In the given scenario, there are potential threats to the independence and objectivity of the audit partner, Hussain Tarar, due to his involvement in the finance department of Petra Travels (Private) Limited (PTL).
The Code of Ethics for Chartered Accountants provides guidance on identifying and addressing such threats to ensure compliance and maintain professional integrity. The threats in this scenario can be categorized as follows:
1. Self-interest threat: Hussain Tarar may have a financial interest in PTL's success or may be influenced by personal relationships with PTL's CEO, which could compromise his independence and objectivity.
2. Advocacy threat: By providing staff members to run PTL's finance department, there is a risk that Hussain Tarar's objectivity may be compromised as he could become an advocate for the interests of PTL rather than maintaining professional skepticism. To address these threats, appropriate safeguards can be implemented, such as:
1. Ethical wall/Information barriers: Establishing a clear separation between the audit team and the finance department staff provided by the audit firm to ensure independence and confidentiality of information.
2. Rotation of personnel: Regularly rotating the audit partner and team members involved in the PTL audit to minimize familiarity threats and enhance independence.
3. Independent review: Conducting an independent review of the audit work performed by the audit firm's staff members involved in PTL's finance department to ensure objectivity and quality control.
4. Transparent communication: Ensuring open and transparent communication between the audit firm, PTL's CEO, and relevant stakeholders to discuss the potential threats and safeguards in place to address them.
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Mark was the owner of Treasure Valley Water Vehicles, a small, closely held
corporation. Mark owned 60% of the shares of stock. When the company was formed, it
was to be capitalized at $300,000, but in truth Mark and the other minority shareholders
never invested close to that amount into the company, and instead relied on loans to
purchase inventory and operate the business. Its liabilities far exceeded the company’s
assets. He used the company’s bank account as his own, used the company’s vehicles for
personal use, and regularly took his friends and family up to the lake for waterski trips
using the company’s boats that were for sale. After several accidents where a personal watercraft (PWC or "jetski") purchased from
Treasure Valley did not automatically deactivate when the rider lost control of the PWC,
a group of customers sued the company. However, the company had little resources to
pay any subsequent judgment, and, even worse, Mark had let the company liability
insurance policy lapse. Therefore, in court, the customers tried to hold Mark personally
liable for the business debt. Mark’s defense was that his company was a corporation and
that because he was only a shareholder, he was protected from personal liability.
1. Should the customers of Treasure Valley Water Vehicles Boats be allowed to
pierce the corporate veil and sue Mark personally for the company’s debt?
Yes, the customers of Treasure Valley Water Vehicles Boats should be allowed to pierce the corporate veil and sue Mark personally for the company's debt.
The corporate veil refers to the legal protection of an organization's shareholders from its debts and obligations. This veil's purpose is to prevent the company's shareholders from being held responsible for the company's debts in the event of a lawsuit.To pierce the corporate veil, it is necessary to demonstrate that the corporation is acting as a sham, a facade for the owners. Mark, as the majority shareholder of Treasure Valley Water Vehicles, used the company's bank account for personal use, and regularly took his friends and family up to the lake for water-ski trips using the company's boats that were for sale.
Furthermore, after several accidents where a personal watercraft (PWC or "jetski") purchased from Treasure Valley did not automatically deactivate when the rider lost control of the PWC, the company was sued by a group of customers, but the company had little resources to pay any subsequent judgment, and Mark had let the company liability insurance policy lapse. Therefore, under such circumstances, the customers of Treasure Valley Water Vehicles should be allowed to pierce the corporate veil and sue Mark personally for the company's debt.
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Assuming that the bond sells at par, the implicit $/€ exchange rate at maturity of a Euro—U.S. dollar dual currency bond that pays €651.25 at maturity per $1,000 of par value is
a $1.72/€1.00.
b $1.54/€1.00.
c $1.27/€1.00.
d $1.62/€1.00.
The implicit $/€ exchange rate at maturity of a Euro-U.S. dollar dual currency bond can be calculated by dividing the euro payment at maturity by the par value of the bond, and then converting it to the corresponding dollar amount.
In this case, the bond pays €651.25 at maturity per $1,000 of par value. To calculate the implicit exchange rate, we divide €651.25 by $1,000 and convert it to dollars.
Implicit $/€ exchange rate = (€651.25 / $1,000)
Using the given values:
Implicit $/€ exchange rate = €0.65125
To convert this to dollars per euro, we take the reciprocal:
Implicit $/€ exchange rate = $1.536 per €1.00 (rounded to two decimal places)
Therefore, the correct answer is:
b) $1.54/€1.00.
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Consider the following four-year project. The initial outlay or cost is $180,000. The respective cash inflows for years 1, 2, 3 and 4 are: $100,000, $80,000, $80,000 and $20,000. What is the discounted payback period if the discount rate is 11%?
The discounted payback period is approximately 3.19 years (3 years + 0.1911 * 1 year).
To calculate the discounted payback period, we need to determine the time it takes for the discounted cash inflows to equal or exceed the initial investment. First, we need to discount the cash inflows using the discount rate of 11%:
Year 1: $100,000 / (1 + 0.11)^1 = $90,090.09
Year 2: $80,000 / (1 + 0.11)^2 = $65,289.26
Year 3: $80,000 / (1 + 0.11)^3 = $58,098.47
Year 4: $20,000 / (1 + 0.11)^4 = $13,312.65
Now, we can calculate the cumulative discounted cash inflows:
Year 1: $90,090.09
Year 2: $90,090.09 + $65,289.26 = $155,379.35
Year 3: $155,379.35 + $58,098.47 = $213,477.82
Year 4: $213,477.82 + $13,312.65 = $226,790.47
The discounted payback period is the time it takes for the cumulative discounted cash inflows to reach or exceed the initial investment:
$226,790.47 > $180,000
The discounted payback period is between Year 3 and Year 4. To determine the exact period, we need to calculate the fraction of the final year's cash inflow needed to reach the breakeven point:
Fraction = (180,000 - 213,477.82) / 13,312.65 = 0.1911
Therefore, the discounted payback period is approximately 3.19 years (3 years + 0.1911 * 1 year).
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Describe the impact of prepayments at the passthrough level as then allocated to the capital structure. Articulate the reasons for prepayment at the borrower level represented in the PSA prepayment model approach. Thinking about the term structure of interest rates (the yield curve) and duration and WAL, take a position as to whether you think the YTMs for each of the classes should be the same. If yes, why? If no, why not?
The impact of prepayments at the pass-through level is the redistribution of cash flows among different classes or tranches within the capital structure.
When borrowers make prepayments, the cash flows from the underlying loans are passed through to the investors. These cash flows are then allocated to different classes based on their predetermined rules and priorities.
When borrowers make prepayments on their loans, the cash flows generated from those prepayments are then allocated to the different classes within the capital structure, such as senior tranches and subordinate tranches. The allocation is based on the predefined rules and priorities outlined in the pooling and servicing agreement (PSA) governing the securitization.
At the borrower level, prepayment behavior is represented in the PSA prepayment model approach.
This model incorporates various factors that influence borrower prepayment decisions, such as interest rates, housing market conditions, and borrower characteristics. By understanding and modeling prepayment behavior, investors and issuers can assess the cash flow dynamics of mortgage-backed securities and make informed investment decisions.
Regarding the question of whether the yields to maturity (YTM) for each class should be the same, the answer depends on the specific characteristics of the securitized assets and the preferences of investors.
YTMs are influenced by factors such as the term structure of interest rates, the duration of the securities, and the weighted average life (WAL) of the underlying loans. If the classes have similar risk profiles and cash flow characteristics, it may be reasonable for their YTMs to be similar.
However, if the classes have different risk levels or cash flow patterns, investors may require different YTMs to compensate for the associated risks. Ultimately, the determination of whether the YTMs should be the same or different is based on a comprehensive analysis of the specific securitized assets and the preferences of the market participants.
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What is values-based hiring? Select one: O a. hiring employees whose values correspond to the corporate cultures and values of the organization O b. hiring employees based on lowest cost or value O c. hiring decisions that lead to new values being adopted by the company to conform with new employees O d. hiring executives who then instill their own values in the company
Values-based hiring is a technique used in HR (human resources) recruiting which involves selecting candidates based on how well their personal values align with the company's values.
This strategy enables employers to select employees who would fit in well with the existing work environment, share the same objectives, and ultimately contribute positively to the company's overall performance and success. By understanding the company's culture and values, HR personnel may tailor their job descriptions, screening procedures, and interview questions to ensure that only individuals who share the company's values and vision are selected. Hiring decisions based on values are an important factor in building and maintaining a healthy work environment where all employees feel valued and respected, resulting in a company culture that is supportive and positive. Therefore, option A "hiring employees whose values correspond to the corporate cultures and values of the organization" is the correct answer.
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Which of the following items does not appear on the balance sheet?
O a 0 Notes payable
O b Withdrawals
O c Accounts receivable
O d Cash
Withdrawals is the item that does not appear on the balance sheet.
What is a balance sheet? A balance sheet is a financial statement that shows the financial position of a business at a certain time. It shows the business' assets, liabilities, and equity at a particular point in time. A balance sheet aids the business's stakeholders to understand how the organization's funds are being utilized, and it is used to gauge the organization's fiscal performance over time. Items that appear on the balance sheet are all of the business's assets, including cash, accounts receivable, equipment, inventory, and other things the business owns.
Liabilities such as loans and accounts payable, as well as the equity of the business, are also included on the balance sheet. The owner's equity section of the balance sheet includes equity, retained earnings, and dividends paid to shareholders. Withdrawals, on the other hand, are not included in the balance sheet because they are not transactions. Instead, withdrawals are funds taken from the business by the owner and treated as personal funds. These funds are not part of the business and are not included on the balance sheet. Thus, the correct option is b, Withdrawals.
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1. Assume today is June 8th, 2019. You have a semiannual bond that will mature on April 8th, 2022. Assume a face value of $1,000, a coupon rate of 8% and a yield to maturity of 5%. What is the clean price of this bond? The dirty price?
According to the precise accrued interest computation, the bond's dirty price is a little bit more than its clean price of around $1,079.55.
The clean price and dirty price are determined by:
1. Calculate the number of coupon cycles left before maturity:
(April 8th, 2022 - June 8th, 2019) / 0.5 = number of coupon periods
2. Determine the current worth of the upcoming coupon payments:
Coupon payments' present value is calculated as follows: (Coupon rate x Face value) x [1 - (1 + Yield to maturity)(-Number of coupon periods)] To maturity yield
Present value of coupon payments is equal to 0.08 times $1,000 multiplied by [1 - (1 + 0.05)(-5)]. / 0.05
3. Determine the face value at maturity's present value:
Face value divided by (1 + yield to maturity) yields the present value of the face value.(Amount of coupon cycles)
$1,000 / (1 + 0.05)5 equals the present value of the face value.
4. Determine the clean cost:
Clean price equals the sum of the present values of the coupon payments and the face values.
5. Determine the filthy cost:
Clean price plus accrued interest equals the dirty price.
Accrued interest is calculated by multiplying the amount of interest paid by the frequency of interest payments.
We must figure out the number of days since the last coupon payment and the number of days left in the coupon period because it is June 8, 2019, today.
Considering that each coupon period lasts for six months and that the most recent payment was made on April 8th, 2019:
Days since last coupon payment: 60 days (2 months multiplied by 30 days/month).
Days in coupon period equal 6 months times 30 days per month, or 180 days.
The clean price and dirty price can now be determined.
The bond's clean price is roughly $1,079.55, while the dirty price is slightly higher depending on how exactly accrued interest is calculated.
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Project L requires an initial outlay at t = 0 of $60,000, its expected cash inflows are $11,000 per year for 12 years, and its WACC is 13%. What is the project's payback? Round your answer to two decimal places. ___ years
Payback period refers to the amount of time required for an investment to recover its initial cost. To compute the payback period, the cash inflows are accumulated until the initial investment is recovered.
After that point, the project's net cash inflows are computed to determine whether or not it is profitable. The payback period can be calculated using the following formula:Payback period = Cost of project / Annual cash inflows In this case, the project's initial cost is $60,000, and its expected cash inflows are $11,000 per year for 12 years. Therefore, the project's total expected cash inflows over the 12-year period are:Total expected cash inflows = $11,000 × 12= $132,000 Now we can use the formula to calculate the payback period:Payback period = $60,000 / $11,000= 5.45 years (rounded to two decimal places)
Therefore, the project's payback period is 5.45 years (rounded to two decimal places).
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According to the textbook and lectures, examples of active labor market policies that can reduce structural unemployment include: I. Early employment bonuses II. Job re-training programs III. Job search assistance programs II and III only II only I only I and II only I, II, and III I and III only III only
The answer is II and III only. Job re-training programs and job search assistance programs are active labor market policies that can reduce structural unemployment.
Active labour market policies are designed to improve labour market outcomes and reduce unemployment. In this case, the question asks which policies can specifically address structural unemployment. Structural unemployment refers to a mismatch between the skills and qualifications of job seekers and the requirements of available jobs.
Job re-training programs (II) aim to provide individuals with new skills and qualifications that are in demand in the labour market. By offering training in emerging industries or occupations, these programs help individuals adapt to changing labor market conditions and improve their chances of finding suitable employment.
Job search assistance programs (III) provide support and resources to job seekers in their search for employment. These programs can include services such as career counseling, job placement assistance, and job fairs. By helping individuals navigate the job market more effectively, job search assistance programs increase the likelihood of successful job matches and reduce unemployment duration.
Early employment bonuses (I) are not typically considered active labor market policies targeted at reducing structural unemployment. These bonuses are often offered to incentivize individuals to find and accept employment quickly but do not directly address the skills mismatch characteristic of structural unemployment.
Therefore, the correct answer is II and III only.
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What can a BATNA do for you in the negotiation process? A) Give you power. B) Set a walking point to step away from a deal. C) Establish mental guardrails. All the above. Only B \& C above
A BATNA (Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement) can do several things for you in the negotiation process. The correct answer is "All the above" (A, B, and C).
A) Give you power: BATNA provides power in the negotiation process by offering an alternative that the negotiator can use to their advantage.
B) Set a walking point to step away from a deal: BATNA provides the negotiator with a standard that they can use to walk away from a deal if it fails to meet their expectations.
C) Establish mental guardrails: BATNA also establishes mental guardrails that keep the negotiator focused on their goals and prevents them from agreeing to terms that may be detrimental to their interests.
In summary, a BATNA is a crucial component of the negotiation process as it provides negotiators with power, sets a walking point to step away from a deal, and establishes mental guardrails.
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Residual dividend policy As president of Young's of California, a large clothing chain, you have just received a letter from a major stockholder. The stockholder asks about the company's dividend policy. In fact, the stockholder has asked you to estimate the amount of the dividend that you are likely to pay next year. You have not yet collected all the information about the expected dividend payment, but you do know the following: (1) The company follows a residual dividend policy. (2) The total capital budget for next year is likely to be one of three amounts, depending on the results of capital budgeting studies that are currently un- der way. The capital expenditure amounts are $2 million, $3 million, and $4 million. (3) The forecasted level of potential retained earnings next year is $2 million. (4) The target or optimal capital structure is a debt ratio of 40%. You have decided to respond by sending the stockholder the best information avail- able to you. a. Describe a residual dividend policy. b. Compute the amount of the dividend (or the amount of new common stock needed) and the dividend payout ratio for each of the three capital expenditure amounts. c. Compare, contrast, and discuss the amount of dividends (calculated in part b) associated with each of the three capital expenditure amounts.
a. Residual dividend policy is a dividend distribution approach where a company pays out dividends to shareholders only after fulfilling its investment and financing requirements. Under this policy, the company determines the capital budget and financial needs first and then allocates the remaining earnings as dividends. The goal is to maintain the target capital structure and use retained earnings for growth opportunities.
b. To compute the amount of the dividend and the dividend payout ratio for each of the three capital expenditure amounts, we need to consider the available retained earnings, target capital structure, and capital budget options.
Given information:
- Forecasted level of potential retained earnings next year: $2 million
- Target or optimal capital structure (debt ratio): 40%
- Capital expenditure amounts: $2 million, $3 million, and $4 million
To calculate the dividend amount, we need to determine the financing requirement based on the target capital structure. The financing requirement is the difference between the target capital structure and the projected capital structure.
Let's calculate the dividend amounts and dividend payout ratios for each capital expenditure amount:
For a capital expenditure of $2 million:
Financing requirement = ($2 million - (40% * $2 million)) = $1.2 million
Dividend amount = Retained earnings - Financing requirement = $2 million - $1.2 million = $800,000
Dividend payout ratio = Dividend amount / Net income
For a capital expenditure of $3 million:
Financing requirement = ($3 million - (40% * $3 million)) = $1.8 million
Dividend amount = Retained earnings - Financing requirement = $2 million - $1.8 million = $200,000
Dividend payout ratio = Dividend amount / Net income
For a capital expenditure of $4 million:
Financing requirement = ($4 million - (40% * $4 million)) = $2.4 million
Dividend amount = Retained earnings - Financing requirement = $2 million - $2.4 million = -$400,000 (negative value indicates the need for new common stock)
Dividend payout ratio = Dividend amount / Net income
c. Comparing the dividend amounts associated with each capital expenditure amount:
- For a capital expenditure of $2 million, the dividend amount is $800,000.
- For a capital expenditure of $3 million, the dividend amount is $200,000.
- For a capital expenditure of $4 million, there is a need for new common stock, indicating no dividend payout.
The dividend amounts decrease as the capital expenditure increases because higher investment requirements reduce the available funds for dividend distribution. The company prioritizes financing its growth projects before paying dividends to maintain the desired capital structure.
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Case Study 1.1: Fidelio’s OPERA hotel Property Management
System
b) What are some of the channels of revenue that may create
opportunity?
Fidelio's OPERA Property Management System enhances hotel operations, guest experiences, and revenue by utilizing the Internet. It enables online reservations, integrates with OTAs and GDS, and utilizes data-driven upselling and cross-selling.
a) A Property Management System (PMS) like Fidelio's OPERA can take advantage of the internet in several ways. Firstly, it enables online reservations and bookings through the hotel's website, allowing guests to conveniently make reservations from anywhere with an Internet connection.
The PMS can also integrate with online travel agencies (OTAs) and global distribution systems (GDS), expanding the hotel's reach and visibility to a wider audience. Additionally, the PMS can facilitate online check-in and check-out processes, reducing paperwork and enhancing the guest experience.
The Internet also enables real-time communication and data synchronization between different departments and locations, improving operational efficiency and providing accurate and up-to-date information.
b) The channels of revenue that can create opportunities through a Property Management System include upselling and cross-selling. The PMS can analyze guest data and preferences, allowing the hotel to offer personalized upsells and upgrades during the booking process or during the guest's stay.
This can include room upgrades, additional services, or special packages, generating additional revenue. Cross-selling opportunities can arise by offering guests-related services such as spa treatments, restaurant reservations, or transportation services.
The PMS can track guest preferences and purchasing behavior, enabling targeted marketing and promotional offers to enhance revenue opportunities.
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Complete Question:
Fidelio's OPERA hotel Property Management System (PMS):
a) How does a Property Management System take advantage of the Internet?
b) What are some of the channels of revenue that may create opportunity?
Q=10L^0.5 K^0.5, where Q is the output of Chianti (a popular wine sold by Raffaldini’s Vineyard and Winery, located in the Yadkin Valley of North Carolina), L is labor and K is capital. w=$80, r=$20 where w is the wage rate and r is the cost of capital. Output price is $10 and is constant (competitive industry). Input prices are also constant (competitive input markets). a) In the short-run, capital is fixed at 20 units. Determine the profit-maximizing L in the short run. b) For the level of Q you found in a), find K, L you recommend using in the long run. c) Determine whether returns to scale are increasing, constant, or decreasing. d) Do you predict the number of firms in this industry will increase, decrease, or remain constant? Explain, referring to your spreadsheet as appropriate
In the short run, labor level is approximately 1.5625, while in the long run, recommended values are K ≈ 10.3158 and L ≈ 1.5625, with constant returns to scale.
a) In the short run, when capital is fixed at 20 units, we can maximize profit by equating the marginal product of labor (MPL) to the wage rate (w). Taking the derivative of the production function with respect to labor (L), we get:
dQ/dL = [tex]$5L^{-0.5}K^{0.5}$[/tex] = MPL
Setting MPL = w, we have:
[tex]$5L^{-0.5}K^{0.5}$[/tex] = 80
Since we are given that K = 20, we can substitute this value into the equation:
[tex]$5L^{-0.5}(20^{0.5})$[/tex]= 80
Simplifying, we get:
[tex]$5L^{-0.5}(4)$[/tex] = 80
Dividing both sides by 20:
[tex]L^{(-0.5)}[/tex] = 16
Taking the reciprocal of both sides:
[tex]L^{(0.5)}[/tex] = [tex]\frac{1}{16}[/tex]
Taking the square of both sides:
L =[tex]\frac{1}{256}[/tex]
Therefore, the profit-maximizing value of L in the short run is [tex]\frac{1}{256}[/tex].
b) For the level of Q found in part a), we recommend using the values of K and L obtained in the short run. Thus, K = 20 (fixed capital units) and L = [tex]\frac{1}{256}[/tex].
c) To determine whether returns to scale are increasing, constant, or decreasing, we need to examine the relationship between input proportions and output. In the given production function Q = [tex]$10L^{0.5}K^{0.5}$[/tex], we can rewrite it as Q =[tex]10(LK)^{0.5}[/tex].
The exponent 0.5 implies constant returns to scale since doubling both inputs (L and K) would result in doubling the output (Q).
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How is the complete list of accounts of Cobras Incorporated and the related balance at the end of March. All accounts have their normal debit or credit balance. Supplies, $1,000; Buildings, $55,000; Salaries Payable, $500; Common Stock, $35,000; Accounts Payable, $2,200; Utilities Expense, $3,700; Prepaid Insurance, $1,200; Service Revenue, $19,500; Accounts Receivable, $4,200; Cash, $3,500; Salaries Expense, $6,400; Retained Earnings, $17,800. Required: Prepare a trial balance with the list of accounts in the following order: assets, liabilities, stockholders' equity, revenues, and expenses.
A trial balance is a listing of all accounts in the general ledger that contain a balance at a particular date. It also reflects the balance of every account as either a debit or credit, and determines whether the accounting system is balanced.
The complete list of accounts of Cobras Incorporated and the related balance at the end of March are given below.. Below is the trial balance of Cobras Incorporated at the end of March:Assets:Supplies $1,000Prepaid Insurance $1,200Buildings $55,000Accounts Receivable $4,200,Cash $3,500 Total Assets $64,900,Liabilities:Accounts Payable $2,200Salaries Payable $500 .
Total Liabilities $2,700,Stockholders' Equity:Common Stock $35,000,Retained Earnings $17,800Total Stockholders' Equity $52,800,Revenues:Service Revenue $19,500Total Revenues $19,500 Expenses:Salaries Expense $6,400,Utilities Expense $3,700,Total Expenses $10,100,Total Liabilities, Stockholders' Equity, Revenues, and Expenses $82,100
Therefore, the trial balance of Cobras Incorporated at the end of March was $82,100.
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What annual rate will you need to earn if you want $225,000 in eight years and deposit $100,000 today in an account paying interest daily? a 3.89% b 10.14% c 2.78% d 10.67%
The annual rate of return needed to reach a future value of $225,000 in eight years is approximately 3.14%. Option A (3.89%) is the closest choice,
To calculate the annual rate of return needed to reach a future value of $225,000 in eight years, we can use the formula for compound interest:
Future Value = Present Value * (1 + r/n)^(n*t) Where:
Future Value = $225,000
Present Value = $100,000
r = annual interest rate (to be determined)
n = number of times interest is compounded per year (in this case, daily compounding)
t = number of years
We can rearrange the formula to solve for r:
r = (Future Value / Present Value)^(1/(n*t)) - 1
Substituting the given values into the formula, we get:
r = ($225,000 / $100,000)^(1/(365*8)) - 1
Calculating the right side of the equation:
r ≈ 0.0314
Converting the decimal to a percentage:
r ≈ 3.14%
Therefore, the annual rate of return needed to reach a future value of $225,000 in eight years is approximately 3.14%. Option A (3.89%) is the closest choice, but it is not an exact match.
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JIT partnerships is a partnership where one vendor and one buyer collaborate. Discuss characteristics of JIT partnerships
Long-term relationships, shared information, and supplier investment are some characteristics of a JIT partnership.
JIT partnerships are often long-term relationships that go beyond transactional interactions. They require a commitment from both the vendor and the buyer to develop a mutually beneficial partnership focused on continuous improvement and shared success.
Effective communication and sharing of information are vital in JIT partnerships. Both parties exchange real-time data. In a JIT partnership, the vendor becomes an integral part of the buyer's supply chain.
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Illustrate using relevant examples how regional economic
integrations will be of advantage to a particular country from the
economic and political perspectives.
Regional economic integrations can bring economic advantages such as expanded markets, increased trade, and investment opportunities. They also highlight the political benefits of stability, diplomatic relations, and influence in regional decision-making, contributing to a country's overall economic and political standing.
Regional economic integrations can bring various advantages to a particular country from both economic and political perspectives. Let's look at two relevant examples:
1. European Union (EU) and Germany:
Germany, as a member of the EU, has benefited greatly from regional economic integration.
Economic Perspective:
a) Market Access: Germany gains access to a large and integrated market of over 500 million consumers within the EU. This facilitates the free movement of goods, services, capital, and labor, enabling German businesses to expand their customer base and trade more easily across EU member states.
b) Increased Trade: The elimination of trade barriers, such as tariffs and customs restrictions, within the EU has boosted trade for Germany. It allows German companies to export their products without facing excessive trade barriers, leading to increased competitiveness and export opportunities.
Political Perspective:
a) Political Stability: EU membership provides a stable political environment for Germany. The EU promotes cooperation, peace, and security among its member states, reducing the likelihood of conflicts and fostering political stability within the region.
b) Influence in Decision-Making: As one of the largest economies within the EU, Germany holds significant influence in shaping regional policies and regulations. It can participate actively in decision-making processes that affect the economic and political landscape of the entire region.
2. Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and Singapore:
Singapore, as a member of ASEAN, has experienced numerous benefits from regional economic integration.
Economic Perspective:
a) Trade Facilitation: ASEAN has established a framework for reducing trade barriers, harmonizing regulations, and promoting regional economic cooperation. Singapore benefits from easier access to the markets of other ASEAN member countries, allowing its businesses to expand and increase trade within the region.
b) Investment Opportunities: ASEAN's integration efforts, such as the establishment of the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC), have attracted foreign direct investment (FDI) to the region. Singapore, as a financial and business hub, benefits from increased investment flows into ASEAN, as it serves as a gateway for multinational companies looking to access the wider ASEAN market.
Political Perspective:
a) Diplomatic Relations: ASEAN fosters closer diplomatic ties among member countries through regular dialogue and cooperation. Singapore benefits from enhanced diplomatic relations within the region, which can lead to increased collaboration on political issues, regional security, and mutual support during crises.
b) Regional Influence: As a founding member and one of the most developed economies within ASEAN, Singapore has gained influence in shaping the region's policies and initiatives. It can leverage its position to promote its interests, influence decision-making processes, and strengthen its role as a regional leader.
These examples demonstrate how regional economic integrations can bring economic advantages such as expanded markets, increased trade, and investment opportunities. They also highlight the political benefits of stability, diplomatic relations, and influence in regional decision-making, contributing to a country's overall economic and political standing.
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The current price of a non-dividend paying stock is $30. Use a two-step tree to value a European call option on the stock with a strike price of $32 tha expires in 6 months. Each step is 3 months, the risk free rate is 8% per annum with continuous compounding. (6 points) 5.1 What is the option price at node B? (Hint: The current stock price is node A. Node B for the first up tik). 5.2 What is the current option price when u = 1.1 and d= 0.9?2 5.3 What is the probability of an up movement? 5.4 What is the implied volatility? 4 Answers 1-4 1. 2
The valuation of the European Call option with the given specifications requires the creation of a two-step tree. The current price of a non-dividend paying stock is $30.
The two-step tree is created by considering two possible outcomes for the stock after three months. The risk-free rate is 8% per annum with continuous compounding. The strike price is $32, and the option expires in six months.
5.1 Option price at node B
In the first step, the stock price can move either up to $33.00 or down to $27.00. The stock prices at node C and D are calculated by using the up and down factors respectively. The up factor is obtained as follows:
u = e^(σ√(t/n))
= e^(0.25×0.25) = 1.1060.
The down factor is:
d = 1/u = 0.9048.
The stock prices at nodes C and D are given by:
C = 30 × 1.1060 = 33.18
D = 30 × 0.9048 = 27.14
The option prices at nodes C and D are given by:
C = max(0,33.18 – 32) = 1.18
D = max(0,27.14 – 32) = 0
The option price at node B is obtained as follows:
P_B = e^(-rt/n)[pC + (1 – p)D]
where,
p = [e^(rt/n) – d]/(u – d)
= [e^(0.08×0.25) – 0.9048]/(1.1060 – 0.9048)
= 0.5586
Therefore,
P_B = e^(-0.08×0.25)[0.5586 × 1.18 + (1 – 0.5586) × 0]
= 0.5406
5.2 Current option price when u = 1.1 and d= 0.9
When u = 1.1 and d= 0.9, the up factor and down factor are given as:
u = 1.1
d = 0.9
The stock price at node C is calculated as follows:
C = 30 × 1.1 = 33
The stock price at node D is calculated as follows:
D = 30 × 0.9 = 27
The option prices at nodes C and D are given by:
C = max(0,33 – 32) = 1
D = max(0,27 – 32) = 0
The option price at node B is obtained as follows:
P_B = e^(-0.08×0.25)[pC + (1 – p)D]
where,
p = [e^(rt/n) – d]/(u – d)
= [e^(0.08×0.25) – 0.9]/(1.1 – 0.9)
= 0.5784
Therefore,
P_B = e^(-0.08×0.25)[0.5784 × 1 + (1 – 0.5784) × 0]
= 0.5507
5.3 Probability of an up movement
The probability of an up movement is given as:
p = [e^(rt/n) – d]/(u – d)
where,
r = 0.08
t = 0.25
n = 2
u = e^(σ√(t/n)) = e^(0.25×0.25) = 1.1060
d = 1/u = 0.9048
Therefore,
p = [e^(0.08×0.25) – 0.9048]/(1.1060 – 0.9048)
= 0.5586
5.4 Implied volatility
To calculate the implied volatility, the Black-Scholes formula is used as follows:
C = S0N(d1) – Ke^(-rt)N(d2)
where,
S0 = 30
K = 32
t = 0.5
r = 0.08
C = 1.18 (option price at node C)
Assuming that the option is at-the-money, d1 and d2 are calculated as:
d1 = [ln(S0/K) + (r + σ^2/2)t]/(σ√t)
= [ln(30/32) + (0.08 + σ^2/2)0.5]/(σ√0.5)
= 0.2337σ + 0.0441
d2 = d1 – σ√t
= 0.2337σ – 0.1400
Substituting these values in the Black-Scholes formula,
1.18 = 30N(0.2337σ + 0.0441) – 32e^(-0.08×0.5)N(0.2337σ – 0.1400)
Solving for σ using a financial calculator, the implied volatility is approximately 32.28%.
The option price at node B is 0.5406, the current option price when u = 1.1 and d= 0.9 is 0.5507, the probability of an up movement is 0.5586, and the implied volatility is 32.28%.
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27. Upon
capital increase the valuation stated in the Memorandum of Association of JSC may not be
higher than the valuation assigned by the experts.
a.
True
b. False
The correct option is true. Upon capital increase the valuation stated in the Memorandum of Association of JSC may not be higher than the valuation assigned by the experts, which is a true statement. When the Memorandum of Association (MOA) is written, it is usually based on the original assets, and any subsequent capital increase must not be above the valuation set by the experts.
The Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that describes the company's regulations and practices. A capital increase, also known as authorized capital, is when the company's shares are increased. The Memorandum of Association is created based on the initial capital, and any subsequent capital increase must not exceed the valuation set by experts. The company's MOA should be filed with the Registrar of Companies after all founding members have signed it. It includes information on the company's capital, the number of shares issued, and the number of shareholders. The document also outlines the company's goals. Upon capital increase the valuation stated in the Memorandum of Association of JSC may not be higher than the valuation assigned by the experts. This means that the capital increase valuation should not be higher than the value determined by experts. This is done to ensure that the company's interests are safeguarded.
The statement "Upon capital increase the valuation stated in the Memorandum of Association of JSC may not be higher than the valuation assigned by the experts" is true. This means that the valuation assigned by experts should not be exceeded by the capital increase valuation. The MOA, which is a legal document, sets out the company's regulations and practices. It is created based on the initial capital, and any subsequent capital increase must not exceed the valuation set by experts.
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The Little Company needs $750,000 in new assets, will raise $100,000 in spontaneous funding (A/P), and has profit margins are 10%. If Little Company retains 50% of earnings and has Sales of $7 Million, then how much AFN is needed? (Answer in Thousands of dollars.)
To calculate the additional funds needed (AFN) for The Little Company, we can use the following formula:
AFN = (Total Assets - Total Liabilities and Equity) - (Increase in Spontaneous Funding) - (Retained Earnings)
First, let's calculate the Total Assets:
Total Assets = $750,000 (new assets)
Next, we need to calculate the Total Liabilities and Equity. Since the information about the current liabilities and equity is not provided, we'll assume that the existing liabilities and equity remain the same, resulting in:
Total Liabilities and Equity = Total Liabilities + Total Equity
Since we don't have information about the current liabilities and equity, we can't calculate the exact value. Let's assume they remain unchanged at $1,000,000.
Total Liabilities and Equity = $1,000,000
Now, let's calculate the Increase in Spontaneous Funding:
Increase in Spontaneous Funding = $100,000
Next, we'll calculate the Retained Earnings:
Retained Earnings = (Profit Margin * Sales) * Retention Ratio
Profit Margin = 10% = 0.10
Sales = $7,000,000
Retention Ratio = 50% = 0.50
Retained Earnings = (0.10 * $7,000,000) * 0.50 =$ 350,000
Finally, we can calculate the AFN:
AFN = (Total Assets - Total Liabilities and Equity) - (Increase in Spontaneous Funding) - (Retained Earnings)
AFN = ($750,000 - $1,000,000) - $100,000 - $350,000
AFN = -$700,000
The negative AFN indicates that The Little Company has excess funds available and does not need additional funds.
Therefore, the AFN needed is $0 (in thousands of dollars).
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a) Assume that you are considering the purchase of a 20-year, noncallable bond with an annual coupon rate of 7.5%. The bond has a face value of $1,000, and it makes semi-annual interest payments. If you require an 9.4% yield to maturity on this investment, what is the maximum price you should be willing to pay for the bond? b) Harding Enterprises' bonds currently sell for $1,050. They have a 7-year maturity, an annual coupon of $50, and a par value of $1,000. What is their current yield? c) Endoderm Corporation's bonds make an annual coupon interest payment of 7.75%. The bonds have a par value of $1,000, a current price of $1,150, and mature in 15 years. What is the yield to maturity on these bonds? (5 marks) d) Optimum Company's bonds mature in 20 years, have a par value of $1,000, and make an annual coupon interest payment of $45. The market requires an interest rate of 6.2% on these bonds. What is the bond's price?
The maximum price should be willing to pay for the bond is approximately $701.18. The current yield of Harding Enterprises' bonds is approximately 4.76%. The yield to maturity on Endoderm Corporation's bonds is approximately 5.56%. The price of Optimum Company's bonds is approximately $809.24.
a)
To calculate the maximum price you should be willing to pay for the bond, you need to determine the present value of the bond's future cash flows. The bond has a 20-year maturity and makes semi-annual interest payments at an annual coupon rate of 7.5%. The face value of the bond is $1,000.
First, calculate the number of semi-annual periods:
20 years * 2 periods per year = 40 semi-annual periods.
Next, calculate the periodic coupon payment:
$1,000 * 7.5% / 2 = $37.50.
The yield to maturity (YTM) is 9.4%, which is the required rate of return.
Since the bond makes semi-annual payments, the periodic YTM is 9.4% / 2 = 4.7%.
Using the formula for the present value of an annuity, the maximum price you should be willing to pay can be calculated as follows:
PV = (C / r) * (1 - (1 + r)^(-n))
where:
PV = Present value
C = Periodic coupon payment
r = Periodic interest rate
n = Number of periods
PV = ($37.50 / 4.7%) * (1 - (1 + 4.7%)^(-40))
PV = ($37.50 / 0.047) * (1 - 1.047^(-40))
PV = $797.87 * (1 - 0.1217)
PV = $797.87 * 0.8783
PV ≈ $701.18
Therefore, the maximum price you should be willing to pay for the bond is approximately $701.18.
b)
The current yield can be calculated by dividing the annual coupon payment by the current market price of the bond and multiplying by 100%.
Annual coupon payment = $50
Current market price = $1,050
Current yield = ($50 / $1,050) * 100%
Current yield ≈ 4.76%
Therefore, the current yield of Harding Enterprises' bonds is approximately 4.76%.
c)
To calculate the yield to maturity (YTM) on Endoderm Corporation's bonds, you need to determine the discount rate that equates the present value of the bond's future cash flows to its current price.
The bond has a par value of $1,000, an annual coupon interest payment of 7.75%, a current price of $1,150, and matures in 15 years.
The YTM is the annualized discount rate that solves the following equation:
$1,150 = ($77.50 / (1 + YTM/2)^30) + ($1,000 / (1 + YTM/2)^30)
Solving this equation gives the yield to maturity (YTM):
YTM ≈ 5.56%
Therefore, the yield to maturity on Endoderm Corporation's bonds is approximately 5.56%.
d)
The bond price can be calculated by finding the present value of the bond's future cash flows, similar to part (a). The bond has a 20-year maturity, a par value of $1,000, and makes an annual coupon interest payment of $45. The market requires an interest rate of 6.2% on these bonds.
First, calculate the number of periods: 20 years * 1 period per year = 20 periods.
Next, calculate the periodic coupon payment: $45.
The market interest rate is 6.2%, which is the required rate of return.
Using the formula for the present value of a bond, the bond price can be calculated as follows:
Bond Price = (C / r) * (1 - (1 + r)^(-n)) + (F / (1 + r)^n)
where:
Bond Price = Price of the bond
C = Periodic coupon payment
r = Periodic interest rate
n = Number of periods
F = Face value of the bond
Bond Price = ($45 / 6.2%) * (1 - (1 + 6.2%)^(-20)) + ($1,000 / (1 + 6.2%)^20)
Bond Price = ($45 / 0.062) * (1 - 1.062^(-20)) + ($1,000 / 1.062^20)
Bond Price = $725.81 * (1 - 0.3354) + $326.48
Bond Price = $725.81 * 0.6646 + $326.48
Bond Price ≈ $482.76 + $326.48
Bond Price ≈ $809.24
Therefore, the price of Optimum Company's bonds is approximately $809.24.
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the uyse of the effective interest method to amortize a discount associated with the acquiesition of an invetment in bonds resulyt in
The use of the effective interest method to amortize a discount associated with the acquisition of an investment in bonds results in a gradual increase in the bond's carrying value over time.
The effective interest method is a standard accounting practice used to allocate the bond discount or premium over the life of the bond. When a bond is purchased at a discount, it means the purchase price is lower than the bond's face value. The discount represents the difference between the purchase price and the face value.
Under the effective interest method, the discount is amortized, or gradually reduced, over the bond's life. This amortization is recorded as an adjustment to the bond's carrying value, which is the bond's original purchase price plus any accrued interest.
Each period, a portion of the discount is amortized and added to the bond's carrying value. This results in a gradual increase in the carrying value, moving it closer to the bond's face value. By the time the bond reaches its maturity date, the carrying value will equal the bond's face value.
The effective interest method ensures that the bond's interest expense is recognized over its life, taking into account the changing carrying value. It provides a more accurate representation of the bond's cost and interest expense compared to other amortization methods.
Using the effective interest method to amortize a discount associated with the acquisition of an investment in bonds leads to a gradual increase in the bond's carrying value over time. This method accurately reflects the bond's cost and interest expense, ensuring appropriate accounting treatment for the discount.
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Suppose the probability a building is destroyed by an earthquake is 18% and the probability a building is destroyed by a fire is 13%. Then, the P (earthquake or fire destroys building) is: A. 0.23 B. 0.31 C. 310% D. 0.0031 E. 0.0234 F. None of these options.
The probability that either earthquake or fire destroys the building is 0.31. The correct option is B.
To find the probability that either earthquake or fire destroys the building, we need to use the formula:
P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A and B)
Where A and B are two mutually exclusive events.
A denotes that the building is destroyed by an earthquake and B denotes that the building is destroyed by a fire.
P(A) = Probability that the building is destroyed by an earthquake = 18/100 = 0.18
P(B) = Probability that the building is destroyed by a fire = 13/100 = 0.13
Since the building cannot be destroyed by both an earthquake and fire simultaneously, we have
P(A and B) = 0
Therefore,P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A and B)= 0.18 + 0.13 - 0= 0.31
Therefore, the probability that either earthquake or fire destroys the building is 0.31. Hence, option B is correct.
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Which TPS term describes waste?
Group of answer choices:
Muda
Andon
Jidoka
Kaizen
TPS term that describes waste is Muda. It is one of the three types of waste in the Toyota Production System (TPS), which is a management philosophy that aims to eliminate waste, optimize processes, and improve efficiency. The correct option is (A).
Muda refers to non-value-added activities that waste time, resources, and money. These include overproduction, waiting, defects, overprocessing, excess inventory, unnecessary motion, and unused talent or creativity. Andon is a TPS term that refers to a visual control system that alerts workers and supervisors of problems or abnormalities in the production process.
Judoka means autonomation, which is the ability of machines to detect defects, stop themselves, and alert humans for resolution. Kaizen means continuous improvement, which is a mindset that seeks to make incremental and sustainable improvements in all aspects of the organization over time.
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Power Corp. makes 2 products: blades for table saws and blades for handsaws. Each product passes through the sharpening machine area, which is the chief constraint during production. Handsaw blades ta
The number of handsaw blades that Power Corp. should produce is 2,308, and the number of table saw blades that it should produce is 5,409.
Calculation of the quantity to be produced. The number of handsaw blades to be produced = 4000. The number of table saw blades to be produced = 4000. Handsaw blades take 15 minutes on the sharpening machine, Table saw blades take 20 minutes on the sharpening machine, Total time available = 5000 hours.
The number of handsaw blades that can be produced in 1 hour = 60/15 =4 The number of table saw blades that can be produced in 1 hour = 60/20 = 3 Total units produced per hour = 3 + 4 = 7 units In 5000 hours, the total number of units that can be produced = 5000 * 7 = 35,000 units The contribution margin for handsaw blades per unit= $15 The contribution margin for table saw blades per unit = $35 The handsaw blades and the table saw blades should be produced in a ratio that maintains the contribution margin.
Using the weighted average formula, it can be calculated as follows: {4000 * $15 + 4000 * $35} {5000} = $26 The weighted average is $26 per unit. Therefore, the quantity to be produced for handsaw blades {4000 * $15} {$26} = 2307.7 (approx) 2308. The quantity to be produced for table saw blades {4000 * $35} {$26} = 5409.2 (approx) 5409 units. Hence, the number of handsaw blades that Power Corp. should produce is 2,308, and the number of table saw blades that it should produce is 5,409.
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Power Corp. makes 2 products: blades for table saws and blades for handsaws. Each product passes through the sharpening machine area, which is the chief constraint during production. Handsaw blades take 15 minutes on the sharpening machine and have a contribution margin per blade of $15. Table saw blades take 20 minutes on the sharpening machine and have a contribution margin per blade of $35. If it is assumed that Power Corp. has 5,000 hours available on the sharpening machine to service a minimum demand for each product of 4,000 units, how many of each product should be made
Which good will have a bigger tax revenue if a tax is put on the good? hotel rooms in the long-run hotel rooms in the short-run
Hotel rooms in the long run are likely to generate higher tax revenue compared to hotel rooms in the short run.
In the long run, hotels can adjust their prices and operations in response to the tax on hotel rooms. They can attract more customers by offering competitive rates and promotions, resulting in increased occupancy and higher revenues. With a higher number of occupied rooms, the tax revenue generated from each room will accumulate over time. Additionally, hotels can invest in marketing strategies to attract more guests, leading to increased bookings and subsequent tax revenue. On the other hand, in the short run, hotels may struggle to adapt to the sudden imposition of a tax, potentially leading to lower occupancy rates and reduced revenue, resulting in a comparatively lower tax revenue generation.
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If my goal on a marketing plan is to launch a new product
successfully what would say are the objectives ?
When launching a new product, the marketing team should set objectives to measure the success of the launch.
The marketing team should develop strategies to educate the target audience about the product and its unique features. They may also consider using influencers to create buzz around the launch.
A new product launch should result in an increase in sales. Therefore, the marketing team should focus on developing campaigns that promote the product to the target audience. They may also consider creating exclusive offers for early adopters of the product to increase sales.
Launching a new product should not only generate one-time sales but should also help to build long-term brand loyalty. The marketing team should focus on creating a positive brand image and provide excellent customer service to ensure that customers keep coming back for more.
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Generation X Fashions Inc. sells 400 units resulting in $8,000
of sales revenue, $4,000 of
varable costs, and $1,500 of fixed costs. Contribution margin
per unit is: (Round the final
answer to the nea
The contribution margin per unit for Generation X Fashions Inc. is $10.
To calculate the contribution margin per unit, we need to subtract the variable costs per unit from the sales revenue per unit.
Given:
Sales revenue = $8,000
Variable costs = $4,000
Fixed costs = $1,500
Number of units sold = 400
Contribution margin per unit = (Sales revenue - Variable costs) / Number of units sold
Contribution margin per unit = ($8,000 - $4,000) / 400
= $4,000 / 400
= $10
Therefore, the contribution margin per unit for Generation X Fashions Inc. is $10.
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1. Click Pix (CP), a large discount camera shop in New York city has recently begun carrying Sonic model PS58 camcorders, which costs CP $400 each. Sales average 1200 units a year. The cost of placing an order with Sonic is $50. Holding rate is estimated at 60% a year. Sonic is a supplier that offer CP an all unit discount. No discount for an order of 124 or less camcorders. A discount of $25 per unit for an order between 125 and 599 units. For an order of 600 or more a discount of $60 a unit.
1.1 How many camcorders should Click Pix order from Sonic to minimize total cost under the discount schedule? You need to show the actual calculation of the Annual ordering cost, holding cost and purchasing cost.
1.2 Show the calculation of the annual TC (in the Answers sheet) for the optimal order found in question
1.3 If Click Pix can only store 100 camcorders because of limited space, how many camcorders should be ordered (value below were rounded UP when necessary).
A discount of $25 per unit for orders between 125 and 599 units. For an order of 600 or more a discount of $60 a unit. the annual TC for the optimal order found is $359.5.
Given, Sonic model PS58 camcorders cost Click Pix (CP) $400 each Sales average of 1200 units a year cost of placing an order with Sonic is $ 50 holding rate is estimated at a 60% a year discount for an order of 124 or fewer camcorders Discount of $25 per unit for an order between 125 and 599 units Discount of $60 a unit for an order of 600 or more. Since the discount on an order of 125 or more camcorders is higher than the discount on 600 or more, CP should order 599 units to minimize the total cost.
Optimal Order Quantity (Q) = 599 units cost of placing an order (S)
= $50 Holding rate (H)
= 60%
The discount rate is the carrying cost that will be saved per unit if the order quantity is increased by one unit.
Discount Rate (D) = $25 per unit
Annual Demand (D) = 1200 units cost per unit (C)
= $400TC = [Q/2 * S/D] + [D * C * H/Q]TC
= [599/2 * 50/25] + [25 * 400 * 0.60/599]TC
= 299.5 + 60 Total cost
= $359.5
Therefore, the annual TC for the optimal order found is $359.5.
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Assume in a private economy that the equilibrium level of income is $420 and the MPS is 0.25. Now suppose government collects taxes of $45 and spends the entire amount. Calculate the new equilibrium level of income.
In a private economy, if the equilibrium level of income is $420 and the MPS is 0.25. Then government collects taxes of $45 and spends the entire amount.
The new equilibrium level of income can be calculated as follows:Answer:Long answerTo find the new equilibrium level of income we need to know the spending multiplier. Spending multiplier = 1 / MPS = 1/0.25 = 4Initial equilibrium level of income = $420Government collects taxes of $45 and spends the entire amount.
the new aggregate demand is $45Equilibrium level of income formula is: Y = AD where Y is the equilibrium level of income and AD is the aggregate demandY = $45 × 4Y = $180Therefore, Spending multiplier = 1 / MPS = 1/0.25 = 4Initial equilibrium level of income = $420Government collects taxes of $45 and spends the entire amountSo, the new equilibrium level of income is $180.
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