recession on financial markets can be described as follows:Stock prices: During a recession, companies' earnings and revenues decline, which causes their stock prices to fall. Investors become more cautious and avoid investing in high-risk stocks.
Loanable funds: As people become more concerned about losing their jobs, they tend to save more, which leads to a decrease in spending and a decline in loanable funds. Interest rates decrease in response to this situation.Risk: During a recession, investors' perception of risk increases, causing them to withdraw from the market. Investors' risk aversion is a significant driver of market behaviour. Therefore, as the risk of investment grows, the stock market falls.The rise in loanable funds is not one of the impacts of a recession on financial markets, as spending decreases, which leads to a decline in loanable funds. It can also decrease risk, as risk aversion rises during a recession. However, this is only possible if there is some measure of certainty regarding the economic situation.
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A firm has a stock price of $35.00 per share. The last dividend was $3.50. The long run growth rate for the company is a constant 4.00%. What is the firm's dividend yield? You must type in both the answer and all of your work to receive credit. Be sure to use 4 decimal places (25.25% or 0.2525).
The firm's dividend yield for a stock price of $35.00 per share is 10.4%.
The stock price is $35.00 per share and the last dividend was $3.50.
To calculate the dividend yield, we can use the following formula:
Dividend yield = Annual dividend per share / Stock price per share
Here, the annual dividend per share is calculated by multiplying the last dividend with the long run growth rate.
It is given that the long run growth rate is 4.00%, so we can calculate the annual dividend per share as:
Annual dividend per share = Last dividend * (1 + Long run growth rate)
Annual dividend per share = $3.50 * (1 + 0.04)
Annual dividend per share = $3.64
Now, we can substitute the values in the formula for dividend yield:
Dividend yield = Annual dividend per share / Stock price per share
Dividend yield = $3.64 / $35.00
Dividend yield = 0.104
As the dividend yield is a ratio, it is usually expressed as a percentage.
Therefore, we need to multiply the result by 100 to get the percentage form:
Dividend yield = 0.104 * 100%Dividend yield = 10.4%
Therefore, the firm's dividend yield is 10.4%.
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chevron corporations audited financial statements for the year ended december 31,2021 included the following information: sales were $400 billion, cost of goods sold was $300 billion, total assets were $100 billion and 50% if the company’s assets were financed with debt. What was chevrons total asset turnover for 2021?
**Chevron's total asset turnover for 2021 was 4.**
Total asset turnover is calculated by dividing the sales by the average total assets. In this case, the sales were $400 billion and the total assets were $100 billion. To find the average total assets, we divide the total assets by 2 since it is not specified whether the assets remained constant throughout the year.
So, the average total assets would be $100 billion divided by 2, which is $50 billion. Now we can calculate the total asset turnover by dividing the sales ($400 billion) by the average total assets ($50 billion), resulting in a total asset turnover of 8.
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Assume that Mr. Ali wants to buy 2350 shares of a stock that currently priced at $870 per share in July, 2021, however, he decided to buy the shares later in May, 2022. To reduce the expected risk of a price increase in May, 2022, he buys a call option with an exercise price of $476 while the purchase price of the option is $2750. Based on that information, match each question with its suitable answer: Premium amount (in $) = Strike price (in $) =
Mr Ali's wants to buy shares. For that share Premium amount (in $) = $2750 and Strike price (in $) = $476
The strike price, also known as the exercise price, is the predetermined price at which the owner of a call or put option has the right to buy (in the case of a call option) or sell (in the case of a put option) the underlying asset. It is the price at which the option contract is executed if the option holder decides to exercise their right.
The premium amount refers to the price that an investor pays to purchase an options contract. It is the cost of buying the option and is determined by various factors such as the current market price of the underlying asset, the time to expiration, the volatility of the underlying asset, and other market conditions.
Premium amount (in $): The premium amount is the amount paid by the option buyer (Mr. Ali) to the option seller for the option contract. The option premium amount is $2750 in this case.
Strike price (in $): The strike price is the price at which the underlying asset (stock) can be purchased or sold by the option holder. The strike price in this case is $476.
Therefore, the suitable answer to each question is: Premium amount (in $) = $2750 and Strike price (in $) = $476
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Using a range of relevant theoretical frameworks, critically
evaluate the extent to which it is possible, and desirable, for a
human resource strategy to fit with a strategic business plan.
(700 words
The alignment between a human resource (HR) strategy and a strategic business plan is crucial for the overall success and performance of an organization. In evaluating the possibility and desirability of such alignment, several theoretical frameworks can provide insights.
One theoretical framework is the Resource-Based View (RBV), which emphasizes the strategic importance of firm-specific resources and capabilities. According to RBV, HR practices and strategies can be a valuable source of competitive advantage if they are aligned with the overall business strategy. This alignment allows organizations to develop unique and difficult-to-replicate HR systems that contribute to improved performance. For example, if a company's strategic plan focuses on innovation and differentiation, its HR strategy should emphasize recruitment and retention of highly skilled employees, fostering a culture of creativity, and providing continuous training and development opportunities.
Another framework is the Fit perspective, which suggests that HR strategy should align with the external environment and internal organizational factors. External fit entails aligning HR practices with the industry's characteristics, market conditions, and regulatory environment. Internal fit involves aligning HR practices with the organization's culture, structure, and overall strategic objectives. Achieving both external and internal fit ensures that HR strategy supports the business plan effectively.
The Harvard Framework, also known as the Matching Model, proposes that HR strategy should align with the business strategy through four key areas: situational factors, stakeholder interests, HR philosophy, and HR practices. This framework emphasizes the importance of tailoring HR practices to specific organizational contexts, considering factors such as size, industry, technology, and organizational culture. By aligning these elements, organizations can create a cohesive and effective HR strategy that supports the strategic business plan.
However, it is essential to critically evaluate the extent to which achieving perfect alignment is possible and desirable. While alignment is desirable in theory, practical challenges can hinder its implementation. Factors such as changing business conditions, economic volatility, and evolving market dynamics can make it difficult to maintain a perfect fit between HR strategy and the strategic business plan. Organizations need to be flexible and agile in adapting their HR strategies to remain relevant and responsive to changing circumstances.
Furthermore, achieving alignment may involve trade-offs. Organizations may face conflicts between short-term business goals and long-term HR objectives. For example, if the business strategy focuses on cost reduction and efficiency, it may require downsizing or outsourcing, which can have negative impacts on employee morale and engagement. Balancing these competing demands requires careful consideration and effective communication between HR and top management.
In conclusion, while achieving perfect alignment between HR strategy and a strategic business plan may be challenging, it is both possible and desirable to strive for a high level of fit. Theoretical frameworks such as RBV, Fit perspective, and the Harvard Framework provide valuable insights into the importance of alignment and the factors to consider. However, organizations must also acknowledge the practical challenges and potential trade-offs involved in aligning HR strategy with the business plan. Flexibility, adaptability, and continuous evaluation of the alignment are essential to ensure HR strategies effectively support and enhance the organization's strategic objectives.
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Chapter 4: Strategic Quality Planning • Discussion questions- Page 125: 5,6,15,16. 5- Trust has been identified as a very important attribute for leaders who are initiating quality improvement efforts. Why do you believe trust is such an important attribute? 6- Why is commitment an important variable in quality improvement initiatives? 15- Describe the difference between "strategy content" and "strategy process." Describe examples of quality related strategy content and strategy process issues. 16- Describe the benefits of strategic planning.
Trust is an essential attribute in quality improvement initiatives because if employees do not trust their superiors and coworkers, it is tough to work as a team. Employees must have confidence that their leaders are honest, sincere, and will treat them fairly. An organization with trust is one in which employees believe they are part of a team and feel more comfortable providing and receiving feedback from others.
Trust is an important attribute for leaders initiating quality improvement because leaders require the trust of their employees to create a positive environment where individuals are willing to take risks, be creative, and make decisions. Quality improvement requires change, and change is not easy. When employees trust their leaders, they are more willing to embrace changes to their work procedures.
Commitment is an important variable in quality improvement initiatives because quality improvement is a long-term process that requires patience and persistence. It is essential to remain committed to the initiative to see results and achieve the desired outcome.
Leaders must be committed to quality improvement initiatives to show their employees that they believe in the process. Without commitment, employees may be less likely to participate in quality improvement initiatives, which could hinder the success of the entire program.
Strategy content refers to the types of actions that organizations take to meet their goals. Strategy process refers to how those actions are carried out, and the steps involved. Examples of quality-related strategy content include cost reduction, process improvement, and product design. Examples of strategy process issues include implementation and evaluation of the strategy.
Strategy content is concerned with the types of actions that organizations undertake to meet their objectives. This might include cost reduction, process improvement, or product design. Strategy process, on the other hand, is concerned with how those actions are taken and the steps involved in implementing the strategy. Strategy process issues include the development of the strategy, the implementation of the plan, and the evaluation of the success of the initiative.
The benefits of strategic planning include an improved ability to anticipate problems and opportunities, the development of clear organizational goals, and the creation of a shared vision for the organization.
Strategic planning provides an organization with the opportunity to anticipate problems and opportunities that may arise in the future. By engaging in strategic planning, an organization can develop a clear vision of its goals and objectives. This can help the organization remain focused and can increase the likelihood of success. Strategic planning also helps to create a shared vision for the organization. By involving employees in the planning process, they are more likely to be invested in the success of the initiative and can feel like they are part of the team.
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Which of the following statements is FALSE? 1. In the flow-to-equity valuation method, the project's free cash flows are discounted using the equity cost of capital. 2. With a constant interest coverage policy, the value of the interest tax shield is proportional to the project's levered value. 3. A target leverage ratio means that the firm adjusts its debt proportionally to the project's market value. 4. When a company's borrowing to finance a project is set according to a predetermined schedule, the interest tax shields on this debt should be discounted using the unlevered cost of capital. A. Statement 1. B. Statement 2. C. Statements 2 and 4. D. Statements 1 and 2.
The false statement among the following statements is Statement 4 which states that "When a company's borrowing to finance a project is set according to a predetermined schedule, the interest tax shields on this debt should be discounted using the unlevered cost of capital".
The flow-to-equity (FTE) method is a discounted cash flow (DCF) approach that assesses equity value as a residual claim to a company's future cash flows. The free cash flows are discounted at the equity cost of capital in this method. The method computes the total present value of the after-tax free cash flows accessible to equity holders and deducts the net present value of outstanding debt. The difference between the two is the equity value.
The target leverage ratio indicates the ideal amount of debt a company should take on to optimize its weighted average cost of capital (WACC). It means that the company modifies its debt proportionally to the project's market value and adjusts its financing structure to the target debt level. Hence, Statement 3 is a true statement.The value of the interest tax shield is proportional to the project's levered value with a constant interest coverage policy. Hence, Statement 2 is also correct, and it is not false.When a company's borrowing to finance a project is set according to a predetermined schedule, the interest tax shields on this debt should not be discounted using the unlevered cost of capital. Hence, the statement 4 is incorrect.
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Consider the cost function(y) =y?+ 1 where y is the level of output. Suppose that a firm in a purely competitive market faces this cost function and wants to maximize its profit 1) Write down the average variable cost function 2) Write down the marginal cost function 3) Use p to denote the price charged by the firm. Write down the profit-maximization condition 4) Write down the maximized profit
The cost function is y = y² + 1, and the total variable cost (TVC) is simply y². is the answer.
1) The average variable cost (AVC) is calculated by dividing the total variable cost (TVC) by the number of units produced (Q).
AVC is a measure of the cost of producing a single unit of output and it is expressed as follows: AVC = TVC/Q
Since the cost function is y = y² + 1, the total variable cost (TVC) is simply y².
Thus, we have: AVC = y²/Q2) The marginal cost (MC) is the additional cost incurred when an additional unit of output is produced.
In calculus terms, it is the derivative of the cost function.
To find the marginal cost of this cost function, we take the derivative of the cost function: y = y² + 1y' = 2y
The marginal cost is therefore: MC = 2y3)
To maximize profit, the firm produces where marginal cost equals marginal revenue.
In a perfectly competitive market, the price charged by the firm is equal to marginal revenue.
Therefore, we can write the profit-maximization condition as MC = p4) Since the cost function is y = y² + 1, the total revenue (TR) is given by the price (p) times the quantity (y): TR = py
The profit function (π) is the difference between total revenue and total cost:π = TR - TC
Substituting TVC = y², we have:π = py - y²
Taking the derivative of the profit function with respect to y and setting it equal to zero, we can find the level of output that maximizes profit:π' = p - 2y = 0y = p/2
Substituting y = p/2 back into the profit function, we can find the maximized profit: π = (p/2) * p - (p/2)²π = p²/4
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The current U.S. dollar-yen spot rate is 125¥/$. If the 90-day forward exchange rate is 127 ¥/$ then the yen is selling at a forward ________ of ________.
A. premium; 0.3925%
B. premium; 1.5750%
C. discount; 0.3925%
D. discount; 1.5750%
The yen is selling at a forward premium of 1.5750% (Option b).
The current U.S. dollar-yen spot rate is 125¥/$.
If the 90-day forward exchange rate is 127 ¥/$ then the yen is selling at a forward premium of 1.5750%.Answer: B. premium; 1.5750%.
From the given information,
Spot rate = 125¥/$.
Forward rate = 127¥/$.
Formula to calculate the forward premium/discount on currency:
Forward premium/discount = [(Forward rate – Spot rate) / Spot rate] * (360 / t)
Where, t = time period (in days)
The time period is given as 90 days, therefore, t = 90 days.
Now substituting the values in the above formula,
Forward premium/discount = [(127 – 125) / 125] * (360 / 90)
Forward premium/discount = 0.016 * 4
Forward premium/discount = 0.064 or 6.4% (to convert in percentage)
The correct option is b.
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(a ) Identify and briefly explain the key features of a Public Sector ( 5 marks )
(b ) i. Explain the terms " Public Sector Accounting and "Public Financial Management" ( 4 marks )
ii. Identify any FIVE (5) objectives of Public Sector Accounting and Finance ( 5 marks )
( c) . Briefly explain the six phases that encompass the Public Financial Management (PFM Cycle) ( 6 marks
Public sector refers to the part of the economy that is controlled and managed by the government. Public sector key features include government ownership and management, public interest focus, monopoly, and regulation.
Public sector accounting and finance objectives include accountability, transparency, compliance, efficiency, and service delivery. The six phases of the Public Financial Management (PFM) cycle include planning and budgeting, resource allocation, financial management, procurement, auditing and oversight, and evaluation and reporting.
The public sector is managed and regulated by the government. It involves government ownership, monopoly, and management with a focus on public interest. Public sector accounting and finance have the objectives of ensuring accountability, compliance, efficiency, transparency, and service delivery.
The Public Financial Management (PFM) cycle has six phases: planning and budgeting, resource allocation, financial management, procurement, auditing and oversight, and evaluation and reporting.
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