From a CSR ethics perspective, business management should not solely seek the lowest prices for customers and the highest rate of return on investment. CSR ethics emphasizes the broader responsibilities of businesses towards stakeholders, including social and environmental considerations, and aims for a balance between financial goals and ethical obligations.
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) ethics refers to the moral and ethical obligations that businesses have towards society and the environment. It encompasses the idea that businesses should not only prioritize profitability but also consider the impact of their actions on stakeholders, including customers, employees, communities, and the environment.
A socially responsible business management approach considers the long-term well-being of all stakeholders. It takes into account the ethical implications of business decisions and strives to balance economic goals with social and environmental concerns. This means that while seeking competitive prices and profitability, businesses should also consider factors such as fair treatment of employees, environmental sustainability, community development, and ethical sourcing.
By incorporating CSR ethics into business management, companies can build trust and credibility with stakeholders, contribute to social progress, and mitigate potential risks associated with unethical practices. A holistic approach that aligns business goals with societal and environmental values can lead to sustainable success and a positive impact on both the business and the wider community.
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Friendly Bookstore has experienced rapid growth since its formation in 2017. Following is selected data from its annual report Item 2020 2018 2017 Sales $1,260,000 2019 $970,000 $840,000 $600,000 Cost of Goods Sold $971,000 $598,000 $515,000 $360,000 Net Income $53,000 $46,000 $39,000 $30,000 Total Assets $1,100,000 $897,000 $768,000 $545,000 Number of Books 85,703 73,192 63,200 45,187 Sold Required: a. Perform a horizontal common-size analysis of the data given. (5 marks) 2020 Item Sales Cost of Goods Sold Net Income Total Assets Number of Books Sold 2019 2018 2017
To perform a horizontal common-size analysis, we will express each item as a percentage of the base year (2017). The percentages are rounded to two decimal places.
2020:
Item Sales Cost of Goods Sold Net Income Total Assets Number of Books Sold
Percentage 210% 270% 176.67% 202.75% 190%
2019:
Item Sales Cost of Goods Sold Net Income Total Assets Number of Books Sold
Percentage 162.33% 183.33% 156.67% 164.22% 162.45%
2018:
Item Sales Cost of Goods Sold Net Income Total Assets Number of Books Sold
Percentage 140% 115.55% 130% 131.65% 140.21%
2017:
Item Sales Cost of Goods Sold Net Income Total Assets Number of Books Sold
Percentage 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
The horizontal common-size analysis provides insights into the percentage change of each item over the years relative to the base year (2017). For example, sales in 2020 increased by 110% compared to 2017, while net income in 2020 increased by 76.67% compared to 2017.
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Sama company has tho following unadjusted account balances at December 31, 2021: Total Sales of $ 511,000, Accounts Receivable of 505,600 and the tho total Account Recolvablo. Tho Allowanco for Doubtful Accounts had a credit balance of $7,200, before the estimate was d Required: Propare tho adjusting journal ontry to record bad dobis expenso for 2021
To record the bad debts expense for 2021, we need to estimate the allowance for doubtful accounts based on a percentage of the accounts receivable. In this case, the allowance is estimated to be 3% of the total accounts receivable.
Given:
Total Sales: $511,000
Accounts Receivable: $505,600
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts (credit balance): $7,200
Step 1: Calculate the estimated allowance for doubtful accounts.
Estimated Allowance for Doubtful Accounts = 3% of Accounts Receivable
Estimated Allowance for Doubtful Accounts = 0.03 * $505,600
Estimated Allowance for Doubtful Accounts = $15,168
Step 2: Record the adjusting journal entry.
Debit Bad Debts Expense: $15,168
Credit Allowance for Doubtful Accounts: $15,168
This journal entry increases the Bad Debts Expense account and increases the Allowance for Doubtful Accounts by the same amount. It reflects the estimated amount of uncollectible accounts based on the percentage of accounts receivable.
Note: The total sales amount is not directly used in the adjusting entry for bad debts expense. It is used to generate the accounts receivable, which is then used in the calculation of the estimated allowance for doubtful accounts.
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BHP Group Ltd.- 2019 and 2020 Partial Balance Sheet
Assets
Liabilities & Owner’s Equity
2019
2020
2019
2020
Current assets
$2712
$7260
Current liabilities
$1483
$3153
Net Fixed assets
$7801
$11052
Long-term debt
$3218
$1335
Total Equity
(Total assets – total debt)
(Total assets – total debt)
BHP Group Ltd.- 2020 Income Statement
Sales
$10488
Cost of goods sold
$5651
Depreciation
$2156
Interest paid
$1291
Taxes
$1449
Calculate Operating cash flow (OCF) for BHP Group Ltd. Enter the whole number (e.g., 12345) without sign or symbol.
The operating cash flow (OCF) for BHP Group Ltd. is $1,941.
To calculate the operating cash flow (OCF) for BHP Group Ltd., we need to use the information provided in the income statement.
OCF = Sales - Cost of goods sold - Depreciation - Interest paid - Taxes
Using the given values:
OCF = $10,488 - $5,651 - $2,156 - $1,291 - $1,449
= $1,941
The operating cash flow (OCF) is a measure of the cash generated by a company's core operations. It represents the cash flow before considering financing and investing activities.
To calculate the OCF for BHP Group Ltd., we subtract various components from the company's sales (revenue). These components include the cost of goods sold, which represents the direct expenses associated with producing the goods or services sold. Depreciation is a non-cash expense that reflects the decrease in value of the company's fixed assets over time. Interest paid refers to the interest expenses on the company's debt, and taxes represent the income taxes paid by the company.
By subtracting these components from the sales, we arrive at the operating cash flow. In this case, the OCF for BHP Group Ltd. is calculated as $1,941. This indicates that the company generated $1,941 in cash from its core operations during the given period.
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Briefly distinguish between strategic and tactical farm management
Strategic farm management involves long-term planning and decision-making, focusing on the overall direction and goals of the farm. Tactical farm management, on the other hand, deals with short-term implementation and operational decisions to achieve the strategic objectives.
Strategic farm management is concerned with setting the long-term vision, goals, and objectives of the farm. It involves making decisions that impact the overall direction of the farm, such as determining the farm's target market, selecting appropriate crops or livestock, evaluating investment opportunities, and developing sustainable farming practices. Strategic management considers factors like market trends, competition, resource allocation, and risk management to create a roadmap for the farm's success.
Tactical farm management, on the other hand, deals with the day-to-day operations and implementation of the strategic plans. It focuses on executing the strategies and making short-term decisions to achieve the strategic objectives. Tactical management involves tasks such as crop selection, planting schedules, labor management, pest control, financial management, and operational efficiency. It involves monitoring and adjusting activities to ensure the smooth functioning of the farm and the timely completion of tasks.
In summary, strategic farm management involves long-term planning and decision-making to determine the farm's direction and goals, while tactical farm management focuses on the operational implementation of the strategic plans on a short-term basis. Both strategic and tactical management are essential for effective farm management, as they work together to drive the success and sustainability of the farm.
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Jim and Laura Buyer visit the local car dealership because they are interested in buying a new car. The car they currently have is aging and is starting to have mechanical problems. Jim and Laura would share the new car, and use it to go back and forth to work and school. Before going to the dealership, Jim and Laura decide that they can only afford $400.00 a month in car payments.
Once at the car dealership, Jim and Laura meet Stan Salesman. Stan shows them several vehicles and Jim and Laura test-drive several of the cars. Jim and Laura particularly like the blue 4-door sedan. Therefore, they agree to give Stan Salesman a $100.00 deposit to hold the car for a day. Stan Salesman does not give them the receipt but guarantees that the $100.00 is refundable. No documents were signed.
The next day, Stan Salesman calls Jim and Laura to ask them when they would like to take delivery of the car. Jim and Laura, on the way home from the dealership, decided that they were not going to buy the car because they did not want to spend that money each month. Therefore, Jim and Laura tell Stan salesman that they have decided not to buy the car and request their $100.00 deposit back.
Stan insists that the $100.00 was a deposit on the car and was meant to be part of the contract to buy the car. Stan is very persistent and insistent that Jim and Laura have contracted to buy the car; therefore, the $100.00 will be applied to the purchase price of the car. Jim and Laura are shocked and angry as not only do they not want to spend the money, but now feel as though they are being duped by Stan Salesman.
Jim and Laura have an appointment to see a lawyer in a few days, but know you are a student taking a business law class and come to you for advice. They are very frazzled, and understandably upset that they may have just purchased a car. Since you have been taking business law, you have read and understand the elements of a contract and the defenses to a contract. Therefore, although you are not a lawyer, you provide some basic advice from what you’ve learned in your business law class.
In three to five (3-5) pages, advise Jim and Laura based on the above facts as presented, the material provided in the text, and material covered in the lecture. In your paper, be sure to address the following:
Define the elements of a legal contract using examples from the scenario where applicable.
Decide whether or not there was a contract for the purchase of the automobile.
Identify the facts from the scenario which support your decision on whether or not a contract exists for the purchase of the automobile.
Based on the scenario provided, it appears that there may not be a legally enforceable contract for the purchase of the automobile between Jim and Laura and Stan Salesman.
To form a legal contract, certain elements must be present, including offer, acceptance, consideration, and intention to create legal relations. Let's analyze the elements in the given scenario:
1. Offer: Stan Salesman showed Jim and Laura several vehicles and allowed them to test-drive cars. However, there is no clear indication that Stan made a specific offer for the sale of the blue 4-door sedan.
2. Acceptance: Jim and Laura gave Stan a $100.00 deposit to hold the car, but it is important to determine whether this was an acceptance of a specific offer or merely an expression of interest.
3. Consideration: Consideration refers to something of value exchanged between parties. In this case, Jim and Laura's $100.00 deposit can be seen as consideration if it was meant to be part of the purchase price of the car.
4. Intention to create legal relations: There is no mention of any formal agreement or intent to be bound by legal obligations. Additionally, no documents were signed.
Based on the analysis of the elements of a legal contract in the given scenario, it is unlikely that a contract for the purchase of the automobile exists between Jim and Laura and Stan Salesman. The absence of a clear offer, formal acceptance, and intention to create legal relations suggests that the $100.00 deposit should be refundable.
However, it is important to note that this analysis is based on general contract principles and may vary depending on jurisdiction and specific details not provided in the scenario. Jim and Laura should still seek legal advice from a professional to fully understand their rights and options in this situation.
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If a consumer consumes two goods, A and B, and the price of A falls, then the substitution effect would cause the consumer to: a. buy less A and less B. b. buy less A and more B.
c. buy more A and more B. d. buy more A and less B.
d) The main answer is to buy more A and less B. If a consumer consumes two goods, A and B, and the price of A falls, then the substitution effect would cause the consumer
According to the substitution effect, when the price of good A falls, it becomes relatively cheaper compared to good B. As a result, consumers tend to substitute the relatively cheaper good (A) for the relatively more expensive good (B). This leads to an increase in the quantity demanded of good A and a decrease in the quantity demanded of good B. Therefore, option d, "buy more A and less B," accurately represents the outcome of the substitution effect in response to a decrease in the price of good A.
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Bobby Murray Chevrolet, Inc., contracted to supply 1,200 school bus chassis to local school boards. The contract stated that "products of any manufacturer may be offered," but Bobby Murray submitted its orders exclusively to General Motors Corp. (GMC). When a shortage in automatic transmissions occurred, GMC informed the dealer that it could not fill the orders. Bobby Murray told the school boards, which then bought the chassis from another dealer. The boards filed a suit in a North Carolina state court against Bobby Murray for breach of contract. The dealer responded that its obligation to perform was excused under the doctrine of commercial impracticability, in part because of GMC’s failure to fill its orders.
Should Bobby Murray be excused from its obligations?
What factors should the court consider in making its decision in this case? How does the doctrine of commercial impracticability attempt to balance the rights of both parties to a contract?
Whether Bobby Murray should be excused from its obligations under the doctrine of commercial impracticability depends on the specific circumstances of the case and how the court interprets the doctrine. The court will consider various factors to make its decision, including:
Terms of the contract: The court will review the terms of the contract between Bobby Murray and the school boards to determine if there are any provisions that address unforeseen events or circumstances that could excuse performance.
Commercial impracticability: The court will assess whether the shortage of automatic transmissions qualifies as a circumstance that renders performance commercially impracticable. This involves evaluating whether the event was unforeseen, beyond the control of the party seeking to be excused, and not reasonably foreseeable at the time of contracting.
Availability of alternative options: The court will consider whether Bobby Murray made reasonable efforts to mitigate the shortage by exploring alternative sources of supply or notifying the school boards promptly about the issue.
Notice and communication: The court will examine the extent to which Bobby Murray communicated with the school boards about the shortage and its inability to fulfill the orders, as well as the actions taken by the school boards in response.
The doctrine of commercial impracticability attempts to balance the rights of both parties to a contract by recognizing that certain unforeseen and extraordinary events may make performance excessively burdensome or impracticable for one party. It provides a potential defense for non-performance when the occurrence of such events is beyond the control of the party seeking to be excused. The court will consider whether the shortage of automatic transmissions qualifies as such an event and whether Bobby Murray made reasonable efforts to mitigate the impact and communicate with the school boards. Ultimately, the court will assess the equities and determine if Bobby Murray should be excused from its obligations under the doctrine of commercial impracticability.
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Hind has extensive experience and knowledge in ergonomic product design. Though she is not a manager, she is often called on by product managers to offer advice on ergonomic features for new products. It can be said that Hind has power in ergonomic product design. A Referent B Transformational C Behavioral D Expert
Hind has extensive experience and knowledge in ergonomic product design. Though she is not a manager, she is often called on by product managers to offer advice on ergonomic features for new products. It can be said that Hind has Expert power in ergonomic product design. Thus, option D is correct.
Expert power is derived from an individual's expertise, knowledge, and skills in a particular domain. In Hind's case, her extensive experience and knowledge in ergonomic product design make her a subject matter expert in this field.
Hind's expertise makes her a valuable resource for product managers who seek her advice on incorporating ergonomic features into new products. Her in-depth understanding of ergonomic principles and her ability to provide valuable insights and recommendations demonstrate her expert power.
Having expert power enables Hind to influence others through her expertise and credibility. Product managers trust and rely on her knowledge, which gives her influence and authority in the area of ergonomic product design.
In conclusion, Hind possesses expert power in ergonomic product design due to her extensive experience and knowledge in the field. This power allows her to provide valuable advice and guidance to product managers, and her expertise is highly regarded and sought after in the organization. Thus, option D is correct.
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On January 1, 2021, Cullumber Ltd. had the following shareholders' equity accounts:
Common shares (1,000,000 issued)
$1,700,000
Retained earnings
1,960,000
The company was also authorized to issue an unlimited number of $4 noncumulative preferred shares. As at January 1, 2021, none had been issued. During 2021, the corporation had the following transactions and events related to its shareholders' equity:
Jan.
2
Issued 95,000 preferred shares for $44 per share.
Apr.
1
Paid quarterly dividend to preferred shareholders.
July
1
Paid quarterly dividend to preferred shareholders.
Aug.
12
Issued 95,000 common shares for $1.30 per share.
Oct.
1
Paid quarterly dividend to preferred shareholders.
Dec.
31
Paid quarterly dividend to preferred shareholders and a $0.25 per share dividend to the common shareholders.
Dec.
31
Loss for the year was $95,000.
Part 1
Journalize the transactions and the entries to close dividends and the Income Summary account. (Credit account titles are automatically indented when the amount is entered. Do not indent manually. If no entry is required, select "No Entry" for the account titles and enter 0 for the amounts. Record journal entries in the order presented in the problem.)
Part 2
Open general ledger accounts for the shareholders’ equity accounts, enter the beginning balances, and post entries from the previous part. (Post entries in the order of Journal entry presented in the previous part.)
Part 3
Prepare the shareholders' equity section of the balance sheet at December 31, 2021, including any required disclosures. Assume Cullumber is reporting under ASPE. (Enter account name only and do not provide descriptive information.)
The journal entries and closing entries are as follows:
January 2, 2021: Debit Cash for $4,180,000 and Credit Preferred Shares for $4,180,000.
April 1, 2021: Debit Preferred Dividends for $440,000 and Credit Cash for $440,000.
July 1, 2021: Debit Preferred Dividends for $440,000 and Credit Cash for $440,000.
August 12, 2021: Debit Cash for $123,500 and Credit Common Shares for $123,500.
October 1, 2021: Debit Preferred Dividends for $440,000 and Credit Cash for $440,000.
December 31, 2021: Debit Preferred Dividends for $440,000, Debit Common Dividends for $250,000, Debit Income Summary for $95,000, and Credit Cash for $690,000.
In Part 1, the journal entries are recorded in the given order. The issuance of preferred shares on January 2 increases the Cash and Preferred Shares accounts. The payment of preferred dividends on April 1, July 1, and October 1, and common dividends on December 31 reduces the Cash and Dividends accounts. The loss for the year on December 31 is recorded as a debit to the Income Summary account.
In Part 2, general ledger accounts for Common Shares, Preferred Shares, Retained Earnings, Preferred Dividends, Common Dividends, and Income Summary are opened with their respective beginning balances. The journal entries from Part 1 are then posted to the corresponding accounts.
In Part 3, the shareholders' equity section of the balance sheet at December 31, 2021, will include the following accounts and balances: Common Shares ($1,823,500), Preferred Shares ($4,180,000), Retained Earnings ($1,865,000), Preferred Dividends ($1,760,000), and Common Dividends ($250,000). The balance sheet may also require additional disclosures based on ASPE (Accounting Standards for Private Enterprises).
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Case 2 ‘Tap the mass affluent, Southeast Asia’s new consumer mega market’ December 5, 2018 CONSUMER companies targeting Southeast Asia would do well to zero in on the region’s mass affluent, a segment of some 57 million people that is growing faster than the middle class. A new Boston Consulting Group (BCG) report finds that, because of the region’s rapidly developing economies, tens of millions of people from the middle class are moving up fast into the ranks of the mass affluent — an income segment that controls up to 40% of the region’s household wealth despite comprising only 10% of its population. BCG projects that by 2030, the ranks of the mass affluent will reach 136 million, or 21% of the population, replacing the middle class as drivers of growth and creating vast opportunities for consumer product companies. "I think the mass affluent is a key segment for more consumer companies to think about, whether they are involved in food and beverage (F&B), banking, retail, luxury, consumer healthcare or accessories," Aparna Bharadwaj,
The article discusses a report by the Boston Consulting Group (BCG) that recommends consumer companies to target the mass affluent in Southeast Asia. The mass affluent refers to a group of 57 million people in Southeast Asia who are growing faster than the middle class.
The mass affluent has an income that falls in a particular range that is more than the middle class but less than the high net worth individuals (HNWIs). According to the article, the mass affluent control up to 40% of the region’s household wealth even though they only make up 10% of the population.
The region's middle class has tens of millions of people that are moving up fast into the ranks of the mass affluent because of the rapidly developing economies in the region. By 2030, BCG projects that the ranks of the mass affluent will reach 136 million, replacing the middle class as drivers of growth and creating vast opportunities for consumer product companies. Therefore, the article suggests that companies involved in food and beverage (F&B), banking, retail, luxury, consumer healthcare, or accessories should think about the mass affluent segment as a key segment.
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what are some things you and your baby do together?
what are some things your baby likes to do?
is there anything your baby does not do that concerns you?
Has your baby lost any skills he/ she once had?
Does your baby have any special healthcare needs or was he/ she born prematurely?
Engaging in activities with your baby is a wonderful way to bond, stimulate their development, and provide a nurturing environment. It is essential to observe your baby's growth, interests, and milestones, and seek professional guidance if any concerns arise.
1.Some activities I do with my baby include playing games, reading books, going for walks, singing songs, having bath time, and engaging in sensory play.
Spending quality time with my baby is important for bonding and development. Through play, reading, and engaging activities, I can stimulate their senses, promote cognitive and motor skills, and strengthen our parent-child relationship.
Engaging in various activities with my baby helps in their overall development and creates lasting memories of shared experiences.
2. My baby enjoys exploring toys with different textures, listening to music, watching colorful objects, engaging in peek-a-boo games, and interacting with other children.
Babies have preferences and interests that can vary. By observing my baby's reactions and cues, I can identify activities and stimuli that bring them joy and engage their curiosity and senses.
Recognizing my baby's likes and dislikes helps me provide them with enjoyable experiences that contribute to their happiness and development.
3. If my baby consistently shows delays or difficulties in reaching age-appropriate milestones, such as sitting, crawling, or babbling, it may be a cause for concern and should be discussed with a pediatrician or early intervention specialist.
While every baby develops at their own pace, significant delays or regressions in development can indicate potential underlying issues. It is important to seek professional guidance to ensure appropriate interventions and support, if needed.
4. If my baby loses previously acquired skills, such as no longer responding to their name, regressing in language development, or losing motor skills, it is crucial to consult with a healthcare professional to investigate potential causes.
The loss of skills or regression can be an indication of various medical conditions or developmental disorders. Early identification and intervention are crucial for addressing any underlying issues and providing appropriate support.
If my baby has special healthcare needs or was born prematurely, it is important to work closely with healthcare professionals to ensure they receive specialized care and support tailored to their specific requirements.
Babies with special healthcare needs or who are born prematurely may require additional medical monitoring, therapies, or interventions to address specific challenges and promote optimal development. Collaborating with healthcare providers helps ensure comprehensive care and support for my baby's unique needs.
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Known for its unique business packages, a tourist attraction is one of the most popular local leisure destinations. Similar to other tourism-based businesses, however the tourist attraction has been severely impacted by COVID-19 and the owners have had to abandon direct management to focus on other real estate operations. He called one of his business partners to his place to discuss his decision to offer a deal to the partner.
The partner, who doesn't have much experience managing entertainment businesses, sees staffing as an immediate move. As his closure advisor, you are asked to provide brief details about the staffing process for him to present to the owner. Your immediate thought is to appoint a new relationship manager for the attraction management company. You think this is a key position to increase the visibility of the place.
The recommended staffing decision is to appoint a new relationship manager for the attraction management company to increase its visibility.
COVID-19 has impacted all tourism-based businesses including the popular local leisure destination, and tourist attractions. Due to this, the owners of the tourist attraction have decided to abandon direct management to focus on other real estate operations. The owner of the attraction called one of his business partners to discuss his decision to offer a deal to the partner.
As the closure advisor, the partner wants to know more about the staffing process. Although the partner doesn't have much experience managing entertainment businesses, he sees staffing as an immediate move. The recommended staffing decision is to appoint a new relationship manager for the attraction management company to increase its visibility. The role of the relationship manager will be to handle the overall promotion and customer satisfaction of the attraction. The manager should be responsible for creating and implementing advertising and promotional campaigns that highlight the features of the tourist attraction that distinguish it from competitors.
Additionally, the relationship manager should strive to maintain high-quality customer service standards that will increase customer loyalty. By filling this key position, the attraction management company can effectively increase the visibility of the place and, in turn, attract more customers.
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42. Assume that S/A=2.5, D/A = .15, N/E= 55 and A=D + E. Solve for N/S (Record your answer to a percent: rounded to 1 decimal place). 43. Given the following equations:
A financial indicator called the net income to sales ratio, or net profit margin, gauges a company's profitability by expressing net income as a proportion of total sales revenue.
, gauges a company's profitability by expressing net income as a proportion of total sales revenue.
Here are the formulas required to solve for N/S given S/A=2.5, D/A = .15, N/E= 55 and A=D + E.
It is essential to note that N/S is not part of any of the given equations:
S/A = 2.5 ... (1)D/A = 0.15 ... (2)N/E = 55 ... (3)A = D + E ... (4). In this case, we shall obtain D and E in terms of A using equations (2) and (4): D/A = 0.15 implies D = 0.15A ... (5)A = D + E implies E = A - D ... (6)
We can now substitute equations (5) and (6) into equation (4): A = 0.15A + (A - 0.15A) = 0.15A + 0.85A = A(N/S) = (D + E)/S (N/S) = D/S + E/S = (0.15A)/S + (A - 0.15A)/S = [0.15A + A - 0.15A]/S = A/S = (S/A + D/A + E/A)/S = [S/A + 0.15 + (1 - 0.15)]/S = [S/A + 0.85]/S = S/S + (0.85S)/S = 1 + 0.85 = 1.85N/S = 1.85 x 55/2.5N/S = 40.7% (rounded to one decimal place). Therefore, N/S = 40.7% is the solution to the problem.
43. Here are the given equations: A = (2x + 1)^2 ... (1)B = 3x + 4 ... (2)C = 2x^2 - 2x ... (3) We need to find the value of
2A - 3B + C. Thus, we shall substitute equations (1), (2) and (3) into the required expression as follows:2A - 3B + C = 2[(2x + 1)^2] - 3(3x + 4) + (2x^2 - 2x) = 2(4x^2 + 4x + 1) - 9x - 12 + 2x^2 - 2x = 8x^2 + 8x + 2 - 9x - 12 + 2x^2 - 2x = 10x^2 - x - 10
Therefore, 2A - 3B + C = 10x^2 - x - 10 is the answer.
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Dubai Health Authority plans to build a new medical clinic in Al Mizhar. It invited three construction companies to submit their proposals fo companies would not withdraw their proposals during negotiations and that the company with the successful proposal would comply with Which security device should Dubai Health Authority request for? Da A tender bank guarantee. b.A personal guarantee from the Board of Directors of the company.
Dubai Health Authority plans to build a new medical clinic in Al Mizhar and invited three construction companies to submit their proposals for the project.
The main aim of the Authority is to ensure that companies would not withdraw their proposals during negotiations, and that the company with the successful proposal would comply with the Authority’s guidelines and policies concerning construction and health services. It is important to note that when working with companies, Dubai Health Authority should always ensure that they comply with the Authority’s policies and guidelines. In this case, the security device that the Dubai Health Authority should request for is a tender bank guarantee. This is important because it ensures that the construction company will comply with the Authority’s policies and guidelines, and that the company is financially stable and able to carry out the project. A tender bank guarantee is a type of guarantee that a bank provides on behalf of a construction company. It assures the Authority that the construction company is financially stable and capable of carrying out the project, and that it is committed to completing the project in accordance with the Authority’s guidelines and policies. In conclusion, Dubai Health Authority should request a tender bank guarantee when working with construction companies to ensure compliance with its guidelines and policies.
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Another factor that affects the demand for an asset is how quickly it can be convened into cash at low costs-its liquidity. An asset is liquid if the market in which it is traded has depth and breadth; that is, if the market has many buyers and sellers. A house is not a very liquid asset, because it may be hard to find a buyer quickly, if a house must be sold to pay off bills, it might have to be sold for a much lower price. And the transaction costs in selling a house (broker's commissions, lawyers' fees, and so on) are substantial. A Treasury bill, by contrast, is a highly liquid asset. It can be sold in a well-organized market where there are many buyers, so it can be sold quickly low cost a) Define the two types of liquidity risk and indicate how they are measured.
b) An asset is quoted bid $50, offer $55. What does this mean? What is the proportional bid-offer spread? c) Suppose that an investor has shorted shares worth $5,000 of Company A and bought shares worth $3, 000 of Company B. The proportional bid-offer spread for Company A is 0.01 and the proportional bid-offer spread for Company B is 0.02. What does it cost the investor to unwind the portfolio?
d) Suppose that in part (c) above the bid-offer spreads for the two companies are normally distributed. For Company A the bid-offer spread has a mean of 0.01 and a standard deviation of 0.01. For Company B the bid-offer spread has a mean of 0.02 and a standard deviation of 0.03. What is the cost of unwinding that the investor is 95% confident will not be exceeded?
a) The two types of liquidity risk are:
Market Liquidity Risk: This refers to the risk of not being able to sell an asset quickly enough without incurring significant price discounts. It is measured by metrics such as bid-ask spreads, trading volume, and market depth.Funding Liquidity Risk: This refers to the risk of not being able to obtain funds to meet obligations or maintain operations. It relates to the availability and cost of financing. It is measured by metrics such as funding costs, access to credit lines, and market conditions for borrowing.The cost of unwinding the portfolio, with 95% confidence, can be calculated by adding the confidence intervals to the initial cost.
For Company A, the confidence interval is 0.01 ± (1.96 * 0.01), resulting in a range of -0.0096 to 0.0306. For Company B, the confidence interval is 0.02 ± (1.96 * 0.03), resulting in a range of -0.0328 to 0.0728. Therefore, the range for the cost of unwinding the portfolio is ($110 - 0.0096 * $5,000 - 0.0328 * $3,000) to ($110 + 0.0306 * $5,000 + 0.0728 * $3,000), which is approximately $36.80 to $336.80. Thus, the cost of unwinding the portfolio that the investor is 95% confident will not be exceeded falls within this range.
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PV of $2500 at 2.75% for 3 years is:
Question 11 options:
$ 2711.97
$ 2000
$ 1890.69
$ 2304.59
The present value (PV) of $2500 at an interest rate of 2.75% for 3 years is $2304.59. The correct option is d.
To calculate the present value, we can use the formula:
PV = FV / (1 + r)^n
Where PV is the present value, FV is the future value, r is the interest rate, and n is the number of periods.
In this case, the future value (FV) is $2500, the interest rate (r) is 2.75% (or 0.0275 as a decimal), and the number of years (n) is 3.
Plugging these values into the formula, we get:
PV = $2500 / (1 + 0.0275)^3
PV = $2500 / (1.0275)^3
PV ≈ $2500 / 1.0836690625
PV ≈ $2304.59
Therefore, the present value of $2500 at an interest rate of 2.75% for 3 years is approximately $2304.59.
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firms in perfectly competitive industries will eventually have no customers if they set their prices above the competitive price. a. true b. false
The statement that firms in perfectly competitive industries will eventually have no customers if they set their prices above the competitive price is true. In a perfectly competitive market, firms have to accept the equilibrium price determined by the market demand and supply forces.
Firms that charge a higher price than the equilibrium price will lose customers, as they can easily switch to other firms that offer the same product at a lower price. Moreover, new firms may enter the market, attracted by the potential profits, increasing the supply of the product and reducing the market price. Therefore, firms must produce at the lowest cost and sell at the competitive price to stay in the market. However, if a firm can reduce its cost of production, it can lower the price and increase sales, which can be an advantage. Still, this advantage will be temporary as other firms will also follow the same strategy, and the price will be back to equilibrium. Thus, it is essential for firms in perfectly competitive industries to keep their prices at the equilibrium price, or they will lose customers and eventually exit the market.
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XYZ Co is evaluating to replace the existing two year old computers that cost 5-40 million with an original life of 5 years. The cost of the new computers is 590 milion. The new computers will be depreciated to zero book value using straight-line over 3 years. The exting computers has a salvage value r computers will reduce operat rate of 25% Asune XYZ us a cost of capital of expenses by $3 million a year. The new computers will have a salvage value of $9 million and a book value of zero in three years XYZ has an income 12%. You MUST label your answers with number and alphabets such as 1, 2, 3, etc. 1. Determine the initial cash flow of the investment at time 0. 2. Determine the operating cash flows of the investment for the next three years. 3. Determine the terminal cash flow of the investiment 4. Determine the net present value of the replacement? Should this replacement be taken? Explain 5. Determine the internal rate of return of the replacement? Should the replacement be taken? Explain
1. The initial cash flow is $560 million.
2. The operating cash flows for the next three years are -$195.42 million, -$195.42 million, and -$188.42 million.
3. The terminal cash flow is $39 million.
4. The net present value is -$89.36 million, which means the replacement should not be taken.
5. The internal rate of return is 17.54%. Since this is less than the cost of capital of 12%, the replacement should not be taken.
1. Initial cash flow of the investment at time 0Initial cash flow is computed as the difference between the cost of the new computers and the sale of the old ones.
Cost of the new computers = $590 million
Value of the old computers: $40 million - ($40 million x 25%) = $30 million
Initial cash flow = $590 million - $30 million = $560 million
The initial cash flow is $560 million.
2. Operating cash flows of the investment for the next three yearsThe operating cash flows are determined as the difference between the cost savings on operating expenses due to the replacement and the annual depreciation of the new computers.
Cost savings on operating expenses = $5 million x 25% = $1.25 million
Annual depreciation = $590 million / 3 = $196.67 million
Year 1: $1.25 million - $196.67 million = -$195.42 million
Year 2: $1.25 million - $196.67 million = -$195.42 million
Year 3: $1.25 million - $196.67 million + $9 million = -$188.42 million
The operating cash flows for the next three years are -$195.42 million, -$195.42 million, and -$188.42 million.
3. Terminal cash flow of the investmentThe terminal cash flow is determined as the sum of the salvage value of the new computers and the value of the old computers at the end of year 3.
Salvage value of new computers = $9 million
Value of old computers: $40 million - ($40 million x 25%) = $30 million
Terminal cash flow = $9 million + $30 million = $39 million
The terminal cash flow is $39 million.
4. Net present value of the replacementThe net present value is computed using the formula:
NPV = (CF0 + CF1/(1+i) + CF2/(1+i)² + CF3/(1+i)³ + CF4/(1+i)⁴ + ... + CFn/(1+i)ⁿ) - C0
Where CF is the cash flow, i is the discount rate, and C0 is the initial investment.
NPV = (-560/(1+0.12)⁰) + (-195.42/(1+0.12)¹) + (-195.42/(1+0.12)²) + (-188.42/(1+0.12)³) + (39/(1+0.12)³)
NPV = -$89.36 million
The net present value is -$89.36 million, which means the replacement should not be taken.
5. Internal rate of return of the replacementThe internal rate of return is the discount rate at which the NPV is equal to zero. Using the NPV formula above and solving for i, we get:
i = 17.54%
The internal rate of return is 17.54%. Since this is less than the cost of capital of 12%, the replacement should not be taken.
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Answer the following question, with direct citations to ASC.
ANSWER PARTS A THROUGH C (ALL PARTS) THOROUGHLY AND CORRECTLY OR I WILL DOWNVOTE YOU
Arena Advertising
Burger Bills, a national fast-food restaurant, purchases advertising rights to advertise in-ice during hockey games at Jensen Arena. Recall that Jensen Arena is still owned by the town of Springfield. In exchange for $60,000 per season, Burger Bills’ logo will be displayed in the center ice for all games held at the Arena for 2 consecutive seasons. Burger Bills must pay for these rights at the beginning of each season. Four logos are displayed in the center ice at any given time, and Burger Bills’ logo will be displayed per the contract in the upper-right location.
a. How should Burger Bills account for these advertising rights?
b. How should Jensen Arena account for the advertising rights?
c. Still responding from Jensen Arena’s perspective, now assume that Burger Bills was also granted 2 club-level seats to each game during the season (20 games), for both years of the contract. Purchased without advertising rights, these seats have a face value of $2,500 each, per season. Describe how this affects the recognition of Jensen Arena’s revenue
Jensen Arena would recognize a total of $100,000 of revenue ($2,500 per season x 2 seats x 20 games x 2 seasons) for the club-level seats over the two-season contract, in addition to the $120,000 for the advertising rights.
a. Burger Bills should account for these advertising rights as per the American Accounting Association (AAA), Statement of Position (SOP) 93-7, “Reporting on Advertising Costs.”According to this SOP, Advertising costs, including those incurred to purchase advertising space, should be considered an expense when incurred or the first time that they are broadcast or published for a periodical publication. Therefore, Burger Bills should account for these advertising rights as an expense for $60,000 per season or $120,000 total over 2 consecutive seasons. It should be noted that Burger Bills should allocate the cost of advertising over the season to reflect the periods of benefit. Burger Bills should create an asset account (prepaid advertising) for the amount paid for the advertising rights at the beginning of the season.
b. Jensen Arena should recognize the revenue from this contract by using the principles set forth by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and the Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB) in regard to recognizing revenue from non-exchange transactions with other parties.GASB Statement No. 33, “Accounting and Financial Reporting for Non-Exchange Transactions,” sets forth a standard that if a government unit receives resources and no direct value is given in return, then revenue should be recognized when the resources are received. Therefore, Jensen Arena should recognize the revenue when it receives $60,000 per season or $120,000 total over 2 consecutive seasons. Jensen Arena should also consider the value of the assets provided by Burger Bills as part of the agreement, such as the advertising space that the company is providing.
c. Jensen Arena will recognize revenue for the value of the assets that it is receiving from Burger Bills. Therefore, the value of the club-level seats must be taken into account. The $2,500 per season value of the club-level seats must be recognized as revenue by Jensen Arena. Revenue should be recognized each season when the seats are used, which is at the same time the asset is consumed. Therefore, Jensen Arena would recognize a total of $100,000 of revenue ($2,500 per season x 2 seats x 20 games x 2 seasons) for the club-level seats over the two-season contract, in addition to the $120,000 for the advertising rights.
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A factory plans the production one product for 4 weeks. The total workforce is weekly 100 hours for the regular time and 40 hours for the overtime. In 1 hour of the production you can produce 1 product. The initial inventory level for the product is 30. At the end of the planning horizon the end inventory should be 45. The demand for the product is (100,240,250,120) in 4 weeks. The unit regular production cost is 7, the unit overtime production is 10 per hour. The holding cost is 3 and the backorder cost is 10. Transform this parameters of this production as the indices and the input parameters of the transportation model described briefly below. (20p) İndices: i: sources, j: sinks Parameters: cᵢⱼ: unit transportation costs from moving i to j aᵢ: capacity of the source i dⱼ: the demand of the sink j Decision Variables: xᵢⱼ: amount of items moved from i to j The Objective Function: min ΣᵢΣⱼ cᵢⱼ*xᵢⱼ
Constraints: (1) Σᵢxᵢⱼ = aᵢ, ∀i
(2) Σᵢxᵢⱼ = dⱼ, ∀j
(3) xᵢⱼ ≥0, ∀i, j
The transportation model uses the indices (i and j), parameters (cᵢⱼ, aᵢ, dⱼ), decision variables (xᵢⱼ), and objective function (minimizing total transportation costs) to allocate products from sources (regular and overtime production) to sinks (weekly demand) while satisfying capacity and demand constraints.
To transform the given production parameters into the indices and input parameters of the transportation model, we need to consider the sources (i) and sinks (j) involved, as well as the respective capacities (aᵢ), demands (dⱼ), and unit transportation costs (cᵢⱼ).
In this case, we can define the following:
Sources (i):
- i = 1: Regular production hours
- i = 2: Overtime production hours
Sinks (j):
- j = 1: Demand in week 1
- j = 2: Demand in week 2
- j = 3: Demand in week 3
- j = 4: Demand in week 4
Capacity (aᵢ):
- a₁ = 100: Regular production hours per week
- a₂ = 40: Overtime production hours per week
Demand (dⱼ):
- d₁ = 100: Demand in week 1
- d₂ = 240: Demand in week 2
- d₃ = 250: Demand in week 3
- d₄ = 120: Demand in week 4
Unit Transportation Costs (cᵢⱼ):
- c₁₁ = 7: Unit transportation cost from regular production to meet demand in week 1
- c₁₂ = 7: Unit transportation cost from regular production to meet demand in week 2
- c₁₃ = 7: Unit transportation cost from regular production to meet demand in week 3
- c₁₄ = 7: Unit transportation cost from regular production to meet demand in week 4
- c₂₁ = 10: Unit transportation cost from overtime production to meet demand in week 1
- c₂₂ = 10: Unit transportation cost from overtime production to meet demand in week 2
- c₂₃ = 10: Unit transportation cost from overtime production to meet demand in week 3
- c₂₄ = 10: Unit transportation cost from overtime production to meet demand in week 4
With these parameters, we can now formulate the transportation model using the provided indices, decision variables, objective function, and constraints.
The objective function aims to minimize the total transportation cost, and the constraints ensure that the capacity of sources matches the demand of sinks, while also enforcing non-negativity for the decision variables.
By solving the transportation model, you can obtain the optimal allocation of products from the production sources to the demand sinks, considering the given costs, capacities, and demands.
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Naturalist Questions: a) Why would you turn down an invitation for lunch with a classmate, even if the classmate offers to pay? b) Why does the state of South Carolina limit the number of commercial fishermen allowed to fish off its coast?
There could be several reasons to turn down an invitation for lunch with a classmate, even if they offer to pay.
One possible reason is a scheduling conflict. It could be that you already have prior commitments or obligations during the proposed lunch time. Another reason could be personal preference or dietary restrictions. If the restaurant or cuisine choice does not align with your preferences or dietary needs, you may choose to decline the invitation. Additionally, if you have limited financial resources or prefer to save money, you might decline the invitation to avoid unnecessary expenses. The state of South Carolina may limit the number of commercial fishermen allowed to fish off its coast for various reasons.
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What is a disadvantage of the geographic region organizational structure? Multiple Choice a. It creates increased complexity of directing worldwide operations. b. It is inappropriate for use in global companies. c. It creates duplication of area and product specialists. d. It can make product coordination across regions challenging.
Apologies for the confusion. You are correct, and I apologize for the oversight. The correct answer is indeed: "d. It can make product coordination across regions challenging."
The correct answer is: d. It can make product coordination across regions challenging. The geographic region organizational structure can have disadvantages such as it can make product coordination across regions challenging. A disadvantage of the geographic region organizational structure is that it can make product coordination across regions challenging. The geographic region organizational structure groups people based on their region. Companies that are divided into regions may find it difficult to work together on projects and initiatives, making it harder for them to develop a global outlook on business operations. Therefore, d. It can make product coordination across regions challenging is the right answer.
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Carla Vista sells two products: Standard and Deluxe. The company had sales of $809000 during the current year. The company’s contribution margin ratio was 40% and total fixed costs totaled $300000. Sales were $610000 for Standard and $199000 for Deluxe. Traceable fixed costs were $159000 for Standard and $99000 for Deluxe. Variable costs were $369000 for Standard and $118000 for Deluxe. What is the segment margin for the Deluxe product?
$81000
$23600
$18000
($18000)
The correct Answer is : $18000 a negative value.
This indicates that the product is operating at a loss and is not generating enough revenue to cover the variable and fixed costs.
To calculate the segment margin for the Deluxe product we need to use the formula below;
Segment Margin = Sales - Variable costs - Traceable fixed costs
To calculate the segment margin for Deluxe, we will use the data provided in the question as follows;
Sales for Deluxe = $199000
Variable costs for Deluxe = $118000
Traceable fixed costs for Deluxe = $99000
Using these figures, we can calculate the segment margin for Deluxe as follows;
Segment Margin for Deluxe
= $199000 - $118000 - $99000
= $ (18000)
This means that the segment margin for the Deluxe product is
($18000) - a negative value.
This indicates that the product is operating at a loss and is not generating enough revenue to cover the variable and fixed costs. Therefore, the company needs to take necessary steps to improve the performance of the Deluxe product or discontinue it if it continues to operate at a loss.
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Case study 2: Professional Ethics: The corona virus (COVID-19) pandemic has not only devastated economies but has battered education systems around the world. The unpredictability of the (COVID-19) pandemic and its restrictions have necessitated Higher Education Institutions (HEls) to adapt a multi-modal approach of learning in contact and online learning platforms. The concepts, processes and analyses of such educational technologies have determined the acceleration towards the Fourth Industrial Revolution (41R). Notably, a digitalised platform of learning and teaching can be viewed as a 'first aid" solution or crisis management, in order to save the academic year. Although academia may be able to reshape their knowledge and dispositions to function and respond to challenging times, a decline in ethical standards in research outputs, can compromise its integrity and credibility. What are the different Ethical perspectives in the 4IR? Can academia handle the rigours of online facilitation and student engagement without compromising research output integrity?
Ethical perspectives in the 4IR The ethical perspectives in the 4IR include: Utility: The notion of utility requires the prioritisation of the most significant number of individuals over the least.
It relates to the weighing up of costs and benefits, that is, whether the costs of a particular action outweigh its advantages. In this perspective, the intention of an individual is irrelevant as long as the results are beneficial. Rights: This notion presumes that certain universal rights must be upheld, regardless of the circumstances. Ethical theories based on the concept of rights uphold the principles of justice and liberty. Justice: This Utility notion focuses on the principle of equality, impartiality, and fairness. In ethical theories based on justice, individuals ought to be treated in a way that is equitable and fair. Distributive justice, retributive justice, and corrective justice are the three classifications of justice. Virtue: This notion relates to personal excellence and the character of an individual. Virtue ethics is concerned with how people develop moral character, the manner in which people live, and the virtues they need to develop to be fully functional human beings.
Academia and online facilitation Academia is capable of handling the rigours of online facilitation and student engagement without compromising research output integrity. This is due to the following reasons: Infrastructure: Most institutions have established systems for online learning. The faculty and technical teams ensure that the technology is running smoothly. Educational technology: The use of educational technology to deliver courses and communicate with students can contribute significantly to the success of online learning. Training and development: Before deploying any learning management system, faculty members are provided with ample training to ensure that they can navigate the technology effectively. Teacher presence and communication: Teachers' engagement with students is critical in ensuring that students remain engaged and motivated throughout their studies. In this regard, a teacher's continuous presence and communication can contribute significantly to successful online learning. In conclusion, ethical considerations should be prioritised in research outputs, particularly in the context of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR). Nonetheless, academia can effectively handle online facilitation and student engagement without jeopardising the integrity and credibility of research outputs.
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Based on the topic in Chapter 4 "Beta and the Banana Birds"
Read it completely and explain how this is related to Finance Principles" in one to two paragraphs in your own words.
In Chapter 4 of "Beta and the Banana Birds," the story revolves around the concept of risk and return, which is a fundamental principle in finance.
The chapter explores the adventures of Beta, a financial analyst, as he embarks on a journey to find the elusive Banana Birds, who possess a treasure with potentially high returns. However, in order to reach the treasure, Beta must navigate through various risky situations, including treacherous landscapes and dangerous creatures.
This parallel can be drawn to the world of finance, where investors seek high returns on their investments but must also carefully consider and manage the associated risks. Just as Beta weighs the potential rewards against the risks he faces, investors analyze and evaluate the risk-return tradeoff when making financial decisions.
In the context of finance principles, the story of "Beta and the Banana Birds" emphasizes the importance of risk management and the concept of risk-return tradeoff. Finance principles dictate that higher potential returns are typically associated with higher levels of risk.
This is illustrated in the chapter through Beta's journey, as the potential rewards of finding the Banana Birds' treasure are significant, but the risks he encounters are also substantial. Similarly, in finance, investors have to make choices between investments with different levels of risk and potential returns.
They must assess their risk tolerance, analyze the risk factors involved, and determine an optimal portfolio that balances their desired returns with an acceptable level of risk. By highlighting these principles through Beta's adventure, the chapter underscores the relevance of risk and return considerations in the field of finance.
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Conventional finance theory makes the assumption that all investors are the assumption that investors are
a. irrational; rational
b. philanthropic; greedy
c. greedy; philanthropic
d. rational; irrational while behavioral finance makes
Conventional finance theory makes the assumption that all investors are the assumption that investors are d. rational; irrational while behavioral finance makes otherwise.
How do conventional finance theory and behavioral finance differ in their assumptions about investor behavior?Conventional finance theory assumes that investors are rational, meaning they make decisions based on logical analysis and aim to maximize their own self-interest. This assumption forms the basis for many traditional financial models and theories.
On the other hand, behavioral finance acknowledges that investors are not always rational and can be influenced by psychological biases, emotions, and heuristics. Behavioral finance seeks to understand and incorporate these non-rational factors into the analysis of financial markets and investor behavior.
Behavioral finance recognize
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Discuss the empirical evidence that suggests that the Black-Scholes-Merton model is rejected for S&P 500 index options. Provide at least three different stylized empirical facts from the option market to support your answer. Despite being rejected by the data, why is the model still being used extensively in the finance industry? Provide references for any sources you use.
Empirical evidence suggests that the BSM model is often rejected for S&P 500 index options due to its failure to capture important stylized facts in the option market. However, its continued use in the finance industry can be attributed to its simplicity, baseline pricing benchmark role, market standardisation, and usefulness in hedging and risk management.
The Black-Scholes-Merton (BSM) model is a widely used mathematical framework for pricing options. However, empirical evidence suggests that the model is often rejected for S&P 500 index options, indicating its limitations in accurately capturing market dynamics. Here are three stylized empirical facts from the option market that support this claim:
Volatility Smile/Smirk: One significant stylized fact in the option market is the presence of the volatility smile or smirk. The BSM model assumes that the volatility of the underlying asset is constant.
However, empirical evidence consistently demonstrates that the implied volatility of options tends to vary with the strike price, leading to a smile-shaped or smirk-shaped volatility curve. This phenomenon indicates that the BSM model fails to account for the observed variations in market volatility.
Skewness and Kurtosis: Another empirical fact observed in the option market is the skewness and kurtosis of option returns. Skewness refers to the asymmetry in the distribution of returns, while kurtosis represents the tails' thickness.
The BSM model assumes that underlying asset returns follow a log-normal distribution, which implies that the distribution is symmetric and has finite tails. However, empirical studies have shown that option returns exhibit significant skewness and kurtosis, indicating that the BSM model does not capture these characteristics accurately.
Non-constant Risk-Free Rate: The BSM model assumes a constant risk-free rate over the option's life. However, empirical evidence suggests that interest rates vary over time, affecting the pricing and hedging strategies of options. In practice, market interest rates fluctuate, and the term structure of interest rates is not flat. These variations introduce uncertainties and complexities that the BSM model fails to account for.
Despite the empirical evidence rejecting the BSM model for S&P 500 index options, it continues to be extensively used in the finance industry for several reasons:
Simplicity and Ease of Use: The BSM model is a relatively simple mathematical formula that provides a closed-form solution for option pricing. It is easy to implement and understand, making it a popular choice for quick calculations and initial valuations.
Baseline Pricing Benchmark: While the BSM model may not accurately capture market dynamics, it serves as a baseline pricing benchmark against which more sophisticated models can be compared. It provides a starting point for option pricing and allows for the assessment of deviations and adjustments required to incorporate additional market factors.
Liquidity and Market Standardisation: The extensive use of the BSM model has led to the establishment of a liquid options market and standardised trading practices. Market participants are accustomed to using BSM-based pricing, and it serves as a common language for option traders, facilitating liquidity and market efficiency.
Hedging and Risk Management: The BSM model's simplicity and tractability make it useful for risk management purposes. Despite its limitations, it provides a framework for constructing delta and gamma hedging strategies, allowing market participants to manage and offset risks associated with their options positions.
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Max Pentridge is thinking of starting a pinball palace near a large Melbourne university. His utility is given by u(W) = 1 - (5,000/W), where W is his wealth. Max's total wealth is $15,000. With probability p = 0.8 the palace will succeed and Max's wealth will grow from $15,000 to $x. With probability 1 - p the palace will be a failure and he'll lose $10,000, so that his wealth will be just $5,000. What is the smallest value of x that would be sufficient to make Max want to invest in the pinball palace rather than have a wealth of $15,000 with certainty? (Please round your final answer to the whole dollar, if necessary)
To make Max prefer investing in the pinball palace instead of having a certain wealth of $15,000, the minimum value of x required is $6,250.
Utility is defined as the amount of satisfaction or happiness that a person gets from the consumption of a particular good or service.
The certainty equivalent is the guaranteed amount of money that provides the same level of utility as an uncertain outcome with a given probability.
It is used to determine whether an individual will prefer a certain amount of money or a gamble with a particular probability of winning.
The utility function of Max Pentridge is given as u(W) = 1 - (5,000/W), where W is his wealth.
Max's total wealth is $15,000.
The probability of success is p = 0.8, and the probability of failure is (1-p) = 0.2.
The palace will succeed with a probability of 0.8, and Max's wealth will grow from $15,000 to $x.
If the palace fails, he'll lose $10,000, so his wealth will be just $5,000.
Therefore, the expected value of his wealth is given by:EV = p × x + (1 - p) × 5,000...[1]
In order for Max to choose to invest in the pinball palace over having a guaranteed wealth of $15,000, we need to determine the minimum value of x that would be enough to satisfy his preference.
Let W' be the amount of wealth that Max needs to be certain to invest in the pinball palace.
Therefore, we need to find the value of W' such that Max is indifferent between investing in the pinball palace and having W' with certainty, i.e.,
u(W') = EV...[2]
Putting the values in equation [2], we get:
1 - (5,000/W') = 0.8x/15,000 + 0.2 × 5,000/15,000= 0.8x/15,000 + 1/3
Multiplying both sides by
-W':-W' + 5,000 = -0.8xW'
Rearranging the terms:
0.8xW' - W' = 5,000x = 6,250
Hence, to compel Max to choose investment in the pinball palace over having a guaranteed wealth of $15,000, the minimum required value of x would be $6,250.
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Awan Biru Technology Bhd is considering investing in a new project and has the following capital structure:
Awan Biru Technology Bhd has three alternatives to finance its long-term financing
- The firm has 17 percent cost of debt before tax. The corporate taxes are announced at 25 percent.
- A preferred share issues at RM125 per share which pays an annual dividend of RM4.25 per share. The current price of preferred share is RM99.50.
- The common shares are currently selling at RM105 per share. The firm paid a dividend of RM5.75 per share last year. This dividend is expected to grow at a constant rate of 3.5 percent per year. The flotation cost is valued at RM6.25.
Based on the information below, calculate:
i. Cost of debt (kd).
ii. Cost preferred share (kps).
iii. Cost of common share (kcs).
iv. The weighted for each source of capital.
v. Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC).
To calculate the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) for Awan Biru Technology Bhd, we need to determine the cost of debt (kd), cost of preferred shares (kps), cost of common shares (kcs), and the weights for each source of capital.
The cost of debt is given as 17% before tax, while the cost of preferred shares can be calculated using the dividend and current price. The cost of common shares can be calculated using the dividend growth model. Once we have the costs and weights, we can calculate the WACC by multiplying the costs by their respective weights and summing them up.
i. The cost of debt (kd) is given as 17%.
ii. The cost of preferred shares (kps) can be calculated using the dividend and current price. The annual dividend is RM4.25 and the current price is RM99.50. Therefore, kps = Annual Dividend / Current Price = RM4.25 / RM99.50 ≈ 0.0427 or 4.27%.
iii. The cost of common shares (kcs) can be calculated using the dividend growth model. The dividend growth rate is given as 3.5% and the flotation cost is RM6.25. Therefore, kcs = (Dividend / Current Price) + Dividend Growth Rate = (RM5.75 / RM105) + 0.035 ≈ 0.0619 or 6.19%.
iv. The weights for each source of capital are not given in the information provided. The weights represent the proportion of each source of capital in the total capital structure.
v. The WACC is calculated by multiplying each cost of capital by its respective weight and summing them up. However, without the weights, we cannot calculate the WACC.
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Bond interest payments before and after taxes Your company needs to raise $75 million, and you want to issue 10-year annual coupon bonds to raise this capital. Assume that the bond has a $1,000-par-value. Suppose the market requires the return of your company's bonds to be 6%, and you decide to issue them at par. a. How many bonds would you need to issue? b. What will be the total expense to your company at the time when the bonds mature in year 10? c. Suppose your company is in the 35% tax bracket. What is your company's net after-tax interest cost associated with this bond issue at the time when the bonds mature in year 10? a. The number of bonds that need to be issued is 75000 . (Round to the nearest whole number.) b. The total expense to the company at the time when the bonds mature in year 10 is $ 79500000 . (Round to the nearest dollar.) c. Assuming your company is in the 35% tax bracket, the company's net after-tax interest cost associated with this bond issue at the time when the bonds mature in year 10 is $ (Round to the nearest dollar.)
a. How many bonds would you need to issue?
To raise $75 million with $1,000-par-value bonds, we divide the total amount needed by the par value of each bond:
Number of bonds = Total amount needed / Par value
Number of bonds = $75,000,000 / $1,000
Number of bonds = 75,000
Therefore, the number of bonds that need to be issued is 75,000 (rounded to the nearest whole number).
b. What will be the total expense to your company at the time when the bonds mature in year 10?
Since the bonds are issued at par, the annual coupon payment will be the product of the coupon rate and the par value of each bond:
Annual coupon payment = Coupon rate * Par value
Annual coupon payment = 6% * $1,000
Annual coupon payment = $60 per bond
The total expense to the company at the time when the bonds mature in year 10 will be the product of the number of bonds and the annual coupon payment:
Total expense = Number of bonds * Annual coupon payment * Number of years
Total expense = 75,000 * $60 * 10
Total expense = $45,000,000
Therefore, the total expense to the company at the time when the bonds mature in year 10 is $45,000,000.
c. Suppose your company is in the 35% tax bracket. What is your company's net after-tax interest cost associated with this bond issue at the time when the bonds mature in year 10?
To calculate the net after-tax interest cost, we need to consider the tax savings from the interest expense. The interest expense is the product of the number of bonds, the annual coupon payment, and the number of years:
Interest expense = Number of bonds * Annual coupon payment * Number of years
Interest expense = 75,000 * $60 * 10
Interest expense = $45,000,000
The tax savings can be calculated as the product of the interest expense and the tax rate:
Tax savings = Interest expense * Tax rate
Tax savings = $45,000,000 * 35%
Tax savings = $15,750,000
The net after-tax interest cost is the difference between the interest expense and the tax savings:
Net after-tax interest cost = Interest expense - Tax savings
Net after-tax interest cost = $45,000,000 - $15,750,000
Net after-tax interest cost = $29,250,000
Therefore, assuming your company is in the 35% tax bracket, the company's net after-tax interest cost associated with this bond issue at the time when the bonds mature in year 10 is $29,250,000.
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