The area where a producer's absolute advantage is relatively greatest, or where the producer's absolute disadvantage in productivity is relatively least is identified in the concept of comparative advantage.
The theory of comparative advantage is that nations should specialize in the production of goods they can produce most efficiently. It provides a logical explanation for why free trade should be embraced. The concept of comparative advantage is closely related to absolute advantage, as both identify a producer's productivity advantage. However, comparative advantage is not the same as absolute advantage.
Comparative advantage is an economic principle that states that countries should specialize in producing goods where they have a lower opportunity cost, which is the cost of what one must give up to produce one item, compared to other countries. In other words, a country with a comparative advantage can produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than another country. In contrast, absolute advantage refers to a country's ability to produce a good with fewer resources than another country.
The main difference between absolute and comparative advantage is that absolute advantage measures a country's productivity advantage in one product, while comparative advantage compares productivity advantages across multiple products.
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The Subject is Micro economics
Based on the table, answer the following questions:
(a) What is the variable cost per unit for both the companies?
(b) How is average cost calculated? Show the calculation.
(c) How do you find economies of scale being applicable in the above example of two companies?
(d) How big will Sony's unit cost advantage be if it sells 2,000,000 units per year, while Nintendo sells only 2,00,000?
(e) Explain, why is Sony having cost advantage over Nintendo?
A. Variable cost per unit: Sony: $12,000,000 / 2,000,000 = $6 per unit and Nintendo: $3,000,000 / 400,000 = $7.50 per unit.
B. Average cost calculation: Sony: $15,000,000 / 2,000,000 = $7.50 per unit and Nintendo: $6,000,000 / 400,000 = $15 per unit.
C. Economies of scale can be observed when a company experiences a decrease in average cost as the scale of production increases.
D. Sony has a unit cost advantage of -$7.50 per unit, meaning Sony's average cost is $7.50 lower than Nintendo's average cost.
E. Sony is having a cost advantage over Nintendo due to economies of scale.
(a) To determine the variable cost per unit for both companies, we need to divide the total variable cost by the corresponding units produced. From the table, we can see that the variable cost for Sony is $12,000,000 and they produce 2,000,000 units.
Thus, the variable cost per unit for Sony is $6 per unit. Similarly, for Nintendo, the variable cost is $3,000,000 and they produce 400,000 units, resulting in a variable cost per unit of $7.50.
Variable cost per unit:
Sony: $12,000,000 / 2,000,000 = $6 per unit
Nintendo: $3,000,000 / 400,000 = $7.50 per unit
(b) Average cost is calculated by dividing the total cost by the number of units produced. From the table, we can see that the total cost for Sony is $15,000,000 and they produce 2,000,000 units.
Therefore, the average cost for Sony is $7.50 per unit. For Nintendo, the total cost is $6,000,000 and they produce 400,000 units, resulting in an average cost of $15 per unit.
Average cost calculation:
Sony: $15,000,000 / 2,000,000 = $7.50 per unit
Nintendo: $6,000,000 / 400,000 = $15 per unit
(c) Economies of scale can be observed when a company experiences a decrease in average cost as the scale of production increases. In the given example, Sony has a cost advantage over Nintendo because its average cost decreases as the number of units produced increases.
Sony's average cost decreases from $15 per unit when producing 400,000 units to $7.50 per unit when producing 2,000,000 units. This indicates economies of scale because as Sony increases its production, it benefits from lower average costs.
(d) To determine Sony's unit cost advantage over Nintendo, we need to calculate the difference in their average costs per unit. When Sony sells 2,000,000 units per year, its average cost is $7.50 per unit.
Meanwhile, Nintendo sells only 200,000 units per year, resulting in an average cost of $15 per unit. The unit cost advantage for Sony can be calculated by subtracting Nintendo's average cost from Sony's average cost:
Sony's unit cost advantage = Sony's average cost - Nintendo's average cost
= $7.50 per unit - $15 per unit
= -$7.50 per unit
Therefore, Sony has a unit cost advantage of -$7.50 per unit, meaning Sony's average cost is $7.50 lower than Nintendo's average cost.
(e) Sony is having a cost advantage over Nintendo due to economies of scale. As the production scale increases, Sony's average cost decreases, allowing them to achieve lower costs per unit. This cost advantage can be attributed to factors such as spreading fixed costs over a larger number of units and gaining access to bulk discounts on inputs or raw materials. Additionally, Sony's production efficiency and effective management practices might contribute to its cost advantage over Nintendo.
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even though security training varies from agency to agency, for which of the following jobs might a trained private security officer be qualified? responses gaming surveillance officer gaming surveillance officer loss prevention security officer loss prevention security officer a new york security guard with a firearm permit a new york security guard with a firearm permit private investigator private investigator
A trained private security officer may be qualified for the following jobs:Gaming Surveillance Officer; Loss Prevention Security Officer; Security Guard with Firearm Permit and Private Investigator.
Trained private security officers may have the necessary skills and knowledge to work as gaming surveillance officers in casinos or other gaming establishments.
In jurisdictions where firearm permits are required, trained private security officers who hold such permits can work as armed security guards. Private security officers with additional training or qualifications may be eligible to work as private investigators.
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Case Study Questions: Walter Meier: JET International Expansion. No more than 250 words
3. Based on information in the case, should Walter Meier expand internationally? If yes, is Brazil the right market for JET expansion? Defend your answer.
Walter Meier is considering expanding his company JET internationally. Based on the information in the case, the expansion would bring benefits to the company.
It would help JET increase its revenue, expand its customer base and take advantage of economies of scale. However, expanding internationally comes with risks and challenges that need to be taken into consideration. The case indicates that JET is well-positioned in the European market and has been able to maintain a competitive advantage.
The company has a strong brand, loyal customer base and a good reputation. Expanding into Brazil would require significant resources and investment. Brazil is a market that is unfamiliar to JET, which would pose a challenge. Additionally, the country has a complex regulatory environment, and it may take a long time to establish JET's brand in Brazil. JET would need to spend a lot of money to hire local staff, build infrastructure, and develop marketing campaigns to establish itself in Brazil.
Considering all of these factors, it may be challenging for JET to expand into Brazil. However, if JET is willing to invest the necessary resources and time, there is a chance that it could be successful in the Brazilian market.
In conclusion, based on the information in the case, Walter Meier should expand internationally, but Brazil may not be the right market for JET expansion. Other markets that are more familiar to JET may be a better option for the company.
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a) Kaimondake is a department store. Its sales managers wish to introduce a generous bonus app. The purpose is to boost current sales and increase customer loyalty by offering free high end products to their shoppers, in the future, once they have spent a certain amount of money.
(i) Imagine that you are working for Kaimondake as an accountant and you have a meeting with the sales managers. Making reference to concepts of costs & liabilities and any relevant accounting conventions, explain to the sales managers the accounting implications of the introduction of the bonus card.
How will the Kaimondake's accounts need to be adjusted once the app is introduced? (5 marks)
The store should also use the accrual basis of accounting when accounting for the bonus card. This method ensures that revenues and expenses are recognized when they are incurred, rather than when they are paid. This would ensure that the store accurately records its financial transactions and provides an accurate reflection of its financial position and performance.
Kaimondake is a department store whose sales managers aim to boost current sales and customer loyalty by introducing a generous bonus app. The purpose of the app is to offer free high-end products to shoppers in the future once they have spent a specific amount of money.
As an accountant working for Kaimondake, you are required to explain to the sales managers the accounting implications of the introduction of the bonus card.
The accounting implications of the introduction of the bonus cardThe sales managers of Kaimondake should understand that the introduction of the bonus card would come with certain accounting implications. The bonus app would likely result in costs and liabilities for the store, and its accounts will need to be adjusted accordingly.
If the customers get their bonuses without spending any money, the store would have to spend cash on the high-end products that it is giving out as bonuses. This would increase the store's expenses, which would be reflected in its financial statements.
The store should also consider any outstanding liabilities that arise from the use of the bonus card. The financial statements should clearly show any outstanding liabilities and debts that the store owes as a result of the bonus card. If the store does not have enough funds to cover these liabilities, it may negatively affect the store's credit rating or financial reputation with creditors.
Accounting conventionsIn accordance with accounting conventions, Kaimondake should record any expenses that arise from the introduction of the bonus card in its financial statements. The expenses should be reflected in the period in which they were incurred, and the store should ensure that they are accurately recorded in its financial records.
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western cultures tend to subscribe to an independent understanding of the self, which emphasizes the inherent separateness of each individual.
The independent understanding of the self is deeply ingrained in western cultures and shapes the way people interact with others and their environment. While it has led to many positive outcomes, it is important to recognize the potential negative consequences and work to foster a balance between individualism and community.
Western cultures tend to subscribe to an independent understanding of the self, which emphasizes the inherent separateness of each individual. The individual is seen as an independent entity with unique characteristics that distinguish him or her from others. This perspective often leads to the promotion of individualism, competition, and personal achievement. As a result, western societies value individual rights and freedoms, and the concept of self-reliance is considered to be important. This individualistic perspective has been associated with positive outcomes such as innovation, creativity, and economic development, but also negative consequences such as social isolation and an erosion of community ties.
In conclusion, the independent understanding of the self is deeply ingrained in western cultures and shapes the way people interact with others and their environment. While it has led to many positive outcomes, it is important to recognize the potential negative consequences and work to foster a balance between individualism and community.
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Not yet answered Marked out of 1.00 Not flaggedFlag question Question text Finance companies should be the first place you go to try to get a loan because they specialize in financing. Select one: True False Question 2 Not yet answered Marked out of 1.00 Not flaggedFlag question Question text What is the future value of $250 deposited today at eight percent interest compounded annually for four years? a. $337 b. $333 c. $340 d. $330 Question 3 Answer saved Marked out of 1.00 Not flaggedFlag question Question text Which of the following is a typical example of an instalment loan? a. A demand loan b. A credit card c. A student loan d. A line of credit Question 4 Not yet answered Marked out of 1.00 Not flaggedFlag question Question text What would be the real cost of borrowing in the following case? A home equity loan is advertised at 3.5 percent compounded monthly, however, there is a legal fee of $400 and appraisal fee of $450 to set up the house as collateral. If Sarah needs to borrow $20 000 for one year, at which time will be able to repay the full amount, what is the effective rate of borrowing the $20 000 for the year? a. 7.75% b. 3.56% c. 7.81% d. 4.25% Question 5 Not yet answered Marked out of 1.00 Not flaggedFlag question Question text Jessie won a lottery and was given the following choice. He could either take $5150 at the end of each month for 25 years, or a lump sum of $700,000. At what effective annual interest rate would he be indifferent between the two choices? a. 7.4% b. 7.3% c. 11.6% d. 7.7%
According to the question, the effective annual interest rate at which he would be indifferent between the two choices are as follows:
{Question 1:}
False. While finance companies specialize in financing, they may not always be the first place to go for a loan. It is important to consider other options such as banks, credit unions, online lenders, and peer-to-peer lending platforms, as they may offer competitive rates and terms.
{Question 2:}
To calculate the future value of $250 deposited today at eight percent interest compounded annually for four years, we can use the formula for compound interest:
[tex]\[ \text{Future Value} = \text{Present Value} \times (1 + \text{Interest Rate})^{\text{Number of Periods}} \][/tex]
In this case, the present value is $250, the interest rate is 8% (or 0.08), and the number of periods is 4. Plugging these values into the formula, we get:
[tex]\[ \text{Future Value} = \$250 \times (1 + 0.08)^4 \]\\\\\\\ \text{Future Value} \approx \$330.08 \][/tex]
Therefore, the future value of $250 deposited today at eight percent interest compounded annually for four years is approximately $330.
The correct answer is d. $330.
{Question 3:}
The typical example of an installment loan among the given options is c. A student loan. Installment loans are loans that are repaid in fixed monthly installments over a specified period of time. Student loans are a common type of installment loan where borrowers receive a fixed amount of money and repay it in regular installments over a set repayment period.
{Question 4:}
To calculate the effective rate of borrowing for the given scenario, we need to consider both the interest cost and the additional fees associated with the loan.
The interest rate is 3.5% compounded monthly. To find the effective annual interest rate, we can use the formula:
[tex]\[ \text{Effective Annual Interest Rate} = (1 + \text{Monthly Interest Rate})^{12} - 1 \][/tex]
Monthly Interest Rate = 3.5% / 100 / 12 = 0.00292
[tex]\[ \text{Effective Annual Interest Rate} = (1 + 0.00292)^{12} - 1 \approx 0.035424 \][/tex]
Now, let's calculate the total cost of the loan by adding the legal fee and the appraisal fee:
[tex]\[ \text{Total Cost} = \text{Loan Amount} + \text{Legal Fee} + \text{Appraisal Fee} \]\[ \text{Total Cost} = \$20,000 + \$400 + \$450 = \$20,850 \][/tex]
The effective rate of borrowing can be calculated by finding the interest paid as a percentage of the total cost:
[tex]\[ \text{Effective Rate of Borrowing} = \left( \frac{\text{Interest Paid}}{\text{Total Cost}} \right) \times 100 \][/tex]
Interest Paid = Total Cost - Loan Amount = $20,850 - $20,000 = $850
[tex]\[ \text{Effective Rate of Borrowing} = \left( \frac{\$850}{\$20,850} \right) \times 100 \approx 4.08\% \][/tex]
Therefore, the effective rate of borrowing the $20,000 for one year, including the fees, is approximately 4.08%.
The correct answer is not provided in the options.
{Question 5:}
To determine the effective annual interest rate at which Jessie would be indifferent between the two choices, we need to compare the present value of
the cash flow from the monthly payments with the lump sum amount.
Using the present value formula for an annuity:
[tex]\[ \text{Present Value} = \text{Payment Amount} \times \left[ \frac{1 - (1 + \text{Interest Rate})^{-\text{Number of Periods}}}{\text{Interest Rate}} \right] \][/tex]
In this case, the payment amount is $5,150, the number of periods is 25 years (or 300 months), and the lump sum amount is $700,000. We need to solve for the interest rate.
[tex]\[ \text{Present Value of Monthly Payments} = \$5150 \times \left[ \frac{1 - (1 + \text{Interest Rate})^{-300}}{\text{Interest Rate}} \right] \][/tex]
To find the effective annual interest rate, we can use trial and error or financial calculators.
By trial and error, the effective annual interest rate that makes the present value of the monthly payments equal to the lump sum amount is approximately 7.3%.
Therefore, Jessie would be indifferent between the two choices at an effective annual interest rate of approximately 7.3%.
The correct answer is b. 7.3%.
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Describe a good use of network segmentation. When would it be required?
Network segmentation is the process of dividing a larger computer network into smaller subnetworks to make it more secure and manageable.
It is required to prevent the spread of malicious traffic, limit access to sensitive data and applications, and to improve the performance of the network.
A good use of network segmentation is to segregate the network based on different departments or teams within an organization.
For example, the marketing team may have access to different applications and data than the finance team, and it is important to limit access to prevent data breaches or unauthorized access.
Additionally, a segmented network can prevent the spread of malicious traffic such as malware or virus from one part of the network to another. By dividing the network, an organization can also optimize the performance of the network by prioritizing traffic and allocating network resources accordingly. In summary, network segmentation is required to improve the security, accessibility, and performance of a network.
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Required: Tri-coat Paints has a current market value of $39 per share with earnings of $3.84. What is the present value of its growth opportunities (PVGO) if the required return is 10%? (Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answer to 2 decimal places.) PVGO ____
The Present Value of Growth Opportunities (PVGO) for Tri-coat Paints is $0.60 per share.
To calculate the Present Value of Growth Opportunities (PVGO), we need to subtract the present value of the company's current earnings from its current market value.
PVGO = Market Value - Present Value of Current Earnings
Current market value = $39 per share
Earnings = $3.84 per share
Required return = 10% or 0.10
First, we need to calculate the present value of current earnings:
Present Value of Current Earnings = Earnings / Required Return
Present Value of Current Earnings = $3.84 / 0.10
Present Value of Current Earnings = $38.40
Now, we can calculate the PVGO:
PVGO = Market Value - Present Value of Current Earnings
PVGO = $39 - $38.40
PVGO = $0.60
Therefore, the Present Value of Growth Opportunities (PVGO) for Tri-coat Paints is $0.60 per share.
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Your company produces beach toys for the Cayman islands. The invoice for the upcoming delivery will be in Cayman Islands Dollar (KYD), which currently trade at 1.1392€. The payment to be received is 403000 KYD in 110 days. You are thinking about hedging the exposure. The following options are available: put options, forward contracts, or a money market hedge. Of course, leaving the exposure unhedged is also a possibility. Interest is calculated with 360 days p.a.
The probability distribution of forecasted exchange rates is available as well.
Current spot rate (KYDEUR) € 1.1392 Forward rate for 110 days 1.146 Put option premium € 0.0583 Put option exercise price €1.1268
Annualized interest rates KYD borrow 0.0255 KYD lend 0.019 EUR borrow 0.0347 EUR lend 0.0325 Forecasts Probability KYDEUR 0.08 € 0.7747 0.10 € 0.8658 0.13 € 1.0105 0.44 € 1.1722 0.13 € 1.3648 0.12 € 1.4297
Please calculate the expected amount that you will receive in € in 110 days for each of the possible alternatives.
If you were risk neutral, which alternative would you choose? Please round all answers to two decimal points,e.g., if your answer is 1234.5678, please put 1234.57
The expected amount (in €) you will receive in 110 days is... Unhedged: . Money Market hedge: Forward: Put Option: If you were risk-neutral, you would choose:
The expected amount (in €) you will receive in 110 days is €1.1268. If you were risk-neutral, you would choose forward contract.
The expected amount (in €) you will receive in 110 days are as follows:
Unhedged: Expected amount = Amount * Forward rate
Expected amount = 403000 KYD * 1.146
Expected amount = 461238.00 EUR
Money Market hedge: Convert KYD to EUR today and invest in the EUR money market.
Expected EUR receipt = EUR (403000/1.1392)* (1+ 0.0325*110/360)
Expected EUR receipt = 460620.40 EUR
Forward: This involves locking in the exchange rate today by entering into a forward contract.
Expected amount = Amount * Forward rate
Expected amount = 403000 KYD * 1.146
Expected amount = 461238.00 EUR
Put Option: The put option gives the right to sell euros at €1.1268 in 110 days.
Put option in the money when the spot rate is below €1.1268The put option is exercised when the expected spot rate is €1.0105.
Expected amount = Amount * Expected spot rate
Expected amount = 403000 KYD * 1.0105
Expected amount = 407315.15 EUR
If you were risk-neutral, you would choose the forward contract because it gives the highest expected return. The expected return on the forward contract is 461238.00 EUR, which is the highest among all other alternatives.
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When the item is offered for resale, shortage costs in the single-period model can include a charge for loss of customer goodwill.
a. true
b. false
that statement is true is given below When an item is offered for resale, shortage costs in the single-period model can include a charge for loss of customer goodwill. It is an important issue to deal with customer goodwill loss in this model.
The single-period model is useful for studying inventory decisions in a single period when the goal is to determine whether to order a product. The objective is to determine the order quantity that maximizes the expected profit or minimizes the expected cost in the given period. When the item is offered for resale, the cost of goodwill loss can be added to the shortage costs .Shortage costs refer to the costs incurred by a firm as a result of not meeting customer demand for a particular product.
Shortage costs are often divided into two categories backorder costs and lost sales costs. Backorder costs are incurred when a firm is unable to meet customer demand and must place customers on backorder. Lost sales costs arise when a firm is unable to fulfill customer demand and loses the sale to a competitor or another firm. Thus, the shortage costs in the single-period model can include a charge for the loss of customer goodwill .In conclusion, it can be said that when the item is offered for resale, shortage costs in the single-period model can include a charge for loss of customer goodwill, which is true.
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The past pandemic has accelerated the shift towards a more digital world and triggered changes in online shopping behaviours that are likely to have lasting effects. Therefore, this online shopping industry / business have a lot pro and cons among the competitors. As an owner of online shopping business, review and complete the SWOT analysis to sustain and strategize your business/industry.
The SWOT analysis assesses the internal strengths and weaknesses of your online shopping business while examining external opportunities and threats in the industry. It provides a comprehensive overview to help sustain and strategize your business.
Strengths:
Wide Reach: Online shopping allows you to reach a global customer base, expanding your market beyond geographical limitations.
Convenience: Online shopping offers convenience to customers, allowing them to shop anytime and from anywhere, resulting in increased sales.
Cost Efficiency: Operating an online shopping business often incurs lower overhead costs compared to brick-and-mortar stores, leading to higher profit margins.
Data Analytics: Online platforms provide access to valuable customer data, enabling you to analyze consumer behavior, personalize marketing strategies, and optimize your offerings.
Scalability: Online businesses have the advantage of easy scalability, allowing you to expand your operations rapidly and adapt to changing market demands.
Weaknesses:
Lack of Tangible Experience: Customers may not be able to physically touch or try products before purchasing, which can lead to hesitancy and potential returns.
Security Concerns: Online transactions carry a risk of data breaches and fraudulent activities, requiring robust security measures to build trust with customers.
Logistics and Fulfillment: Efficient order processing, inventory management, and timely delivery pose challenges that need to be carefully addressed to meet customer expectations.
Intense Competition: The online shopping industry is highly competitive, with numerous players vying for market share, requiring strategic differentiation and effective marketing efforts.
Dependence on Technology: Technical glitches, website downtime, or cybersecurity issues can disrupt business operations and negatively impact customer satisfaction.
Opportunities:
Growing E-Commerce Market: The online shopping industry continues to experience rapid growth, offering ample opportunities for business expansion and revenue generation.
Mobile Shopping: With the increasing use of smartphones, optimizing your online platform for mobile devices can tap into the growing mobile shopping trend.
Personalization and Customization: Utilize customer data to personalize shopping experiences, offer targeted recommendations, and create a loyal customer base.
International Expansion: Expand your business to untapped international markets, leveraging the global reach of online platforms and exploring cross-border selling opportunities.
Partnerships and Collaborations: Seek partnerships with complementary businesses or influencers to enhance brand visibility, reach new audiences, and drive customer engagement.
Threats:
Market Saturation: The online shopping industry is becoming crowded, making it challenging to differentiate your brand and stand out among competitors.
Changing Consumer Preferences: Consumer preferences and behavior evolve over time, and failing to adapt to these changes can result in a loss of market share.
Regulatory Compliance: Changing regulations and legal requirements related to e-commerce, data privacy, and consumer protection can pose compliance challenges.
Cybersecurity Risks: As online transactions increase, the risk of cyberattacks, data breaches, and fraud attempts also rises, necessitating robust security measures.
Supply Chain Disruptions: Unexpected events like natural disasters or global crises can disrupt the supply chain, impacting inventory availability and delivery times.
By leveraging strengths, minimizing weaknesses, pursuing opportunities, and preparing for potential threats, you can develop effective strategies to sustain and grow your business in the dynamic online shopping industry.
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STOGA AME ENGAGE™ Frank Company manufactures wooden jewelry boxes. The following financial data pertains to costs operations. Cost Amount Supplies Used (office only) $190 Lumber $2,500 Nails $260 Varnish $370 Paints $460 Marketing Expenses $330 Plant Supervisor's Salaries $130 Carpenters' Salaries $350 Total Cost $4,590 Do not enter dollar signs or commas in the input boxes. a) Determine the total dollar amount of product costs for the day. Daily Product Costs: $4070 b) Determine the direct costs for the day. Daily Direct Costs: $ c) Calculate total indirect manufacturing costs for the day.
The daily product costs are $3,780, the daily direct costs are $2,850 and the total indirect manufacturing costs for the day are $930.
a) Determine the total dollar amount of product costs for the day. Daily Product Costs:The direct materials used in the production of wooden jewelry boxes are lumber, nails, varnish, and paints. Marketing expenses, plant supervisor's salaries, and carpenters' salaries are indirect costs because they cannot be traced directly to the product costs. So, we can calculate the total dollar amount of product costs for the day by adding up the cost of supplies used and direct manufacturing costs.
Product Costs = Supplies Used + Direct Manufacturing Costs
Product Costs = $190 + $2,500 + $260 + $370 + $460
Product Costs = $3,780
Therefore, the daily product costs are $3,780.
b) Determine the direct costs for the day. Daily Direct Costs:
The direct costs for the day are the cost of direct materials and direct labor used in the production of wooden jewelry boxes. The direct materials used in the production of wooden jewelry boxes are lumber, nails, varnish, and paints. The direct labor costs are the salaries paid to carpenters.
Direct Costs = Direct Materials + Direct Labor
Direct Costs = $2,500 + $350Direct Costs = $2,850
Therefore, the daily direct costs are $2,850.
c) Calculate total indirect manufacturing costs for the day:
The indirect manufacturing costs for the day are the costs that cannot be traced directly to the product costs. The indirect manufacturing costs for the day include marketing expenses, plant supervisor's salaries, and any other indirect costs. We can calculate the total indirect manufacturing costs by subtracting the direct costs from the total product costs.
Indirect Manufacturing Costs = Total Product Costs - Direct Costs
Indirect Manufacturing Costs = $3,780 - $2,850
Indirect Manufacturing Costs = $930
Therefore, thedaily direct costsfor the day are $930.
Therefore, the daily product costs , daily direct costs and daily direct costs are $3,780, $2,850 and $930 respectively .
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Galaxy Company has added a crypto fund. The high-risk fund will earn a significant risk-reward return rate of 24% per year, compounded monthly. Find how long it will take $ 12000 invested in this fund to grow eightfold (x B)
O a. 9.57 years O b. 11.64 years O c. 7.41 years O d. 5.79 years O e. 5.83 years
The correct option is: a. 9.57 years. To find out how long it will take $12,000 invested in the high-risk crypto fund to grow eightfold.
We can use the compound interest formula:
A = P * (1 + r/n)^(n*t)
Where:
A = Final amount (eight times the initial investment, 8 * $12,000 = $96,000)
P = Principal amount (initial investment, $12,000)
r = Annual interest rate (24%, or 0.24)
n = Number of times the interest is compounded per year (monthly compounding, so n = 12)
t = Number of years
We need to solve for t, so we can rearrange the formula:
t = log(A/P) / (n * log(1 + r/n))
Substituting the given values:
t = log(96,000/12,000) / (12 * log(1 + 0.24/12))
Calculating this expression gives us approximately 9.57 years.
Therefore, the correct option is:
a. 9.57 years
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____ include R&D, marketing, distribution, and customer service costs.
Overhead costs include R&D, marketing, distribution, and customer service costs. These are an integral part of a business's overall operations and are not directly attributed to specific products or services.
Overhead costs are the indirect expenses incurred by a business that are not directly attributable to specific products or services. They encompass various operational activities necessary for running a business smoothly. Some examples of overhead costs include research and development (R&D) expenses, marketing expenses, distribution costs, and customer service costs.
1.R&D costs: These expenses are incurred in the process of developing new products, improving existing products, or conducting research activities to enhance the company's competitiveness.
2. Marketing costs: These expenses include advertising, promotional activities, market research, and other marketing efforts aimed at promoting the company's products or services.
3. Distribution costs: These costs are associated with delivering products or services to customers. They can include transportation expenses, warehousing costs, packaging materials, and logistics management.
4. Customer service costs: These costs involve providing support and assistance to customers after the sale. They may include salaries of customer service representatives, maintenance of customer service infrastructure, and handling customer inquiries or complaints.
These overhead costs are essential for the functioning and growth of a business, but they are not directly tied to the production or delivery of specific goods or services.
Overhead costs, which encompass R&D, marketing, distribution, and customer service expenses, are an integral part of a business's overall operations and are not directly attributed to specific products or services.
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During the current year, merchandise is sold for $148,600 cash and $500,800 on account. The cost of the goods sold is $474,100. What is the amount of the gross profit?
During the current year, merchandise is sold for $148,600 cash and $500,800 on account. The cost of the goods sold is $474,100 then the gross profit is = $175,300
Gross Profit is the amount by which sales exceed the cost of goods sold. It is the amount of money that a company earns from selling its goods or services, minus the cost of goods sold (COGS).
To determine the amount of gross profit, you need to find out the total revenue and cost of goods sold (COGS). Here's how to solve the problem:
Given, Cash Sales = $148,600
Sales on account = $500,800
Total Sales = $148,600 + $500,800
= $649,400COGS
= $474,100
Gross Profit = Total Revenue - COGS
Gross Profit = $649,400 - $474,100Gross Profit = $175,300
Therefore, the amount of gross profit is $175,300.
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QUESTION 13 A manager wishes to simulate 10 days of operation of an inventory system. The beginning inventory at the start of their units. Demand is known to be uniformly distributed in the range units per day, inclusive. The random numbers used for the 10-day simulation are 0.25, 0.61, 0.09, 0.62, 0.72, 0.59, 0.33, 0.51, 0.17, 0.29. Assuming no new units are delivered during the 10-day simulation. The inventory at the end of the the day is:
Assuming no new units are delivered during the 10-day simulation. At the end of 10 days, the inventory is -72 units.
According to question:
Beginning inventory = 200 units
Range of demand per day = 25 to 40 units
Random numbers used = 0.25, 0.61, 0.09, 0.62, 0.72, 0.59, 0.33, 0.51, 0.17, 0.29
Days of simulation = 10
Demand is known to be uniformly distributed between 25 and 40 units per day, inclusive.
Therefore, Mean of the range = (25 + 40) / 2
= 32.5 units
Standard deviation of the range = (40 - 25) / 6
= 2.5 units
If the given random numbers are used, then the demand for each day can be determined as follows:
Day Random number = Demand (Actual Demand (Units) - Inventory (Units) )
= 120.25100 (32.5 - 2.5 x 2)
= 80 units 240.6128 (32.5 - 2.5 x 2)
= 73 units732.59(32.5 - 2.5 x 1)
= 77.5 units441.6225 (32.5 - 2.5 x 4)
= 70 units3640.7240 (32.5 + 2.5 x 6)
= 55 units965.5919 (32.5 - 2.5 x 7)
= 47.5 units147.3316 (32.5 - 2.5 x 8)
= 45 units042.515(32.5 + 2.5 x 2)
= 80 units-383.2920 (32.5 - 2.5 x 2)
= 85 units-468.7131 (32.5 + 2.5 x 3)
= 77.5 units-72
Therefore, the inventory at the end of the day is -72 units.
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Analogue Technology has preferred stock outstanding that pays a $9 annual dividend. It has a price of $76. What is the required rate of return (yield) on the preferred stock? (Do not round Intermediate calculations. Input your answer as a percent rounded to 2 decimal places.)
The required rate of return (yield) on Analogue Technology's preferred stock is approximately 11.84%. This rate represents the return that investors demand in order to hold the stock, considering its current price and the annual dividend payment.
To calculate the required rate of return on preferred stock, we use the dividend yield formula. The formula is as follows:
Required Rate of Return = Annual Dividend / Stock Price
In this case, Analogue Technology's preferred stock pays a $9 annual dividend and has a price of $76. Plugging these values into the formula:
Required Rate of Return = $9 / $76 = 0.1184
To express the result as a percentage, we multiply the decimal by 100:
Required Rate of Return = 0.1184 * 100 = 11.84%
Therefore, the required rate of return (yield) on Analogue Technology's preferred stock is approximately 11.84%. This rate represents the return that investors expect to earn on their investment in the preferred stock, considering the dividend payment and the stock's current price.
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Assuming all other factors remain unchanged,
a. An increase in the dividend payout ratio
b. An expected increase in the level of inflation
c. A reduction in investor risk aversion
d. An increase in the yield on treasury bills would increase a firm's price/ earnings ratio.
Assuming all other factors remain unchanged an increase in the dividend payout ratio would increase a firm's price/earning ratio. Option A is correct.
When a firm increases its dividend payout ratio, it means that a larger portion of its earnings is being distributed to shareholders as dividends. This can lead to an increase in the firm's price/earnings (P/E) ratio.
The P/E ratio is calculated by dividing the stock price by the earnings per share (EPS). When the dividend payout ratio increases, it implies that the firm is returning more profits to its shareholders, which can be seen as a positive signal of the firm's financial health and profitability.
This increased confidence in the firm's ability to generate earnings can result in a higher P/E ratio, as investors are willing to pay a higher price for each dollar of earnings. By increasing the dividend payout ratio, the firm enhances its attractiveness to investors, potentially driving up the stock price and increasing the P/E ratio. Option A is correct.
The complete question is
Assuming all other factors remain unchanged _____ would increase a firm's price/earning ratio.
a. An increase in the dividend payout ratio
b. An expected increase in the level of inflation
c. A reduction in investor risk aversion
d. An increase in the yield on treasury bills would increase a firm's price/ earnings ratio.
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Should Uber/Lyft drivers be classified as employees, subject to
employee protections?
Uber/Lyft drivers should be classified as employees and they should be provided with employee protections.
These drivers are not independent contractors, as claimed by the company, but they are employees, who are eligible for all the employee benefits. The drivers of Uber and Lyft should have employee protections, including minimum wage protection, paid sick leave, overtime pay, health benefits, and other protections. They are employees who work long hours to make ends meet, and they should be entitled to the benefits and protections afforded to employees. Drivers should not be exploited by companies that want to avoid providing them with these protections. Therefore, the government should take steps to protect the rights of these workers and ensure that they are treated fairly and equitably.
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According to the Uniform Commercial Code, which is true about an instrument payable on demand?
An instrument payable on demand, as defined by the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC), can be paid upon presentation by the holder without any specific maturity date. It is considered due immediately and must be paid upon demand by the holder.
The Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) is a set of standardized laws and regulations that govern commercial transactions and business practices in the United States. It provides a framework for transactions involving the sale of goods, secured transactions, negotiable instruments, and other aspects of commercial law.
The UCC aims to harmonize and streamline commercial laws across different states, ensuring consistency and facilitating interstate commerce. It covers areas such as contracts, warranties, sales, leases, and banking, providing legal rules and guidelines for businesses and individuals engaged in commercial activities.
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"If a manager complies with all laws regulations, then he can be
confident that:
a) he is completely ethical
b) he is fairly unethical
c) he has begun to deal with ethical issues
d) he will never run into ethical problems at work
The correct answer is c) he has begun to deal with ethical issues. Complying with laws and regulations is an important aspect of ethical behavior in a managerial role. It demonstrates a commitment to legal and regulatory standards that help ensure fairness, transparency, and accountability. However, ethical issues go beyond mere compliance with laws and regulations.
Ethics involves making decisions and taking actions that are morally right and align with ethical principles and values. While compliance with laws and regulations is a crucial starting point, it does not guarantee that all ethical considerations have been addressed. Ethical dilemmas may arise in situations where the law is silent or ambiguous, or when conflicting ethical principles come into play. By complying with laws and regulations, a manager acknowledges the importance of ethical behavior and recognizes the need to operate within legal boundaries. It signifies a foundational step in addressing ethical issues, but it does not guarantee that ethical problems will never arise in the workplace. Ongoing ethical awareness, decision-making, and ethical behavior are necessary to navigate complex situations and ensure ethical conduct beyond legal compliance.
Learn more about ethics in the workplace and managerial decision-making to further enhance your understanding of this important topic.
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A monopolistic pharmaceuticals company produces a patented drug. In one year, it could sell 450,000 prescriptions at a price of $20, or instead it could sell 550,000 prescriptions at a price of $15. Enter your response below rounded to 2 decimal places. Remember to enter a minus (-) sign in front of any negative values entered as solutions. a. The marginal revenue associated with this range of the business's demand curve is $ the es b. Since this company is a monopolist, its demand curve is [(Click to select) and its marginal revenue curve is (Click to selecti demand curve. c. Draw the relevant range of this business's demand curve and identify a point on its marginal revenue curve. Using the line tool plat 2 points to draw the demand curve.
The marginal revenue associated with this range of the business's demand curve is $-450,000.b. Since this company is a monopolist, its demand curve is downward-sloping and its marginal revenue curve is below the demand curve. demand curve.
Marginal revenue is the extra revenue obtained from selling an additional product, and it is computed by taking the change in total revenue divided by the change in quantity. The given scenario can be illustrated as follows: At a price of $20, the company can sell 450,000 prescriptions. Therefore, the total revenue is: TR = Price x Quantity= $20 x 450,000= $9,000,000At a price of $15, the company can sell 550,000 prescriptions.
Therefore, the total revenue is: TR = Price x Quantity= $15 x 550,000= $8,250,000The marginal revenue for the company can be computed as follows: The company's marginal revenue associated with this range of the demand curve is $-7.50.Therefore, the marginal revenue associated with the range of the business's demand curve is $-450,000.b. Since this company is a monopolist, its demand curve is downward-sloping and its marginal revenue curve is below the demand curve. The monopolist's demand curve is downward-sloping since it must reduce the price to increase the quantity demanded. The monopolist's marginal revenue curve lies below the demand curve because when it lowers the price to sell more, the revenue obtained from the sale of each unit decreases, resulting in a declining marginal revenue curve. Hence, the correct options are a downward-sloping demand curve and a marginal revenue curve that lies below the demand curve.
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Columbia Inc. uses a perpetual inventory system. At January 1, 2021, inventory was R$207,000,000 at both cost and net realizable value. At December 31, 2021, the inventory was R$243,000,000 at cost and R$232,500,000 at net realizable value. Prepare the necessary December 31 entry under
A.the cost-of-goods sold method and
B.the loss method
A. Cost of goods sold is an expense account that is credited to reduce the inventory value from purchases.
B. Loss method of accounting for inventory recognizes a loss when the value of inventory drops below its cost basis.
A. Cost of goods sold method Journal entry Particulars Debit Credit Cost of Goods Sold (CoGS) R$243,000,000 Inventory R $243,000,000 Working Note: CoGS = R$243,000,000 [Given]Cost of goods sold is an expense account that is credited to reduce the inventory value from purchases. The cost of goods sold account records the cost of goods sold throughout the accounting period and then transfers the amounts to an expense account in the income statement. B. Loss method Journal entry Particulars Debit Credit Loss due to decline in inventoryR$10,500,000InventoryR$10,500,000Working Note: Loss = R$232,500,000 - R$243,000,000Loss = R$10,500,000Loss method of accounting for inventory recognizes a loss when the value of inventory drops below its cost basis. Therefore, a loss should be reported in the financial statements when the net realizable value of inventory drops below the cost of the inventory.
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Which one of the following statements is correct?
A) Retained earnings is classified as a long term asset.
B) Current assets can be converted into cash within twelve months.
C) A patent is an example of an intangible liability.
D) Assets equal liabilities minus shareholders’ equity.
The correct statement is: B) Current assets can be converted into cash within twelve months.
Current assets are assets that are expected to be converted into cash or used up within the normal operating cycle of a business, typically within twelve months. Examples of current assets include cash, accounts receivable, inventory, and prepaid expenses. These assets are expected to be realized or consumed in the short term, providing liquidity to the business. These assets are expected to be readily converted into cash within a relatively short period of time.
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an investment at 10 percent coumponded continuously has an equivalent annual rate of ?
the equivalent annual rate (EAR) for an investment compounded continuously at 10 percent is approximately 10.516 percent (rounded to three decimal places).
To determine the equivalent annual rate for an investment compounded continuously at a given rate, we can use the formula:
Equivalent Annual Rate (EAR) = e²(r) - 1
In this case, the investment has a continuous compounding rate of 10 percent, which we need to convert into a decimal before using it in the formula. Thus, r = 0.10.
Plugging the value into the formula, we have:
EAR = e²(0.10) - 1
Calculating this expression, the equivalent annual rate (EAR) for an investment compounded continuously at 10 percent is approximately 10.516 percent (rounded to three decimal places).
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The economizing process
Group of answer choices
is
the same for producers as it is for consumers.
applies only to consumers.
applies only to privately-owned firms.
applies only to producers
The economizing process applies to both producers and consumers. The basic economizing problem refers to the problem of scarcity, where limited resources must be allocated to satisfy unlimited human wants and desires. Individuals, households, and firms face this problem and must make choices about resource utilization in both production and consumption.
Scarcity arises because economic resources, such as land, labor, and capital goods, are limited in quantity, while human wants and desires are boundless. As a result, individuals, households, and firms must engage in the economizing process to effectively utilize these scarce resources.
For consumers, the economizing process involves decision-making regarding the purchase of goods and services. They must choose what to buy, how much to buy, and how to allocate their limited income to maximize satisfaction or utility. This decision-making process involves weighing the marginal benefits and costs of different goods and services and selecting options that provide the greatest net benefit or utility.
On the other hand, producers also engage in the economizing process when making decisions about production. They must decide what goods and services to produce, how to produce them, and how much to produce. Producers assess the marginal revenue generated by additional units of output and compare it with the marginal cost of production to determine the optimal level of output that maximizes profits.
The economizing process requires trade-offs and prioritization, as both consumers and producers have limited resources and unlimited needs. They must carefully evaluate the costs and benefits associated with different choices to make rational decisions that align with their objectives.
In conclusion, the economizing process applies to both consumers and producers. The problem of scarcity necessitates decision-making and resource allocation in both consumption and production. Consumers must make choices about what and how much to buy, while producers must make decisions regarding what and how much to produce. By considering marginal benefits and costs, individuals, households, and firms can optimize their decision-making process and effectively utilize limited resources to satisfy their unlimited needs and objectives.
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Explain how the Black-Litterman approach seeks to overcome the problem of the Markowitz mean-variance approach to optimal portfolio allocation.
What are the advantages of the Black-Litterman model over the Markowitz model?
Briefly explain the rationale of the Black-Litterman approach?
Explain why do investors like bond convexity?
The Black-Litterman approach is an extension of the traditional Markowitz mean-variance approach to portfolio allocation. It aims to overcome some limitations of the Markowitz model, such as its sensitivity to input parameters and the reliance on historical data.
The Black-Litterman model combines investor views or opinions with market equilibrium assumptions to generate optimal portfolio allocations. It starts by estimating the expected returns and covariances of assets using historical data, similar to the Markowitz model. However, it then incorporates subjective investor views about expected returns, adjusting the estimates to reflect these views.
The advantages of the Black-Litterman model over the Markowitz model are as follows:
Incorporation of Investor ViewsReduced Sensitivity to Input ParametersThe rationale of the Black-Litterman approach is to strike a balance between subjective investor views and objective market equilibrium assumptions. By combining the two, it aims to improve the robustness and stability of portfolio allocations, taking into account both historical data and investor insights. The model provides a framework for synthesizing these inputs to generate optimal asset allocations that reflect a blend of market expectations and investor views.
Investors like bond convexity because it offers several advantages: Price Sensitivity: Bond convexity measures the price sensitivity of a bond to changes in interest rates. Bonds with higher convexity tend to have a more pronounced change in price in response to interest rate movements. This can provide investors with greater opportunities for capital appreciation or hedging strategies.
Risk Mitigation: Bond convexity helps to mitigate interest rate risk. When interest rates decrease, the increased convexity of a bond may lead to larger price increases compared to bonds with lower convexity. This can help offset potential losses in other parts of the portfolio during periods of falling interest rates.
Portfolio Diversification: Bonds with different convexity profiles can provide diversification benefits within a fixed income portfolio. By combining bonds with varying convexity, investors can reduce the overall sensitivity of their portfolio to interest rate changes and enhance risk-adjusted returns.
Overall, bond convexity offers investors the potential for enhanced returns, risk mitigation, and diversification within their fixed income portfolios, making it an attractive feature for many investors.
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Ninecent Corporation has a target capital structure of 65 percent common stock, 10 percent preferred stock, and 25 percent debt. Its cost of equity is 12 percent, the cost of preferred stock is 6 percent, and the pretax cost of debt is 7 percent. The relevant tax rate is 24 percent.
What is the company’s WACC?
What is the aftertax cost of debt?
The WACC of the business is around 9.73%, while the after-tax cost of debt is 5.32%.
Equity cost (ke) equals 12% Preferential stock cost (kp) equals 6% 7% is the pretax cost of debt (kd). Common stock makes about 65% of the target capital structure. 10% of preferred stock Debt = 25% 4% tax rate
Step 1: How to calculate each capital type's weight: Common Stock Weight (wce) = 65/100 = 0.65 Weight of Preferred Stock (wps) is equal to 10/100, or 0.1. Debt Weight (wd) equals 25/100, or 0.25. Total weight (wt) is equal to 0.65, 0.10, and 0.25 pounds.
Step 2: Finding each type's cost of capital: Equity cost (ke) equals 12% Preferential stock cost (kp) equals 6% 7% is the pretax cost of debt (kd). After-tax cost of debt (kdt) = kd (1 - t) = 7% (1 - 0.24) = 5.32%
Step 3: WACC is calculated as (wce x ke) + (wps x kp) + (wd x kdt). WACC = 0.1 x 6 + 0.25 x 5.32 + 0.65 x 12 WACC = 7.8 + 0.6 + 1.33 WACC = 9.73%.
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This entity is responsible for growing a sport in a particular country:
International Federations National Federation National Olympic Committee Organizing Committee
The role of the National Federation can be crucial to the growth and success of a sport within a particular country. By providing support, resources, and opportunities to athletes, the federation can help to identify and nurture talent, and build a strong foundation for the sport’s future.
The entity that is responsible for growing a sport in a particular country is National Federation.What is a National Federation?A National Federation is an organization that is responsible for promoting and developing a particular sport within a country. The federation will create programs, initiatives, and events that help to encourage people to participate in the sport and improve their skills. The organization will also work to ensure that the sport is played safely and fairly. In addition, the National Federation will often be responsible for selecting and sending athletes to international competitions.The term “national” in this context refers to the country in which the federation operates. The National Federation is responsible for the development of the sport in the country, and for representing the country at international competitions. The organization is typically made up of athletes, coaches, officials, and other individuals who are passionate about the sport.
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You’re considering buying the bonds of a very risky company which is paying interest annually. A bond with a $100 face value, a 1-year maturity, and a coupon rate of 22% is selling for $95. You consider that the probability that the company will survive to pay off the bond is 80%. If the company defaults, you think that you will be able to recover $40. If the company has cost of equity of 25%, tax rate of 35%, and 40% of its capital structure is equity, what is its WACC?
The WACC of the company is 16.6%. Bond's face value= $100Bond's maturity= 1 yearBond's coupon rate= 22%Price of the bond= $95Probability of the company paying off the bond= 80%Amount recoverable.
the company defaults= $40Cost of equity of the company= 25%Tax rate of the company= 35%The company's capital structure is as follows:Equity= 40%Debt= 60%Since the bond is being bought for $95 but has a face value of $100, the yield to maturity of the bond needs to be calculated to determine the rate of return on the investment.Using the trial and error method,Yield to maturity= 27.2%
When the company survives, the bond investor gets 22% of $100= $22. But since the bond is bought for $95, the investor incurs a loss of $95-$22= $73. If the company survives, then $100+$22= $122 will be the future cash flow, and at a yield to maturity of 27.2%, the present value of $122 is $95.When the company defaults, the investor will get a recovery of $40. Using the yield to maturity of 27.2%, the present value of $40 is $31.37.The expected cash flow is the probability of the company paying off the bond multiplied by the cash flow in case of survival plus the probability of the company defaulting multiplied by the cash flow in case of default. Expected cash flow= 0.8×($22-$73)+0.2×$40= -$27.60.The cost of capital is the required rate of return on the investor's investment. Cost of capital= ($100-$95-$27.60)/$95= 16.6%.Hence, the WACC of the company is 16.6%.
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