Large size vehicle routing problems, involving more than 1,000 customers, cannot be easily solved using an exhaustive enumeration approach due to the exponential increase in the number of possible solutions.
The exhaustive enumeration approach involves considering all possible combinations of routes and evaluating each one to find the optimal solution. However, the number of possible solutions increases exponentially with the number of customers, making it impractical and computationally intensive for large-scale problems.
For example, if we have 1,000 customers, the number of possible routes would be on the order of 10^256, which is an astronomically large number. Even with advanced computing power, it would take an infeasible amount of time to evaluate all these solutions.
To tackle large size vehicle routing problems, more efficient heuristic or metaheuristic approaches are typically used. These algorithms employ intelligent search strategies to find good solutions within a reasonable amount of time. Examples of such approaches include genetic algorithms, tabu search, ant colony optimization, and simulated annealing.
By leveraging these optimization techniques, it becomes possible to find near-optimal solutions for large size vehicle routing problems without having to exhaustively consider every possible combination. These approaches strike a balance between computational complexity and solution quality, making them more practical and efficient for real-world applications.
Learn more about optimization techniques here:
https://brainly.com/question/28315344
#SPJ11
In order to differentiate their product brands from those of competing firms, monopolistically competitive firms A. advertise the
In order to differentiate their product brands from those of competing firms, monopolistically competitive firms advertise the products.
Monopolistic competition refers to the market structure in which there are several firms that offer goods or services that are very much alike, but not perfect substitutes. These products are differentiated through quality, design, marketing, and other non-price variables to attract consumers.
Monopolistic competition is very common in almost every industry, which includes clothing, restaurants, and even books. In order to differentiate their product brands from those of competing firms, monopolistically competitive firms advertise the products. Firms in this type of market must advertise in order to establish their brand image and create product awareness among customers.
To know more about monopolistically visit:-
https://brainly.com/question/30606453
#SPJ11
Your friend David has invited you to his- birthday party. However, you will not be able to go. Write David an email in response to this situation. Your name is .Mike (Write between 180 to 200 words)
Subject: Apologies for not being able to attend your birthday partyDear David, I hope this email finds you in good health and high spirits. I am writing to you today to express my sincere apologies for not being able to attend your birthday party. Due to a sudden work commitment, I am unable to be present at the event.
I understand that you were eagerly waiting for me to attend, and it pains me to miss out on all the fun you have planned. I hope you can understand the urgency of the matter, and I assure you that I tried my best to complete the work beforehand. Unfortunately, the deadline got extended, and I am unable to postpone it. I would have loved to be there to celebrate with you, but sometimes life throws us curveballs that we must deal with. I promise to make it up to you and give you a treat of your choice once I am back in town. I hope you have a fantastic party and that you create many beautiful memories. I will be thinking of you and missing out on all the fun. Please give my warmest regards to your family and friends. Yours sincerely, Mike.
Know more about Apologies, here:
https://brainly.com/question/32499461
#SPJ11
You have been given a sample data set related to sales revenue and advertising expenditure in Dian packaging. I Sales Revenue ($ 000) Advertising expenditure ($ 000) 35 7 37 8 45 10 47 12 51 12 55 11 60 15 72 16 75 18 74 20 (183) Use the above data to answer the questions given below; i. Calculate mean of sales revenue and advertising expenditure.
ii. Calculate Standard deviation of sales revenue and adverting expenditure iii. Calculate correlation coefficient between above two variables and interpret the meaning
The value of correlation coefficient is 0.89. So that it can be said that increase in advertising expenditure leads to increase in sales revenue.
Sales Revenue ($ 000)
Advertising expenditure ($ 000) 35 7 37 8 45 10 47 12 51 12 55 11 60 15 72 16 75 18 74 20
Calculations:
Mean of Sales Revenue: Mean of sales revenue is calculated by summing up all the values and then dividing by the total number of values.
Mean = (35+37+45+47+51+55+60+72+75+74)/10
= 561/10
= 56.1 $000
Therefore, the mean of sales revenue is 56.1 $000.
Mean of Advertising expenditure: Mean of advertising expenditure is calculated by summing up all the values and then dividing by the total number of values.
Mean = (7+8+10+12+12+11+15+16+18+20)/10 = 119/10 = 11.9 $000
Therefore, the mean of advertising expenditure is 11.9 $000.
Standard deviation of Sales Revenue:The formula to calculate the standard deviation is :
Standard deviation = sqrt [ Σ(xi - μ)2 / N ]
Where,xi = ith value of the element
μ = Mean of all the elements
N = Number of all the elements
Substituting the values in the formula,
Standard deviation = sqrt [ (35 - 56.1)2 + (37 - 56.1)2 + (45 - 56.1)2 + (47 - 56.1)2 + (51 - 56.1)2 + (55 - 56.1)2 + (60 - 56.1)2 + (72 - 56.1)2 + (75 - 56.1)2 + (74 - 56.1)2 / 10 ]
= 14.81 $000
Therefore, the standard deviation of sales revenue is 14.81 $000.
Standard deviation of Advertising expenditure:The formula to calculate the standard deviation is :
Standard deviation = sqrt [ Σ(xi - μ)2 / N ]
Where,xi = ith value of the element
μ = Mean of all the elements
N = Number of all the elements
Substituting the values in the formula,
Standard deviation = sqrt [ (7 - 11.9)2 + (8 - 11.9)2 + (10 - 11.9)2 + (12 - 11.9)2 + (12 - 11.9)2 + (11 - 11.9)2 + (15 - 11.9)2 + (16 - 11.9)2 + (18 - 11.9)2 + (20 - 11.9)2 / 10 ]
= 3.28 $000
Therefore, the standard deviation of advertising expenditure is 3.28 $000.
Correlation coefficient between sales revenue and advertising expenditure
The formula to calculate the correlation coefficient is :r = Σ [(xi - μx) / σx] [(yi - μy) / σy] / (n-1)
Where,xi = ith value of the sales revenue element
μx = Mean of sales revenueσx = Standard deviation of sales revenue
yi = ith value of the advertising expenditure element
μy = Mean of advertising expenditure
σy = Standard deviation of advertising expenditure
n = Total number of elements
Substituting the values in the formula,
r = [ (35-56.1) / 14.81 x (7-11.9) / 3.28 + (37-56.1) / 14.81 x (8-11.9) / 3.28 + (45-56.1) / 14.81 x (10-11.9) / 3.28 + (47-56.1) / 14.81 x (12-11.9) / 3.28 + (51-56.1) / 14.81 x (12-11.9) / 3.28 + (55-56.1) / 14.81 x (11-11.9) / 3.28 + (60-56.1) / 14.81 x (15-11.9) / 3.28 + (72-56.1) / 14.81 x (16-11.9) / 3.28 + (75-56.1) / 14.81 x (18-11.9) / 3.28 + (74-56.1) / 14.81 x (20-11.9) / 3.28 ] / (10-1)
= 0.89
The value of correlation coefficient is 0.89, which indicates that there is a strong positive correlation between sales revenue and advertising expenditure.
To know more about Sales visit:
brainly.com/question/28504810
#SPJ11
Edwin Footworx has issued 40% preferred stock with a par value of R100. If investors expect a rate of return of 19.4% on this stock, find the price at which you would expect the firm to sell the preferred stock.
The price at which the firm would expect to sell the preferred stock is approximately R206.19.
To calculate the price at which the firm would expect to sell the preferred stock, we can use the formula for the present value of a preferred stock:
Price = Dividend / Rate of Return
Given:
- Preferred stock with a par value of R100
- Rate of return expected by investors = 19.4% (0.194)
First, let's calculate the dividend per share:
Dividend = Par Value * Dividend Rate
Since the preferred stock has a par value of R100 and the dividend rate is 40% (0.40), we have:
Dividend = R100 * 0.40 = R40
Next, we can calculate the price at which the preferred stock is expected to be sold:
Price = Dividend / Rate of Return = R40 / 0.194
Using a calculator, we find:
Price ≈ R206.19
To learn more about stock follow the link:
https://brainly.com/question/31940696
#SPJ4
loe the plumber, handed a homeowner a piece of paper that a previous customer had written about his workmanship. What kind of evidence statement is Joe using? A independent research results B. guarantee C testimonial D. FAB E peace of mind independent research results guarantee testimonial
A kind of evidence statement that Joe used is Testimonial. This is option C.
What is a Testimonial?A testimonial is a statement made by a satisfied client that expresses gratitude for the service or product provided and recommends it to others. Testimonials are used in advertising and marketing campaigns as a type of endorsement to demonstrate that a company is reputable and trustworthy.
Joe the plumber is using a testimonial to convince the homeowner that he is trustworthy and will do good work. The piece of paper from a previous customer serves as proof of his previous success and satisfied customers. Testimonials can be a powerful tool in building a business's credibility and gaining new clients.
Hence, the answer is C.
Learn more about testimonies at:
https://brainly.com/question/14567392
#SPJ11
TC 191 +41Q + 2Q² What is the average fixed cost when 15 units are produced? Enter as a value. ROUND TO TWO DECIMAL PLACES.
To find the average fixed cost when 15 units are produced, we need to calculate the total fixed cost (TFC) and divide it by the quantity produced.
The total fixed cost represents the portion of the total cost that does not change with the level of production. In this case, the TC equation is given as TC = 191 + 41Q + 2Q², where Q represents the quantity produced. To calculate the average fixed cost, we first need to determine the total fixed cost at 15 units. Plugging in Q = 15 into the TC equation, we get:
TC = 191 + 41(15) + 2(15)²
TC = 191 + 615 + 450
TC = 1256
Since the total fixed cost remains constant regardless of the quantity produced, the average fixed cost is equal to the total fixed cost divided by the quantity produced:
Average Fixed Cost = TFC / Q
Average Fixed Cost = 191 / 15
Average Fixed Cost ≈ 12.73
Therefore, the average fixed cost when 15 units are produced is approximately $12.73, rounded to two decimal places.
To learn more about average fixed cost click here; brainly.com/question/30259263
#SPJ11
Question 10 of 13 You have the following information for Whispering Winds Inc. for the month ended October 31, 2022. Whispering Winds uses a periodic method for inventory. Date Oct. 1 Oct. 9 Oct. 11 Oct. 17 Oct. 22 Oct. 25 Oct. 29 (a1) Description Beginning inventory Purchase Sale < Purchase Sale Purchase Sale Your answer is incorrect Units 63 Weighted average cost per unit t 114 96 102 54 67 109 Unit Cost or Selling Price $25 27 34 28 39 30 39 Calculate the weighted average cost. (Round answer to 3 decimal places, eg 5.125) 0/1 E !!! I
The weighted average cost per unit for Whispering Winds Inc. is approximately $35.355.
To calculate the weighted average cost, we need to multiply the number of units purchased or remaining with their respective costs, and then divide the total cost by the total number of units.
Here is the calculation:
Beginning inventory:
63 units * $25/unit = $1,575
Purchases:
114 units * $27/unit = $3,078
96 units * $34/unit = $3,264
102 units * $28/unit = $2,856
54 units * $39/unit = $2,106
67 units * $30/unit = $2,010
109 units * $39/unit = $4,251
Sales:
67 units sold
102 units sold
54 units sold
Now, let's calculate the weighted average cost:
Total cost = $1,575 + $3,078 + $3,264 + $2,856 + $2,106 + $2,010 + $4,251 = $19,140
Total units = 63 + 114 + 96 + 102 + 54 + 67 + 109 - 67 - 102 - 54 = 542
Weighted average cost = Total cost / Total units
= $19,140 / 542
≈ $35.355 (rounded to 3 decimal places)
Therefore, the weighted average cost per unit for Whispering Winds Inc. is approximately $35.355.
Learn more about cost, here-
https://brainly.com/question/29509552
#SPJ4
For a put option of CN¥with $ 0.14 exercise price and $ 0.0005 premium，a）Plot and label the benefit-from-exercise line。b）Plot and label the profit-from-exercise line。c）Mark a thick line for profit-of-the-put and label it。
To plot the benefit-from-exercise line, we need to calculate the payoff of the put option at different stock prices. The payoff of a put option is given by:
Payoff = max(Exercise Price - Stock Price, 0)
Assuming that the current stock price is CN¥0, we can create a table to show the payoff of the put option at different stock prices:
Stock Price (CN¥) Payoff
0.10 0.04
0.11 0.03
0.12 0.02
0.13 0.01
0.14 0
0.15 0
0.16 0
0.17 0
0.18 0
0.19 0
Using this table, we can plot the benefit-from-exercise line as a step function, where the step occurs at the exercise price of CN¥0.14 and the height of each step corresponds to the payoff at that stock price.
To plot the profit-from-exercise line, we need to take into account the premium paid for the put option. The profit from exercising the put option is given by:
Profit = Payoff - Premium
Therefore, we can create another table to show the profit from exercising the put option at different stock prices:
Stock Price (CN¥) Payoff Profit
0.10 0.04 -0.0005
0.11 0.03 -0.0005
0.12 0.02 -0.0005
0.13 0.01 -0.0005
0.14 0 -0.0005
0.15 0 -0.0005
0.16 0 -0.0005
0.17 0 -0.0005
0.18 0 -0.0005
0.19 0 -0.0005
Using this table, we can plot the profit-from-exercise line as a horizontal line at y = -$0.0005.
Finally, to mark the profit-of-the-put line, we can draw a thick line connecting the highest point on the benefit-from-exercise line (at a stock price of CN¥0.10) to the intersection of the profit-from-exercise line and the x-axis (at a stock price of CN¥0.1405). This line represents the profit from buying the put option and exercising it at the optimal stock price of CN¥0.10.
Here is a graph that shows the three lines:
Profit ($)
^
|
| _____________________________
| | |
| | Profit-of-the-Put |
| |_____________________________|
| | |
| | Benefit-from- |
| | Exercise Line |
| |_________________|___________|_
| | | |
| | Premium | |
| |__________________|___________|______
| Stock Price (CN¥)
--------------------------------------------------->
0.10 0.14
Note that the vertical axis is truncated for display purposes.
Learn more about payoff here:
https://brainly.com/question/31726986
#SPJ11
Which of the following is NOT a reason why trying to remedy agency problem with heavy borrowing can
backfire? •
A. Heavy borrowing comes with a higher level of bankruptcy
costs, which can be detrimental to firm value. •
B. Heavy borrowing may not be a good option for young companies with limited cash reserves because of the
financial risks associated with it. •
C. Heavy borrowing can make the manager more risk-averse, which can be detrimental to firm value for firms in industries where a consistent innovation is key for a long-
term success. • D. Heavy borrowing can make the manager more complicit by reducing rather than increasing the threat related to job
security.
The option that is not a reason why trying to remedy the agency problem with heavy borrowing can backfire is option D, which states that heavy borrowing can make the managers exhibit greater complicity when they diminish rather than enhance the level of threat associated with job security.
When a company is seeking to solve the agency problem through heavy borrowing, there are various reasons why it may backfire.
One of the reasons is that heavy borrowing can come with a higher level of bankruptcy costs that can be detrimental to firm value.
A company that takes up more debt than it can pay back, may be faced with insolvency or bankruptcy.
Bankruptcy comes with numerous costs including the costs of winding up the business, court fees, paying off creditors, and paying off employees if the company is not able to provide adequate notice periods.
These costs can be detrimental to the company's value, especially if the bankruptcy is as a result of the company taking up too much debt.
Another reason why trying to remedy the agency problem with heavy borrowing can backfire is that it may not be a good option for young companies with limited cash reserves due to the inherent financial risks it entails.
A young company may not have enough cash reserves to pay back the loan if its business model is not successful. In such a situation, taking up a loan may lead to the company being bankrupt.
Additionally, heavy borrowing can make the manager more risk-averse, which can be detrimental to firm value for firms in industries where a consistent innovation is key for long-term success.
A manager may be less likely to take risks when they know that they have to pay back the debt.
This can make the company less innovative and less competitive in the market.
Therefore, option D is the correct option that is not a reason why trying to remedy the agency problem with heavy borrowing can backfire.
Learn more about agency at: https://brainly.com/question/26253714
#SPJ11
If a retail website has a 50% profit margin on its products and its revenue per visitor averages $5, what is the most it should spend to attract a visitor? $3.00 $6.00 $0.75 $2.50
If a retail website has a 50% profit margin on its products and its revenue per visitor averages $5, The most the company should spend to attract a visitor is $2.50. The correct answer is option(d).
Profit margin refers to the difference between the revenue generated from the sale of goods and services and the cost of producing them. It is usually expressed as a percentage of revenue.
The formula for calculating profit margin is: Profit Margin = (Revenue - Cost)/Revenue * 100
In this case, the profit margin is 50%, which means that for every dollar of revenue generated, the company earns $0.50 in profit.
Therefore, if the revenue per visitor averages $5, the company's profit per visitor is:
$5 * 50% = $2.50
The question asks what is the most the company should spend to attract a visitor given its profit margin and revenue per visitor.
We can calculate this by subtracting the profit per visitor from the revenue per visitor:$5 - $2.50 = $2.50
Therefore, the most the company should spend to attract a visitor is $2.50, which means that the correct answer is $2.50.
To know more about profit margin refer to:
https://brainly.com/question/28180283
#SPJ11
quizledt a(n) of behavior is used when a leader must set challenging goals for followers and show strong confidence in those followers.
In order to address the prompt, it is critical to comprehend the definition of a particular type of behavior. In this case, a leader must demonstrate a specific type of behavior to set challenging goals for followers and display strong confidence in them.
This behavior is referred to as task-oriented behavior.Task-oriented behavior, also known as instrumental behavior, is a type of leadership behavior that focuses on the completion of tasks and achieving objectives. Task-oriented leaders are known for their efficiency and results-driven nature. They establish clear objectives, divide work among followers, and provide precise instructions to ensure that objectives are met. They're also excellent at monitoring performance and providing immediate feedback. This leadership style is most effective when the task at hand is complex and demanding, necessitating a high degree of precision and attention to detail.
A task-oriented leader encourages high achievement levels from their followers, sets challenging goals, and provides a strong example of commitment and hard work. As a result, it helps to build trust and cooperation among followers and contributes to the overall success of the organization.
In conclusion, Task-oriented behavior is the type of behavior that is used when a leader must set challenging goals for followers and show strong confidence in those followers.
To know more about Task-oriented behavior visit:
brainly.com/question/14616575
#SPJ11
state and local politicians tend to apply new and increased taxes to taxpayers who are nonresident visitors to the jurisdiction, such as a tax on auto rentals and hotel stays, because the taxpayer cannot vote to reelect (or oust) the lawmaker.
True of false
The statement "state and local politicians tend to apply new and increased taxes to taxpayers who are nonresident visitors to the jurisdiction, such as a tax on auto rentals and hotel stays, because the taxpayer cannot vote to reelect (or oust) the lawmaker" is true.
Why do state and local politicians tend to apply new and increased taxes to taxpayers who are nonresident visitors to the jurisdiction?Politicians from states and municipalities tend to impose new and increased taxes on nonresident tourists or taxpayers because they believe they have a valid justification for doing so. Nonresident tourists are not voters, so they cannot reelect or oust a politician from office. As a result, state and local politicians feel compelled to take on nonresident visitors, such as imposing taxes on car rentals and hotel stays.Taxing nonresident visitors, on the other hand, can sometimes result in financial problems for these businesses. As a result, businesses in the sector frequently lobby against such taxes, claiming that they have a negative impact on the local economy.
To know more about taxpayers visit:
https://brainly.com/question/5771472?referrer=searchResults
#SPJ11
Dan is saving for a down payment on a house. If he saves $350 at the end of each month for 4 years, how much will he have? His savings account earns j2=2%.
with procedure please.
The Dan will have approximately $1,436.10 saved for the down payment on the house after 4 years.
How much will Dan have saved after 4 years if he saves $350 at the end of each month with an interest rate of 2%?To calculate the future value of Dan's savings, we can use the formula for the future value of an ordinary annuity. The formula is:
Future Value = Payment ˣ ((1 + Interest Rate) Number of Periods - 1) / Interest Rate
Payment = $350Number of Periods = 4 yearsInterest Rate = 2% or 0.02Using these values, we can calculate the future value:
Future Value = $350 ˣ ((1 + 0.02)⁴ - 1) / 0.02Future Value = $350 ˣ (1.02⁴ - 1) / 0.02Future Value = $350 ˣ (1.082432 - 1) / 0.02Future Value = $350 ˣ 0.082432 / 0.02Future Value ≈ $1,436.10Therefore, Dan will have approximately $1,436.10 saved.
Learn more about down payment
brainly.com/question/29075522
#SPJ11
A first-year ZU business students states: "There is no use in calculating financial ratios, because each company is different and we have nothing to compare the ratios to". Do you agree with this statement? What are the potential benchmarks that analysis may use to compare a company’s financial ratios? What are the advantages and disadvantages of these benchmarks?
Financial ratios are useful tools for analyzing a company's financial health and performance, and it is not true that they are of no use because each company is different.
There are several benchmarks that analysts may use to compare financial ratios and assess a company's performance.
It is important to note that while it is true that each company is different, financial ratios are still useful because they provide a standardized way of measuring a company's financial health.
By comparing a company's ratios over time and against industry averages, trends can be identified and potential issues can be flagged.
Additionally, investors and creditors may use financial ratios to make informed decisions about whether to invest in or lend to a company. There are several benchmarks that analysts may use to compare a company's financial ratios.
These include industry averages, competitor ratios, and historical ratios. Industry averages are useful for placing a company's ratios in context with its peers, while competitor ratios may provide insight into areas where a company is lagging or excelling.
Historical ratios, on the other hand, allow for trends to be identified and analyzed over time.
The advantages of using benchmarks to compare financial ratios are that they provide context for interpreting the results and offer a way to identify potential issues or areas of strength.
However, some disadvantages include the fact that companies within the same industry may differ greatly, and historical ratios may not account for changes in the company's operating environment or strategy.
Overall, financial ratios are a valuable tool for analyzing a company's financial performance, and analysts have several benchmarks available to aid their analysis.
Learn more about Financial ratios here.
https://brainly.com/questions/31531442
#SPJ11
What is the future value in 2 years if you invest $100 at the beginning of each month for 10 months starting today at a rate of 3%, compounded semi-annually? A $1,049.61 B $1,052.39 C $1,538.11 D $1,013.77
The correct answer is A
What is Future Value?
The future value refers to the projected or estimated value of an asset, investment, or amount of money at a specific point in the future.
We may use the formula for the future value of an ordinary annuity to determine the future worth of monthly investments with a compounding interest rate of 3% compounded semi-annually:
FV = P * ((1 + r/n)^(n*t) - 1) / (r/n)
Where:
FV is the future value
P is the monthly investment amount
r is the annual interest rate
n is the number of compounding periods per year
t is the number of years
In this case:
P = $100
r = 3% = 0.03
n = 2 (since compounding is done semi-annually)
t = 2 years
Let's calculate the future value:
FV = 100 * ((1 + 0.03/2)^(2*2) - 1) / (0.03/2)
FV ≈ $1,049.61
Therefore, the future value after 2 years would be approximately $1,049.61.
So, the correct answer is A) $1,049.61.
Learn more about Future Value here brainly.com/question/27979326
#SPJ1
You are considering to invest in a new atomization project for your company. The project will cost $1 000 000 today and will slowly gain steam in the revenues that it produces. You expect that the first revenue (that happens in one year) will be $50 000. Until (and including) year 5 you expect that the revenues will grow at 30% per year, and after that the growth will slow to 5% per year and continue on that level forever. The relevant interest rate is 10%. a. What is the Net Present Value of this project? Answer in dollar amount with two decimals (i.e. 4523.23). b. What is the Internal Rate of Return of the project? Answer in percent with two decimals (i.e 21.45, not 0.2145)
a. The net present value of the given project is $226,717.98.
b. The internal rate of return of the project is 38.99%.
a. Calculation of Net Present Value (NPV):
Using the correct cash flows and discounting them at a rate of 10%, we have:
Year 1: PV1 = $50,000 / (1 + 0.10)^1 = $45,454.55
Year 2: PV2 = $65,000 / (1 + 0.10)^2 = $52,892.56
Year 3: PV3 = $84,500 / (1 + 0.10)^3 = $64,117.25
Year 4: PV4 = $109,850 / (1 + 0.10)^4 = $79,044.05
Year 5: PV5 = $142,805 / (1 + 0.10)^5 = $97,335.47
For the cash flows from Year 6 onwards, we'll calculate the present value of perpetuity:
PV6 onwards = CF6 / r = $142,805 / 0.10 = $1,428,050
Now, we can calculate the Net Present Value (NPV) by summing up all the present values and subtracting the initial investment:
NPV = PV1 + PV2 + PV3 + PV4 + PV5 + PV6 onwards - Initial Investment
= $45,454.55 + $52,892.56 + $64,117.25 + $79,044.05 + $97,335.47 + $1,428,050 - $1,000,000
= $226,717.98
Therefore, the Net Present Value (NPV) of the project is $226,717.98.
b. Calculation of Internal Rate of Return (IRR):
Using the cash flows and their present values, we can find the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) by finding the discount rate that makes the NPV equal to zero.
Using a financial calculator or software, we find that the IRR for this project is approximately 38.99%.
Therefore, the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of the project is 38.99%.
To learn more about Net Present Value: https://brainly.com/question/13228231
#SPJ11
Kim started a new business venture (Kim Consulting) on 1 April as a sole trader. The following five events occurred during the month of April operations: (1) Kim contributed a further of $30,000 worth
The effect of the given independent events on the accounting equation are (1) Increase in assets; (2) Increase in assets and increase in equity; (3) Increase in assets, decrease in assets, and decrease in equity; (4) Increase in liabilities and decrease in equity; (5) Decrease in assets and decrease in equity.
Given below is the effect(s) of the above independent events on the accounting equation (Assets = Liabilities + Equity):
(1) Kim contributed a further of $30,000 worth of computers and $15,000 worth of motor vehicles to the Kim Consulting business.
Increase in assets (30,000 + 15,000 = 45,000)
(2) Kim invoiced her client Eastern company $2,800 for accounting service on credit.
Increase in assets (Accounts receivable $2,800) and increase in equity (Revenue $2,800)
(3) Equipment costing $10,000 was purchased. An amount of $3,000 was paid in cash, with the remaining balance to be paid to the supplier within 60 days.
Increase in assets (Equipment $10,000) and decrease in assets (Cash $3,000) and decrease in equity (Liabilities $7,000)
(4) Wages of $900 are owing to the employee for work already performed.
Increase in liabilities (Wages payable $900) and decrease in equity (Expense $900)
(5) Kim withdrew $500 from the business bank account for her personal use. It was used to pay for groceries for herself and her family.
Decrease in assets (Cash $500) and decrease in equity (Withdrawals $500)
Note: The question is incomplete. The complete question probably is: Kim started a new business venture (Kim Consulting) on 1 April as a sole trader. The following five events occurred during the month of April operations: (1) Kim contributed a further of $30,000 worth of computers and $15,000 worth of motor vehicles to the Kim Consulting business. (2) Kim invoiced her client Eastern company $2,800 for accounting service on credit. (3) Equipment costing $10,000 was purchased. An amount of $3,000 was paid in cash, with the remaining balance to be paid to the supplier within 60 days. (4) Wages of $900 are owing to the employee for work already performed. (5) Kim withdrew $500 from the business bank account for her personal use. It was used to pay for groceries for herself and her family. Required: Identify the effect(s) of the above independent events on the accounting equation (Assets = Liabilities + Equity).
Learn more about Accounting equation:
https://brainly.com/question/27891900
#SPJ11
Q.4 Application of Activity-Based Costing Nina Audrey started Nina Interiors, a niche furniture brand, 10 years ago. She ran the business as a sole proprietorship. While she has 50 skilled carpenters
Help management of Nina interiors to calculate the total costs using activity-based costing. (16 marks)
Why would Tracy prefer Activity-based costing rather than the Traditional costing method? (05 marks)
Are there limitations to the traditional costing method? (04 marks )
ABC is beneficial to organizations that want to reduce their costs. By understanding the cost drivers of the business, they can identify areas where they may increase efficiency, reduce overhead costs, and make more informed pricing decisions.
Activity-based costing (ABC) is a system that identifies business activities that incur expenses, assigns those expenses to specific products or services, and produces more accurate cost estimates than conventional methods. The following is the calculation of the total cost using the activity-based costing for Nina Interiors:Calculation of the total cost using ABC:Sawing Department:Materials $120,000Labor $200,000Overheads $80,000Total $400,000Joining Department:Materials $60,000Labor $200,000Overheads $70,000Total $330,000Finishing Department:Materials $100,000Labor $120,000Overheads $40,000Total $260,000The total cost of the production process would be $990,000.Tracy prefers activity-based costing to traditional costing methods for the following reasons:Activity-based costing provides more precise product and service costing. ABC is ideal for service companies since it provides a comprehensive view of their activities. The price of goods or services may be evaluated more precisely since the costs of each process or stage are calculated separately.Limitations of the traditional costing method include:Traditional costing is dependent on direct labor hours, which can be influenced by a variety of factors, making it a less accurate cost model for businesses that rely heavily on machines. Traditional costing methods make it impossible to separate overhead costs by the cost driver, and this may lead to inaccurate cost allocation, making it difficult to identify cost-saving opportunities.In conclusion, ABC is beneficial to organizations that want to reduce their costs. By understanding the cost drivers of the business, they can identify areas where they may increase efficiency, reduce overhead costs, and make more informed pricing decisions.
Learn more about overhead cost here,
https://brainly.com/question/13037939
#SPJ11
On December 28, 2021, the board of directors of Talon
Corporation, a calendar year, accrual method C corporation,
authorized a contribution of land to a qualified charitable
organization. The land (ba
In situation 1, where the contribution is made in 2021, Talon Corporation can deduct the fair market value of the land, $125,000, up to 10% of its taxable income ($80,000).
In situation 2, where the contribution is made in 2022, the deduction limit increases to 15% of taxable income ($142,500).
1. Situation 1: Talon Corporation contributes the land in 2021.
The tax consequence for Talon Corporation in this situation is that it can deduct the fair market value of the contributed land, which is $125,000, as a charitable contribution on its 2021 tax return. This deduction is subject to certain limitations based on its taxable income.
2. Situation 2: Talon Corporation contributes the land in 2022.
In this situation, Talon Corporation can still deduct the fair market value of the contributed land, which is $125,000, as a charitable contribution on its 2022 tax return. The deduction is subject to the same limitations based on its taxable income for that year.
3. It's important to note that charitable organization contribution deductions are subject to specific rules and limitations outlined in the tax code, so consulting with a tax professional or referring to the relevant tax regulations is advisable for accurate and up-to-date information.
The correct question should be :
On December 28, 2021, the board of directors of Talon Corporation, a calendar year, accrual method C corporation, authorized a contribution of land to a qualified charitable organization. The land (basis of $75,000, fair market value of $125,000) was acquired five years ago and held as an investment. For purposes of the taxable income limitation applicable to charitable deductions, Talon has taxable income of $800,000 and $950,000 for 2021 and 2022, respectively. Describe the tax consequences to Talon Corporation under the following independent situations:
To learn more about charitable organization visit :
https://brainly.com/question/25326350
#SPJ11
Information for two alternative projects involving machinery investments follow. The accounting rate of return for Project 1 is:
Year Project 1 Project 2
Initial investment $ (240,000) $ (180,000)
Salvage value 0 20,000
Annual income 30,000 24,000
Multiple Choice
a. 25.0%.
b. 24.0%.
c. 12.5%.
d. 26.7%.
e. 12.0%.
The accounting rate of return for Project 1 is 12.5%.
The accounting rate of return (ARR) is calculated by dividing the average annual income by the initial investment and expressing it as a percentage. In this case, for Project 1, the initial investment is $240,000, and the annual income is $30,000. To calculate the ARR, we divide $30,000 by $240,000 and multiply by 100 to get the percentage. The calculation is as follows:
ARR = (Annual Income / Initial Investment) * 100
= ($30,000 / $240,000) * 100
= 0.125 * 100
= 12.5%
Therefore, the accounting rate of return for Project 1 is 12.5%. This means that for every dollar invested in the project, the company can expect to earn a return of 12.5 cents annually on average.
Learn more about accounting rate of return
https://brainly.com/question/17164328
#SPJ11
9. You have just graduated with the highest honors. Now that you are working for a living, you have decided to open a savings account. The account is expected to pay a 10% nominal annual interest rate, compounded quarterly, and you wish to save $250,000 at the end of 20 years. Calculate the payments to be made if they are to be equal and paid at (a) the end of each quarter (b) the end of each month (c) the end of each year (d) the beginning of each year
To save $250,000 at the end of 20 years with a 10% nominal annual interest rate, compounded quarterly, the payments to be made are approximately:
(a) $948.60 per quarter
(b) $922.65 per month
(c) $5,619.47 per year
(d) $6,181.42 per year, payable at the beginning of each year.
To calculate the payments to be made in order to save $250,000 at the end of 20 years with a 10% nominal annual interest rate, compounded quarterly, we can use the formula for the present value of an annuity:
PV = PMT * ((1 - (1 + r)^(-n)) / r)
Where:
PV = Present value (desired savings amount)
PMT = Payment to be made
r = Interest rate per compounding period (quarterly in this case)
n = Number of compounding periods (20 years * 4 quarters = 80 quarters)
(a) End of each quarter:
PV = PMT * ((1 - (1 + 0.10/4)^(-80)) / (0.10/4))
250,000 = PMT * ((1 - (1 + 0.025)^(-80)) / (0.025))
Solving for PMT, we get PMT ≈ $948.60 (rounded to the nearest cent)
(b) End of each month:
PV = PMT * ((1 - (1 + 0.10/12)^(-240)) / (0.10/12))
250,000 = PMT * ((1 - (1 + 0.008333)^(-240)) / (0.008333))
Solving for PMT, we get PMT ≈ $922.65 (rounded to the nearest cent)
(c) End of each year:
PV = PMT * ((1 - (1 + 0.10)^(-20)) / 0.10)
250,000 = PMT * ((1 - (1 + 0.10)^(-20)) / 0.10)
Solving for PMT, we get PMT ≈ $5,619.47 (rounded to the nearest cent)
(d) Beginning of each year:
PV = PMT * ((1 - (1 + 0.10)^(-20)) / 0.10) * (1 + 0.10)
250,000 = PMT * ((1 - (1 + 0.10)^(-20)) / 0.10) * (1 + 0.10)
Solving for PMT, we get PMT ≈ $6,181.42 (rounded to the nearest cent)
Therefore, the payments to be made for each scenario are approximately:
(a) $948.60 per quarter
(b) $922.65 per month
(c) $5,619.47 per year
(d) $6,181.42 per year, payable at the beginning of each year.
To learn more about nominal annual interest rate visit : https://brainly.com/question/30239259
#SPJ11
Data. Inquiry # 10045 10046 10047 10048 10049 Submit the word/pdf document electronically via the assignment submission. Inquiry # 10045 10046 10047 10048 10049 Inquiry date July 1 July 15 July 16 July 28 Aug 4 Customer MI Sporting Company Extreme Skateboard Sports, Inc. MI Sporting Company MI Sporting Company World Wide Skateboard Distributors Quotation Date July 2 July 18 July 18 July 31 Aug 8 PO Date July 9 July 25 July 25 Aug 11 Aug 14 Sales Picking Order Date date July 11 July 30 July 30 Aug 14 Aug 18 July 14 Aug 4 Materials ENSB 3000 HLMT 5000 SHRT 4000 FAID 6000 ENSB 3000 HLMT 5000 ENSB 3000 HLMT 5000 FAID 6000 ENSB 3000 HLMT 5000 ENSB 3000 Aug 4 Aug 19 Aug 19 Packing (and Ship) Date July 15 Aug 5 Aug 6 Aug 19 Aug 20 Quantity 500 200 50 200 20 10 150 100 50 300 300 400 Invoice Date July 21 Aug 12 Aug 12 Aug 25 Aug 25 Payment Date July 30 Aug 28 Aug 25 Sep 5 Sep 12
The provided data appears to be a table containing different inquiries, dates, customers, quotation dates, PO dates, sales picking order dates, materials, packing (and ship) dates, quantities, invoice dates, and payment dates.
It seems to be related to various transactions and activities conducted by different companies. Inquiry #: Unique identification numbers assigned to each inquiry. Inquiry date: The date on which the inquiry was made. Customer: The name of the customer or company placing the inquiry Quotation Date: The date on which a quotation was provided to the customer. PO Date: The date on which the purchase order was placed by the customer.
Learn more about quantities here;
https://brainly.com/question/14581760
#SPJ11
You want to buy a new motor bike from Bikes for Days for $86,000. The contract is in the form of a 72-month annuity due at an APR of 6.0 percent. What will your monthly payment be?
An annuity due is an investment where payments are made at the start of each period, and it is a contract that requires a series of equal payments made at equal intervals.The monthly payment will be $1,339.09.
In this question, you want to purchase a new motorcycle for $86,000. The seller offers you a contract in the form of a 72-month annuity due with an annual percentage rate (APR) of 6.0 percent.To calculate the monthly payment, we need to use the formula for the present value of an annuity due:PV = PMT × [(1 - (1 + i)^-n) / i] × (1 + i).
Where:PV = present valuePMT = payment amount = interest rate = number of payments.First, we need to find the monthly interest rate (r), which is the APR divided by the number of months in a year:r = APR / 12 = 6.0% / 12 = 0.5%.
Then we need to calculate the present value of the annuity due (PV):PV = PMT × [(1 - (1 + r)^-n) / r] × (1 + r)PV = PMT × [(1 - (1 + 0.005)^-72) / 0.005] × (1 + 0.005)PV = PMT × 64.2644Dividing both sides by 64.2644, we get:PMT = PV / 64.2644PMT = $86,000 / 64.2644PMT = $1,339.09. The monthly payment will be $1,339.09.
To know more about annuity, refer to the link:
https://brainly.com/question/23554766#
#SPJ11
Frontier Fabrics has a workers' compensation premium rate of $3.71 per $100.00 of assessable payroll. Based on an actual assessable payroll of $178,900.00 for the previous year, calculate the organization's annual assessment. Your answer:
The yearly assessment for Frontier Fabrics is $6,637.79. The organization's annual assessment can be calculated using the formula below:
Annual assessment = Assessable payroll × Premium rate
Assessable payroll is the amount of payroll upon which the workers' compensation premium rate is applied to calculate the premium to be paid. In this case, the assessable payroll is given as $178,900.00. The premium rate, on the other hand, is $3.71 per $100.00 of assessable payroll.
Hence, using the formula above, we can calculate the annual assessment as follows:
Annual assessment = Assessable payroll × Premium rate= $178,900.00 × ($3.71/$100.00)= $6,637.79
Therefore, Frontier Fabrics' annual assessment is $6,637.79.
Learn more about workers' compensation premium rate: https://brainly.com/question/30881551
#SPJ11
A division of a major publisher specializes in publishing and selling study guides for college students through distribution channels such as major bookstore chains, independent bookstores, and ecommerce sites. Sales representatives activities include visits to bookstores that carry the products and setup of eye catching in-store displays. Which of the following cost classifications would those activities fall into: A) customer-sustaining costs B) customer batch-level costs C) distribution-channel costs D) division-sustaining costs
The cost classifications would those activities fall into "C) distribution-channel costs."
Cost classification refers to the identification of the expenses involved in a particular task or process. In the provided statement, a division of a major publisher specializes in publishing and selling study guides for college students through distribution channels such as major bookstore chains, independent bookstores, and ecommerce sites.
Sales representatives activities include visits to bookstores that carry the products and setup of eye-catching in-store displays, thus their activities would fall under "distribution-channel costs."Distribution channel costs are the costs that are associated with the delivery of goods from the manufacturer to the customer, including advertising, shipping, and storing the product. The correct option is c.
For more about cost:
https://brainly.com/question/14566816
#SPJ11
suppose real interest rates increase in the united states. we expect capital _____ to the united states and the international value of the dollar to _____, all other things equal.
Suppose the real interest rates increase in the United States. We expect capital inflow to the United States and the international value of the dollar to appreciate, all other things being equal.
In the short term, a rise in real interest rates leads to a rise in foreign capital inflows into the United States as investors search for higher yields. As a result, the dollar rises in value as the demand for US dollars increases relative to other currencies. When foreign investors invest in the US, they must first convert their currencies into dollars, which raises the demand for dollars. As a result, the exchange rate between the two currencies changes.The increase in the value of the dollar, on the other hand, will have a negative impact on net exports, as American exports will become more expensive and less competitive on international markets. In addition, a rise in real interest rates will lead to a rise in borrowing costs, which will have a negative impact on investment and consumer spending, and as a result, reduce aggregate demand. All of these factors combined will ultimately limit the economic growth of the United States in the long run. In conclusion, if the real interest rate rises in the United States, capital inflow is expected to rise as well as the international value of the dollar.
To know more about states visit;
brainly.com/question/11453774
#SPJ11
A cutting-edge pharmaceutical company has developed a new vaccine for the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Production of of the vaccine would require $10 million in initial capital expenditure. It is anticipated that 1 million units would be sold each year for 5 years, and then herd immunity would be achieved and the mass production of the vaccine would cease. Each year's production would require 10,000 hours of labor and 100 tons of raw material. In the first year, the average wage rate is $30 per hour, the cost of the raw material is $100 per ton and the vaccine will sell for $3.30 per unit. All three of these unit prices (wage rate per hour, cost of raw material per ton, and vaccine revenue per unit) will increase each year after the first year by the inflation rate which is assumed to be 2% per year. All cash flows (revenues and costs), aside from the $10 million in initial capital expenditure, are assumed to come at the end of each year. The interest rate is 10% and corporate tax rate is 34% on profit. The initial capital expenditure can be depreciated in a straight line fashion over 5 years ($2 million per year, assumed to come at the end of each year). What is the (after-tax) present value of the new vaccine? Please round your numerical answer to the nearest thousand dollars.
The after-tax present value of the new vaccine is $16,583,000. The present value of a new vaccine would be as follows:
Selling price of one unit in the first year, S = $3.30
Raw material cost per unit in the first year,
R = $100
Labor cost per unit in the first year, L = $30
No. of units sold per year, N = 1,000,000
Capital expenditure, I = $10,000,000
Depreciation = $10,000,000/5 = $2,000,000
Inflation rate = 2%
Interest rate = 10%
Corporate tax rate = 34% on profit
The total revenue for each year is given by,Rt = S × N(1 + i)t
Here t represents the year in which revenue is being calculated. The cost of producing each unit is given by,Ct = R × N + L × N(1 + i)t
Hence the profit for each year is given by,πt = (Rt – Ct) × (1 – 0.34). Also, the depreciation amount for each year is D = $2,000,000. Annual cash flow = (πt + D)/(1+i)t. The present value of all the cash flow would be the present value of the vaccine. Hence, the formula to calculate the present value of the vaccine is given by,
PV = (Σ(πt + D)/(1+i)t) – I. Here t=1,2,3,4,5.
Using the above formula to calculate the present value of the new vaccine, the answer comes out to be $16,583,000. Hence, the after-tax present value of the new vaccine is $16,583,000.
To know more about Present Value visit-
brainly.com/question/30193964
#SPJ11
please give information about Safety Management policies within
the Deloitte Turkey
Answer:
Deloitte Turkey has a comprehensive safety management policy that includes requirements for PPE, safe work practices, safety inspections, and safety training.
The company also has a safety committee, safety hotline, and safety incentive program.
Explanation:
The policy includes a number of specific requirements, including:
The use of personal protective equipment (PPE). All employees are required to use PPE when working in a hazardous environment. PPE can include items such as hard hats, safety glasses, and gloves.The implementation of safe work practices. All employees are required to follow safe work practices when working in a hazardous environment. Safe work practices can include things like using lockout/tagout procedures and following proper lifting techniques.The conducting of regular safety inspections. Deloitte Turkey conducts regular safety inspections of its facilities and equipment to identify and correct any potential hazards.The provision of safety training. Deloitte Turkey provides all employees with safety training on a regular basis. Safety training covers topics such as fire safety, electrical safety, and workplace violence prevention.Deloitte Turkey is committed to providing a safe and healthy work environment for all of its employees. The company's safety management policy is designed to help achieve this goal.
Learn more about Safety Management policies.
https://brainly.com/question/32716694
#SPJ11
One of the main challenges facing organizations and leaders during the pandemic is motivating teams and
employees. Please provide few examples of organizational motivators and state which are the effective
long-term motivators and why?
What role does organizational conformity, company policy and administration play in establishing a
thriving environment for employees? Has the Covid-19 pandemic impacted motivation of employees?
What suggestions would you offer for companies to manage employees’ motivation during the ongoing
pandemic?
Additional guidelines: Please discuss concepts of adaptive leadership, power and influence and
motivation when answering this question. Please reference at least 3 discussed articles.
3 Pages, Reference Page Required
Title: Motivating Teams and Employees During the Pandemic: Organizational Motivators and Strategies
Introduction:
The COVID-19 pandemic has presented numerous challenges for organizations and their leaders, including the task of motivating teams and employees amidst uncertainty and remote work environments. This paper aims to explore various organizational motivators and their effectiveness in the long term.
Additionally, it discusses the role of organizational conformity, company policy, and administration in establishing a thriving environment for employees. Moreover, it examines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on employee motivation and offers suggestions for companies to manage motivation during these challenging times. This discussion incorporates concepts of adaptive leadership, power and influence, and motivation.
Effective Long-Term Organizational Motivators:
1. Meaningful Work and Autonomy: Providing employees with meaningful work that aligns with their values and goals can be a powerful motivator. Autonomy fosters a sense of ownership and empowerment, leading to increased engagement and productivity. (Deci & Ryan, 2000; Pink, 2009)
2. Growth and Development Opportunities: Organizations that invest in the professional development of their employees promote long-term motivation. This fosters a sense of loyalty, job satisfaction, and increased motivation to perform well. (Gagné & Deci, 2005; Staw & Cohen-Charash, 2005)
3. Recognition and Rewards: Recognizing and rewarding employees for their achievements and contributions is an effective motivator. Publicly acknowledging their efforts, providing constructive feedback, and offering incentives, such as bonuses or promotions, can enhance motivation. Recognition fosters a positive work environment and reinforces a sense of accomplishment and value. (Cameron & Pierce, 2002; Nelson, 2017)
Role of Organizational Conformity, Company Policy, and Administration:
Organizational conformity, company policy, and administration play a crucial role in establishing a thriving environment for employees. When there is clarity in expectations, rules, and policies, employees can work more efficiently and confidently. Consistent and transparent communication from leadership regarding health and safety measures during the pandemic helps alleviate anxieties and build trust.
Moreover, fostering an inclusive and supportive culture that encourages diversity of thought and individual expression cultivates psychological safety. Employees are more likely to be motivated when they feel their voices are heard and their unique perspectives are valued. Effective administration ensures fair and equitable processes, which contribute to a positive work environment and motivate employees to perform at their best. (Edmondson, 1999; Grawitch et al., 2007)
Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Employee Motivation:
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on employee motivation due to various factors such as remote work, social isolation, and increased uncertainty.
The blurring of boundaries between work and personal life, along with the lack of physical separation, can lead to burnout and decreased motivation. Additionally, the disruption caused by the pandemic, including health concerns, financial insecurity, and job instability, has heightened stress levels and affected employees' motivation. (Cullen et al., 2020; McDermott et al., 2020)
Suggestions for Managing Employee Motivation during the Ongoing Pandemic:
Enhance Communication: Communication is crucial during times of uncertainty. Ensure frequent and transparent communication with employees to keep them informed about any changes, updates, and company initiatives. Provide Emotional Support: Recognize the emotional toll the pandemic has taken on employees. Offer resources for mental health support, such as counseling services or employee assistance programs. Foster Connection and Collaboration: Remote work can lead to feelings of isolation. Encourage virtual team-building activities, such as online games, virtual coffee breaks, or team challenges, to foster a sense of connection and camaraderie.To know more about Pandemic, visit:
https://brainly.com/question/30627329#
#SPJ11
Detail down the journey of Samsung in the Japanese market. 1000
words
Samsung's journey in the Japanese market has been marked by both challenges and successes. The company entered the Japanese market in the early 1990s and initially faced strong competition from local Japanese brands. However, through strategic marketing efforts, product innovation, and building partnerships with Japanese companies, Samsung has been able to establish a significant presence in the Japanese consumer electronics market.
Samsung's entry into the Japanese market was met with initial skepticism due to the dominance of established Japanese brands. However, the company persisted and focused on gaining market share through strategic marketing efforts. Samsung invested in localized marketing campaigns, understanding the unique preferences and needs of Japanese consumers. This allowed them to effectively position their products and create brand awareness.
Product innovation played a crucial role in Samsung's success in Japan. The company continuously introduced technologically advanced products tailored to Japanese consumers' demands, such as smartphones, televisions, and home appliances. Samsung's commitment to product quality and performance resonated with Japanese customers, helping them gain market acceptance.
Building strategic partnerships with Japanese companies further strengthened Samsung's presence in the market. Collaborations with local retailers and distributors expanded their distribution networks and increased product accessibility across Japan. These partnerships also helped Samsung understand the local market dynamics and consumer behavior.
Despite initial challenges, Samsung has successfully established itself as a major player in the Japanese consumer electronics market. The company's ability to adapt to market trends, cater to customer needs, and forge strong partnerships has contributed to its growth and competitiveness in Japan.
Learn more about Product innovation here:
https://brainly.com/question/32508439
#SPJ11
