Firefly Company has paid a dividend of $15 per share. With a dividend payout reduction of 5 percent per year indefinitely and a required return of 10 % price you would pay for a share today is approximately $126.32.
To calculate the price you would pay for a share today, you need to determine the present value of the expected future dividends. In this case, the dividend payment is expected to decrease by 5 percent each year indefinitely. This means that the future dividends form a decreasing geometric series.
The formula to calculate the present value of a geometric series is as follows:
PV = D / (r - g)
Where:
PV = Present value
D = Initial dividend payment
r = Required rate of return
g = Growth rate of dividends
In this scenario, the initial dividend payment (D) is $15, the required rate of return (r) is 10 percent, and the growth rate of dividends (g) is -5 percent.
Plugging in the values, we can calculate the present value:
PV = $15 / (0.10 - (-0.05))
PV = $15 / 0.15
PV = $100
Therefore, you would be willing to pay $100 for a share of Firefly Company today, considering a required return of 10 percent and the expected future dividend payout.
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A fractured humerus or tibia can retain up to how much blood in an adult?
A fracture is an event that happens when an object with insufficient durability, such as a bone, is subjected to pressure, resulting in the integrity of the object being compromised. The human body, like any other object, is not indestructible. Injuries and accidents occur all of the time, and one of the most common injuries that people suffer from is fractures.
A fractured humerus or tibia can retain up to 1000 ml of blood in an adult. In medical terminology, a fractured tibia is a fracture of the shinbone. A fractured humerus is a fracture of the upper arm bone, and it is one of the most common fractures that occur in adults. The humerus and tibia are two of the longest bones in the body, and they are responsible for supporting the body's weight.
The amount of blood that can be lost following a fracture of the tibia or humerus is determined by the severity of the fracture. It is possible for a fracture to cause internal bleeding, which can lead to the retention of blood inside the body. An adult's humerus or tibia can retain up to 1000 milliliters of blood following a fracture.
In conclusion, a fractured humerus or tibia can retain up to 1000 ml of blood in an adult. The amount of blood that is lost following a fracture is determined by the severity of the fracture, and it is possible for a fracture to cause internal bleeding, which can result in the retention of blood inside the body.
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a
bond pays interest annualy yields a rate of return of 8.25 percent
. the infalation rate for same period is 2 percent what is the real
rate of turn on this bond ( round 2 decimal pls)
The real rate of return on the bond is 6.25 percent.
The real rate of return measures the actual purchasing power gained from an investment after adjusting for inflation. Inflation erodes the value of money over time, so it is important to consider its impact on investment returns.
The real rate of return on a bond can be calculated by subtracting the inflation rate from the nominal rate of return. In this case, the bond pays an annual interest rate of 8.25 percent, while the inflation rate for the same period is 2 percent.
To calculate the real rate of return, we subtract the inflation rate from the nominal rate of return:
Real Rate of Return = Nominal Rate of Return - Inflation Rate
Real Rate of Return = 8.25% - 2%
Real Rate of Return = 6.25%
By subtracting the inflation rate of 2 percent from the nominal rate of return of 8.25 percent, we find that the bond's real rate of return is 6.25 percent. This means that after accounting for inflation, the bond provides a 6.25 percent increase in purchasing power.
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In an optimization problem, the positive difference between the
two sides of a constraint is called:
the surplus.
the constraint gain.
the deficit.
the slack.
In an optimization problem, the positive difference between the two sides of a constraint is called the slack.
In optimization problems, constraints are conditions or limitations that must be satisfied for a solution to be considered feasible. When solving an optimization problem, it is common to have constraints that are expressed as inequalities (e.g., less than or equal to, greater than or equal to). The slack of a constraint refers to the positive difference between the left-hand side (LHS) and the right-hand side (RHS) of the constraint.
If the slack value is positive, it indicates that the constraint is not fully utilized and there is room for improvement or flexibility in the solution. It represents the amount by which the solution can exceed the minimum requirement or constraint. On the other hand, if the slack value is zero or negative, it means that the constraint is fully utilized or violated, respectively.
The concept of slack is important in optimization as it provides insights into the feasibility and flexibility of the solution. It helps decision-makers understand the trade-offs and potential for improvement within the constraints of the problem. By analyzing the slack values, one can identify areas where there is surplus capacity or room for optimization, leading to more efficient and effective solutions.
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Why would a company choose selective or exclusive over
intensive? Why not have the product sold in as many places as
possible?
A company may choose selective or exclusive over intensive as a distribution strategy for their product for several reasons.
Selective distribution is a distribution strategy whereby a company distributes its products to a limited number of retailers in a given geographic area while exclusive distribution is a strategy where the manufacturer allows only one retailer or outlet within a specified geographic region to sell its products. The following are some reasons why a company may choose selective or exclusive over intensive:
1. Product exclusivity and brand image: Selective and exclusive distribution channels can be useful when a company wants to create an exclusive image for its products. By limiting the number of retailers that sell its products, a company can maintain an air of exclusivity around its brand.
2. Retailer expertise; Selective and exclusive distribution channels can be used when a company wants to work with a particular retailer with expertise in a particular type of product.
3. Control over the brand; Selective and exclusive distribution channels allow a company to maintain greater control over the marketing and branding of its products.
4. Retailer support; By limiting the number of retailers that sell its products, a company can ensure that it receives the support of the retailers that do sell its products.
5. Brand dilution; Intensive distribution channels can lead to a dilution of a brand's value as the product may be sold in low-end discount stores or other outlets that don't align with the brand's image. By limiting distribution to higher-end retailers, a company can avoid diluting its brand's image.
6. Shelf space competition: Intensive distribution channels can lead to competition for shelf space with other products. By limiting distribution, a company can ensure that its products receive adequate shelf space and that it is not competing for space with other brands.
7. Sales volume: controlIntensive distribution channels can lead to fluctuating sales volumes, making it difficult to manage production and inventory levels. By limiting distribution, a company can better manage sales volumes and control production and inventory levels.
8. Price control: Selective and exclusive distribution channels allow a company to maintain greater control over the price of its products as the product is sold through a limited number of outlets.
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On January 1 of the current year, a company paid $200,000 cash to purchase 10%, 10-year bonds, with a par value of $200,000; interest is paid semiannually each June 30 and December 31. The company intends to hold these bonds until they mature. Prepare the journal entry for the interest received on December 31 of the current year.
The journal entry for the interest received on December 31 of the current year would be as follows:
Date: December 31, [current year]
Debit: Cash $10,000 (interest received: 10% of $200,000)
Credit: Interest Revenue $10,000
The company receives $10,000 in interest income from the bonds it holds. This is recorded as a debit to the Cash account, representing an increase in cash, and a credit to the Interest Revenue account, recognizing the revenue earned from the interest received.
The journal entry assumes that the company uses the accrual basis of accounting, where interest revenue is recognized when earned, regardless of whether it has been received or not.
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Point Question 32 Business Design utilizes a structure that is highly flexible. Employees are assigned to temporary teams. Accordingly, each member has to report to two bosses. Specify Business Designs base of departmentalization. [Explanation is not required] Use the editor to format your answer Question 33 1 Point A coffee shop uses an online system to engage customers. After each transaction, customers receive a text asking them to rate their experience with either a smiley, neutral or sad face emoji. Specify the type of control that is illustrated in this case. [Explanation is not required] Use the editor to format your answer
Question 32: Business Design's base of departmentalization is Team-Based. In this approach, employees are organized into temporary teams that work together on specific projects or tasks. The teams are formed based on the specific needs of the business at a given time, allowing for flexibility and adaptability.
Each team is typically cross-functional, consisting of individuals from different departments or areas of expertise, who come together to collaborate and achieve specific objectives. In this structure, employees may report to two bosses: their functional manager, who oversees their skills and expertise, and their team leader, who coordinates the work of the temporary team.
Question 33: The type of control illustrated in this case is Feedback Control. The coffee shop uses an online system to engage customers and collects feedback after each transaction. By sending a text message with smiley, neutral, or sad face emojis, the customers are given the opportunity to rate their experience. This feedback serves as a control mechanism to monitor and assess the quality of customer experience.
The coffee shop can use this information to identify areas of improvement, evaluate customer satisfaction, and make necessary adjustments to enhance their service. The feedback control helps the coffee shop to continuously monitor and maintain the desired level of customer experience.
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Valuation of cash flow
Erwin Footwear wants to determine the value of their Active Wear Division. This division has a debt with a market value of $12,500,00 and none preferred action. Their average capital cost is 10%. The next table represents the cash flow estimated annually from 2013 to 2016. From 2016 the company is expecting a cash flow increase to an annual rate of 4%.
The value of Erwin Footwear's Active Wear Division can be determined by discounting the cash flows at the average cost of capital and subtracting the debt value of $12,500,000 from the total present value of future cash flows.
To calculate the present value, each cash flow is divided by the discount factor, which is (1 + average cost of capital)^n, where n represents the number of years from the present. The cash flows are then summed up to determine the total present value.
For the years 2013 to 2015, the cash flows remain constant at $2,000,000. Considering the average cost of capital at 10%, the discount factor for each year is 1 / (1 + 0.10)^n.
For the year 2016, the cash flow increases by 4% annually. The discount factor for 2016 is calculated based on the same formula, but with the increased cash flow amount.
Once the present value of each year's cash flow is determined, they are summed up to obtain the total present value of future cash flows.
By subtracting the debt value of $12,500,000 from the total present value, the valuation of Erwin Footwear's Active Wear Division can be determined. This valuation represents the net value of the division after considering its debt and future cash flows.
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z company needs 5000 units per month. Fixed cost for order placement, and receiving is Tk. 5,000/= per order. Each computer costs Tk. 30,000/= and retailer has a holding cost of 30%.
You are required to calculate:
(1) The number of computers that should be ordered in each lot.
(ii) Cycle inventory and Number of orders per year.
(iii) Average flow time and Annual holding cost.
Please give the answer of this question
(i)The number of computers that should be ordered in each lot is 167.
(ii)The cycle inventory is 83.33 and the number of orders per year is 30.
(iii)The average flow time is 0.5 months and the annual holding cost is Tk. 1,125,000.
(i)To calculate the optimal order quantity, divide the annual demand (5000) by the order quantity and the number of order per year is 30.
so the lot is 5000/30
=> 166.66
=> 167
So Each lot should contain 167 computers.
(ii)The cycle inventory is half of the order quantity, which is 167/2 which equals to 83.33 computers. The number of orders per year is 30.
(iii)To calculate the average flow time, divide the cycle inventory by half the demand. The annual holding cost can be calculated by multiplying the cycle inventory by the cost per computer and the holding cost rate, then multiplying by the number of orders per year.
=> 30000*500*30
=> 1,125,000.
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the combination of all the factors that consumers evaluate when deciding whether or not to buy a good or service is called a:
The combination of all the factors that consumers evaluate when deciding whether or not to buy a good or service is called a purchase decision or buying decision.
When making a purchase decision, consumers consider various factors that influence their choice. One crucial factor is price, as consumers assess whether the product or service offers value for money. They also evaluate the quality of the item, including its durability, reliability, and performance. Additionally, consumers examine the brand's reputation and trustworthiness, looking for brands that align with their values and have a positive image.
Another important aspect is the product's features and benefits. Consumers assess how well the product meets their needs and preferences. They consider factors such as functionality, design, convenience, and customization options. Furthermore, consumers take into account the availability and accessibility of the product, including its distribution channels and ease of purchase.
Social factors also play a role in the purchase decision. Consumers may be influenced by the opinions and recommendations of friends, family, or online reviews. They consider the social status associated with the product and how it aligns with their desired self-image.
Additionally, personal factors such as individual preferences, lifestyle, and past experiences impact the purchase decision. Consumers may evaluate how the product fits into their daily lives and whether it satisfies their aspirations or goals.
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Each individual has the same Cobb-Douglas utility function in consumption (C) and leisure (L).Suppose that there are N individuals in an economy.
Function: U = CαLβ , α, β > 0
In this case, each individual has the same Cobb-Douglas utility function in consumption (C) and leisure (L). the labor supply function for the individual in a competitive labor market in which hours can be bought and sold at a fixed rate w will be h = [(wT + y)(α-1)] / [w(1 - t)α].
Suppose that there are N individuals in an economy. The function is: U = CαLβ, where α, β > 0
The only difference among these individuals is that they may be offered different wage rates depending on their ability. We need to derive the labor supply function for the individual in a competitive labor market in which hours can be bought and sold at a fixed rate w.
Let the initial budget constraint be (1 - t) wh + y = wT, where t is a flat tax rate on labor income, h is the number of hours worked, y is the non-labor income, and T is the total time endowment.
Suppose an individual works h hours, consumes C = (wT + y - (1 - t) wh)1-α, and has L = T - h time endowment left for leisure.
The Lagrangian for this individual is: L = (wT + y - (1 - t) wh)1-α αC + λ (T - h - L)
Taking the derivative of L with respect to h and λ and setting it equal to zero, we have:
αC(w(1 - t) α-1 - λ) = 0 (1)λ = w(1 - t)(1 - α)
Lining up equation (1) with the budget constraint, we get:
(1 - t) wh = wT + y - C(wT + y)1-α(1 - t) wh = wT + y - (wT + y)1-αC1-α = (wT + y)(α-1)
Therefore, the labor supply function for an individual is given by: h = [(wT + y)(α-1)] / [w(1 - t)α]
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If the long run macro aggregate supply curve is vertical at y-full employment, then in the long run, the effect of a change in the interest rate on aggregate output is infinitely large.
a. True
b. False
The given statement is false.
If the long-run macro aggregate supply curve is vertical at full employment (y), then in the long-run, the effect of a change in the interest rate on aggregate output is infinite. This statement is false.Let's explain the reason:The long-run aggregate supply (LRAS) curve is vertical at full employment in the economy, indicating that in the long run, the economy's production capacity is fixed. This is due to the fact that in the long term, capital and labor are adaptable, and the economy's production capacity is determined by the sum of its capital and labor inputs. As a result, a modification in the interest rate will not influence the economy's output in the long run. Because the output is already at full employment level, the output can't go any higher.A change in the interest rate, however, may impact aggregate output in the short run. A fall in the interest rate encourages borrowing and investing, resulting in higher aggregate demand. The economy's output rises as a result of this increased demand. This increased output, however, may cause costs to rise, lowering the SRAS and resulting in inflation. To summarize, a modification in the interest rate will have an impact on the economy's output in the short run, but not in the long run. Therefore, the given statement is false.
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1. "Undisputed marketplace leadership." - COMPANY A
AND
EXXON: "We are committed to being the world's premier petroleum and petrochemical company. To that end, we must continuously achieve superior financial and operating results while adhering to the highest standards of business conduct. These unwavering expectations provide the foundation for our commitments to those with whom we interact." - EXXON
Comment on the mission statements above?
The mission statements of COMPANY A and Exxon highlight their respective goals and aspirations.
COMPANY A emphasizes its undisputed marketplace leadership, indicating a focus on establishing a strong position in the market. This suggests a commitment to being a dominant player in their industry and potentially striving for market dominance as a key measure of success. On the other hand, Exxon's mission statement emphasizes their commitment to being the premier petroleum and petrochemical company. They prioritize achieving superior financial and operating results while adhering to high standards of business conduct. This indicates a focus on excellence in their operations and a commitment to ethical business practices.
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Research has demonstrated that a pilot's reaction time deteriorates as time increases since their most recent rest period. Suppose that at 10 hours since the pilot's last rest period, reaction time averages 2.0 seconds and is normally distributed with standard deviation of 0.6 seconds. With every additional hour since the pilot's most recent rest period, reaction time increases by 0.2 seconds. The regulatory authority has demanded that reaction time not exceed 3.6 seconds, 98% of the time. A. How long can this pilot safely operate the aircraft (given the stipulations of the regulatory authority) before they require another rest period. Report your answer in minutes. B. The air force has experimented with stimulants that reduce the rate of deterioration to 0.15 seconds for every hour beyond 10 since the most recent rest period. What is the probability that a long-range bomber pilot is able to complete a 20-hour mission and maintain a reaction time of three seconds? a a
(A) Therefore, the pilot can safely operate the aircraft for an additional 13 hours beyond the initial 10-hour period, totaling 23 hours, before requiring another rest period.
(B) The pilot can complete a 20-hour mission while maintaining a reaction time of 3 seconds with a probability of 100%.
A. To determine how long the pilot can safely operate the aircraft before requiring another rest period, we need to find the point at which the reaction time exceeds 3.6 seconds, with a 98% confidence level.
Initial reaction time at 10 hours: 2.0 second
Standard deviation: 0.6 seconds
Reaction time increases by 0.2 seconds per hour
Using the formula for z-score: z = (x - μ) / σ, where μ is the mean and σ is the standard deviation, we can calculate the z-score corresponding to the desired 98th percentile.
z = (3.6 - 2.0) / 0.6
z = 2.6
Looking up the z-score in a standard normal distribution table, we find that the corresponding percentile is approximately 0.995.
Since the pilot's reaction time deteriorates by 0.2 seconds per hour, we can set up the equation:
2.6 = 0.2t, where t represents the number of additional hours beyond 10.
Solving for t:
t = 2.6 / 0.2
t = 13 hours
Converted to minutes, this is 23 * 60 = 1380 minutes.
B. With the use of stimulants that reduce the rate of deterioration to 0.15 seconds per hour beyond 10, we can adjust the calculation.
Reaction time increases by 0.15 seconds per hour beyond 10
Desired reaction time during the 20-hour mission: 3 seconds
We need to get the probability that the reaction time stays below 3 seconds for the entire 20-hour mission.
Using the adjusted equation:
3 - 0.15t ≤ 3
-0.15t ≤ 0
t ≥ 0
Since t represents the number of hours beyond 10, in this case, t = 10.
So, the pilot can complete a 20-hour mission while maintaining a reaction time of 3 seconds with a probability of 100%.
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Suppose that the annual interest rate is 5.0% in the United States and 3.4% in Germany, and that the spot exchange rate is $1.13 / € and the forward exchange rate, with one-year maturity, is $1.17 / €. Assume that an arbitrageur can borrow up to $1,000,000. If an astute trader finds an arbitrage, what would be the net cash flow in one year after paying the interest expenses? A. $21,363.24 B. $34,623.35
C. $70,601.77 D. $20,601.77
The net cash flow in one year is $70,601.77.
Suppose that the annual interest rate is 5.0% in the United States and 3.4% in Germany and that the spot exchange rate is $1.13 / € and the forward exchange rate, with one-year maturity, is $1.17 / €.
Assume that an arbitrageur can borrow up to $1,000,000.
$21,363.24 B. $34,623.35 C. $70,601.77 D. $20,601.77
The answer is C. $70,601.77
First, we calculate the arbitrage profit by investing in Germany and borrowing in the US.1. Borrow $1,000,000 at 5% in the US.2.
Convert $1,000,000 to euros at the current rate of $1.13 / €, which is €882,681.564.3.
invest €882,681.56 in Germany at a rate of 3.4 percent.
After a year, it will be worth €912,080.456.4.
Exchange €912,080.46 back into US dollars at the current rate of $1.13 / €.
This equals $1,032,841.12.5.
The return in US dollars is $32,841.12.
The second step is to compute the profit from borrowing in Germany and investing in the US.1. Borrow €882,681.56 in Germany at a rate of 3.4 percent.
After a year, it will be worth €913,667.672.2. Convert €913,667.67 to US dollars at the current rate of $1.13 / €.
This equals $1,033,119.85.3.
Invest $1,000,000 in the US at a rate of 5%. After a year, it will be worth $1,050,000.4.
Return the €913,667.67 loan, which now equals $1,069,345.17 with interest.5.
The return in US dollars is $19,345.17.
The third step is to determine the net profit or cash flow.1.
The profit from investing in Germany and borrowing in the US is $32,841.12.2.
The profit from borrowing in Germany and investing in the US is $19,345.17.3.
The difference between the two is $13,495.95.4.
After paying interest expenses of $64,105.82 ($50,000 at 5% plus $14,105.82 at 3.4%), the net cash flow in one year is $70,601.77.
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Define and explain the significance of the following.
(1) Limited liability partnership
(1) Condition
(1) False imprisonment
(1) Assault
(1) Duress
(1) Caveat
(1) What is the standard of care of a Gratuitous Bailment for the benefit of the Bailee?
(1) Injunction - when is it used?
(1) Quantum meruit
(1) Tenancy in Common
(1) Doctrine of corporate opportunity
(2) Misrepresentation by omission
(2) Agency by ratification
(3) Statutory Right of Way
(4) Dismissal for cause - when does it occur and what is its effect? What must the employer pay?
(4) What is a limited partnership and when is it a desirable choice for a business organization?
(4) What are the benefits of incorporation?
(1) **Limited liability partnership (LLP):** A limited liability partnership is a legal business structure where the partners have limited personal liability for the debts and actions of the partnership.
This means that the partners' personal assets are protected from the partnership's liabilities, and they are only financially responsible to the extent of their investment in the partnership. LLPs are commonly used by professionals such as lawyers, accountants, and consultants.
(1) **Condition:** A condition refers to a contractual term or requirement that must be satisfied in order for a contract to be legally binding or for certain obligations to be fulfilled. It is an essential element that defines the rights and responsibilities of the parties involved. Failure to meet a condition may result in the contract being terminated or specific consequences being triggered.
(1) **False imprisonment:** False imprisonment is the unlawful and intentional confinement or restraint of a person against their will, without lawful justification or consent. It involves the complete restriction of an individual's freedom of movement, and it can occur through physical barriers, threats, coercion, or abuse of authority. False imprisonment is a violation of a person's civil rights and may lead to legal consequences for the perpetrator.
(1) **Assault:** Assault is the intentional act of causing apprehension or fear of imminent harmful or offensive contact in another person. It does not require physical contact to occur, but rather the creation of a reasonable fear or apprehension of harm. Assault can involve verbal threats, gestures, or any action that instills fear in the victim. It is a civil offense and, in some jurisdictions, may also be a criminal offense.
(1) **Duress:** Duress refers to the coercion or threat of imminent harm that is used to induce someone to act against their will or better judgment. It involves the use of force, violence, or unlawful pressure to compel a person to enter into a contract or perform an act they would not have otherwise done. Duress undermines the voluntary nature of consent and can render a contract voidable.
(1) **Caveat:** A caveat is a formal notice or warning issued to prevent certain actions or proceedings from taking place without prior notice to the person who lodged the caveat. It serves as a legal safeguard to protect an individual's interests and rights by requiring others to provide notice and opportunity for response before taking any action that may affect them.
(1) **The standard of care of a Gratuitous Bailment for the benefit of the Bailee:** In a gratuitous bailment, where one party (the bailor) delivers personal property to another party (the bailee) without any compensation, the bailee is required to exercise slight or ordinary care in safeguarding the property. This means that the bailee must take reasonable precautions to prevent loss or damage to the property but is not held to the same high standard of care as in a bailment for hire.
(1) **Injunction:** An injunction is a court order that requires a person or entity to stop or refrain from doing a particular action or behavior. It is used when there is a need to prevent irreparable harm, maintain the status quo, or protect the rights of a party during ongoing legal proceedings. Injunctions can be temporary (interim or preliminary) or permanent, depending on the circumstances and outcome of the case.
(1) **Quantum meruit:** Quantum meruit is a Latin term meaning "as much as is deserved." It refers to a legal principle that allows a party to recover a reasonable value for goods or services provided when there is no existing contract or when the contract is unenforceable. It is based on the idea of preventing unjust enrichment by ensuring that a party receives fair compensation for their efforts and contributions.
(1) **Tenancy in Common:** Tenancy in common is
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on 16 1 Point The HR manager told Fatima that the company pays the total health insurance costs for a family of four. As a single woman (not married), this benefit is not important to her right now. In this case, Fatima is low on the element of Expectancy Theory. A Expectancy B Instrumentality Valence D Outcomes Question 17
The HR manager told Fatima that the company pays the total health insurance costs for a family of four. As a single woman (not married), this benefit is not important to her right now. In this case, Fatima is low on the Valence element of the Expectancy Theory. Thus, option C is correct.
Valence refers to the value or importance that an individual places on a particular outcome or reward. It represents the attractiveness of the outcome to the individual.
Since Fatima is a single woman and not married, the company's offer to pay the total health insurance costs for a family of four is not relevant or valuable to her current situation. The health insurance benefit, which is designed for a family, does not align with her personal circumstances, and therefore, its importance or attractiveness is low for her.
According to the Expectancy Theory, an individual's motivation is influenced by their belief that efforts will lead to performance (expectancy), performance will lead to outcomes (instrumentality), and the outcomes are desirable (valence).
In this case, Fatima's low valence indicates that the outcome, in this case, the health insurance benefit, do not hold significant importance or desirability for her, as it does not align with her current needs or circumstances. Thus, option C is correct.
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In ____________ organizations, more decisions are made at lower levels of management.
In decentralized organizations, more decisions are made at lower levels of management.
This allows lower-level employees to take more responsibility and have more autonomy in decision-making. In a decentralized organizational structure, decision-making authority is distributed throughout the organization instead of being concentrated at the top. This means that lower-level managers and employees have more input.
In a decentralized organizational structure, decision-making power is distributed throughout the organization, with different levels of management making decisions based on their level of authority and expertise. The benefit of this approach is that it allows for quicker response times to changes in the market and enables managers to make decisions based on local knowledge and expertise.
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Incurring an expense in the current accounting period, which will be paid in the following accounting period, will require A. a debit to an expense and a credit to capital B. a debit to an expense and a credit to cash C. a debit to an expense and a credit to a liability D. a debit to a liability and a credit to an expense
When an expense is incurred in the current accounting period, which will be paid in the following accounting period, a debit to an expense and a credit to a liability are required. The correct option is option C.
The liability is a debt owed by a company to an outside party, which includes accounts payable, wages payable, taxes payable, and interest payable. An expense is a cost incurred by a business entity in order to generate income and is an important element of the accounting equation that reduces equity.
An expense is incurred by a business entity in order to generate income. It is necessary to recognize an expense in the accounting period in which it is incurred so that the financial statements provide an accurate representation of the business entity's financial situation.
When an expense is incurred, the following entry is made: Debit the expense account. Credit the liability account.
When the liability is paid, the following entry is made: Debit the liability account. Credit the cash account.
Hence, it can be concluded that incurring an expense in the current accounting period, which will be paid in the following accounting period, will require a debit to an expense and a credit to a liability.
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Case Study:
Mr. Murad owned a valuable plot in Bahria Town, worth Rs. 5m. He was forced by some aggressive
men to sell this plot to Mr. Noman for Rs. 3.8m. They threatened him of destroying his car, if he would
not give consent to this contract.
1. If Mr. Murad gives his consent accordingly, then explain the legal status of this contract, as
per the viewpoint of various Muslim jurists on this issue.
2. Describe the legal consequences of this contract, as well.
1. Legal Status of ContractThe contract between Mr. Murad and Mr. Noman is voidable from the beginning since Mr. Murad was compelled by threats to consent to the transaction. It was made under duress, which is forbidden in Islamic law (Shariah).A valid contract requires the parties to freely agree to its terms, without any pressure or coercion.
Islamic scholars believe that the consent must be given with a free will to make the contract valid, otherwise, it would be invalid.The Prophet (PBUH) said:“Allah is most merciful to those who are merciful to others. If you show mercy to your fellow creatures, then Allah will be merciful to you.”[Sunan Abu Dawud]If Mr. Murad signed the contract, then it would not be considered valid, as he was forced to enter into it and didn't sign it of his own free will.
2. Legal Consequences of ContractThe contract would not be enforceable in court since it was made under duress. The law provides protection to people who are under threat or duress and provides them with remedies if they are forced to enter into a contract against their will.In this case,
Mr. Murad could seek legal assistance to annul the contract, and if he succeeds in doing so, the plot will be returned to him. He may also be entitled to compensation from Mr. Noman for any damages he may have suffered as a result of the transaction.
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Answer the next two (2) questions on the basis of the information below. The one-year interest rate in the U.S. is is = 2% and in the euro zone the one- year interest rate is ie = 6%. The spot rate is $1.2471 per euro. a) What is the one-year forward exchange rate consistent with the no- arbitrage condition? Show your calculations. = 1.2471 1.02/1.06 =1.20 b) Based on your answer in the previous question, what is the annualized forward premium (discount) for the euro? Show your calculations.
a) The one-year forward exchange rate consistent with the no-arbitrage condition is 1.20.
b) The annualized forward discount for the euro is -2.74%.
a)The one-year forward exchange rate consistent with the no-arbitrage condition is shown below:
1.2471 × 1.02/1.06 = 1.20
Therefore, the one-year forward exchange rate consistent with the no-arbitrage condition is 1.20.
b)The forward premium (discount) for the euro can be computed as follows:
Forward premium (discount) = Forward rate - Spot rate / Spot rate × (360 / number of days to delivery)
In this case, the number of days to delivery is equal to 365 days (one year).
Therefore, the forward premium (discount) for the euro is:
Forward premium (discount) = 1.20 - 1.2471 / 1.2471 × (360 / 365)= -0.0274 or -2.74%
Therefore, the annualized forward discount for the euro is -2.74%.
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under which circumstances does the tax burden fall entirely on consumers?
The tax burden falls entirely on consumers under specific circumstances, particularly when the tax is levied on goods or services with inelastic demand and limited supply alternatives.
In such cases, the consumers bear the full incidence of the tax as the market forces do not allow them to shift the burden to other parties. When the demand for a product is inelastic, meaning consumers are not highly responsive to price changes, an increase in taxes is likely to be absorbed by consumers rather than being passed on to the suppliers. This happens because consumers continue to purchase the product even at higher prices, resulting in a higher tax burden for them.
Additionally, if there are limited substitutes available for the taxed goods or services, consumers have limited options to switch to lower-taxed alternatives. This lack of market competition allows the suppliers to pass on the tax burden to consumers, resulting in higher prices for the taxed products. Therefore, the tax burden falls entirely on consumers when the demand for the taxed goods is inelastic and there are limited or no substitutes available, preventing the burden from being shared or shifted to other market participants.
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eric lost his job because a recession hit hard and caused his employer's sales to fall. this is an example of:
The situation where Eric lost his job because of a recession is an example of Structural Unemployment.
What is Structural Unemployment?Structural unemployment occurs when the skills, education, and training of a worker do not match the requirements of the new job or new industry. The mismatch between the job vacancies and the skills of workers causes structural unemployment. In simple terms, the economic conditions, such as recessions, can lead to a decrease in the demand for certain types of workers.
This can cause unemployment as people may be forced out of work because they no longer have the necessary skills or training to find work elsewhere.
In the example, Eric lost his job because of a recession that caused his employer's sales to fall. As a result, his employer had to let him go due to a lack of demand for workers and a decrease in business activities. This is an example of Structural Unemployment.
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The ever-present need to manage demand successfully is why supply chain mangers have moved from being _______________ to being _________________.
The ever-present need to manage demand successfully is why supply chain managers have moved from being reactive to being proactive.
Traditionally, supply chain managers have taken a reactive approach to managing demand. They would respond to changes in customer demand or market conditions after they occur, which often led to inefficiencies and disruptions in the supply chain.
However, with the increasing complexity and volatility of markets, supply chain managers have recognized the importance of being proactive in managing demand. This means taking preemptive actions to anticipate and shape demand, rather than just reacting to it. Proactive supply chain management involves using data analytics, forecasting techniques, market insights, and collaboration with partners to better understand customer demand patterns and trends.
By being proactive, supply chain managers can align their operations, inventory levels, production schedules, and logistics to meet anticipated demand more effectively. They can also develop strategies to mitigate risks, optimize resource allocation, and improve customer satisfaction. Overall, being proactive in managing demand helps supply chain managers to better anticipate and respond to market dynamics, enhance efficiency, and drive overall supply chain performance.
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A company has received 5 jobs with the following information. The jobs arrived in order by job number. They want to compare the average flow time and average late time using the shortest processing time (SPT) sequencing rule to the performance based on the slack time. Provide the average flow time and average late time for each of the scheduling rules (SPT and slack).
To compare the average flow time and average late time for the SPT sequencing rule to the performance based on the slack time, we can use the following steps: Total Late Time is the sum of the late times for all jobs.
For each job, calculate the flow time using the SPT sequencing rule.
For each job, calculate the flow time using the slack time.
Calculate the average flow time for each set of jobs using the appropriate formula.
Calculate the average late time for each set of jobs using the appropriate formula.
Here are the formulas for calculating the average flow time and average late time:
Average Flow Time:
(Average Flow Time = \frac{\text{Total Flow Time}}{\text{Number of Jobs}} * 100%)
where:
Total Flow Time is the sum of the flow times for all jobs.
Number of Jobs is the number of jobs being considered.
Average Late Time:
Average Late Time =[tex]\frac{\text{Total Late Time}}{\text{Number of Jobs}}[/tex] * 100%
where:
Total Late Time is the sum of the late times for all jobs.
Number of Jobs is the number of jobs being considered.
Using these formulas, we can calculate the average flow time and average late time for each set of jobs based on the SPT sequencing rule and the slack time. We can then compare the results to see which rule performs better.
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Using utility, explain the following commonly made statements:
a. I couldn't eat another bite.
b. I'll never get tired of your cooking.
c. The last drop tastes as good as the first.
d. I wouldn't eat broccoli if you paid me.
e. My kid would eat nothing but junk food if I allowed her.
f. Any job worth doing is worth doing well.
How would quests' behavior be likely to
Using utility theory, we can analyze the statements based on the concept of utility, which represents the satisfaction or value individuals derive from consuming goods or engaging in certain activities.
Here's an interpretation of the commonly made statements in terms of utility:
a. "I couldn't eat another bite."
This statement suggests that the person has reached a point where the marginal utility of consuming additional food is low or even negative. They have likely consumed enough food to satisfy their hunger and further consumption would not provide additional satisfaction.
b. "I'll never get tired of your cooking."
This statement indicates that the person derives high utility or satisfaction from the cooking of the other person. They find the meals enjoyable and believe that the utility they derive from the cooking will remain consistently high over time.
c. "The last drop tastes as good as the first."
This statement implies that the person perceives consistent utility from consuming a particular beverage or food item. Each sip or bite provides the same level of satisfaction, indicating that the marginal utility remains constant throughout the consumption experience.
d. "I wouldn't eat broccoli if you paid me."
This statement suggests that the person has a strong dislike or negative utility associated with consuming broccoli. Even if they were offered compensation, the negative utility derived from eating broccoli outweighs any potential monetary gain.
e. "My kid would eat nothing but junk food if I allowed her."
This statement implies that the child derives higher utility from consuming junk food compared to other types of food. It suggests that the child finds more satisfaction and enjoyment in eating junk food, leading to a preference for it if given the opportunity.
f. "Any job worth doing is worth doing well."
This statement reflects the notion that performing a task with high quality and achieving good results leads to higher utility or satisfaction. The person believes that the utility derived from a job is greater when it is done well, indicating a preference for putting effort into tasks for a better outcome.
Regarding the behavior of quests, their behavior would likely depend on their individual preferences, motivations, and the utility they derive from different activities. Each quest may have their own utility functions, influencing their choices and actions within the game world. The game designers aim to create quests that provide engaging and rewarding experiences for players, aligning with their preferences and maximizing their utility in the game context.
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Describe in detail how International Stock Markets
help Multinational Corporations (MNC’s) to finance their
international business expansion activities? (
International stock markets provide MNCs with expanded funding opportunities, improved market valuation, risk diversification, currency hedging capabilities, liquidity, and enhanced global reputation
International stock markets play a crucial role in helping multinational corporations (MNCs) finance their international business expansion activities in several ways:
1. Access to Capital: International stock markets provide MNCs with a platform to raise capital by issuing equity or debt securities to investors around the world. By listing their shares on international stock exchanges, MNCs can tap into a broader investor base and attract funds from a larger pool of potential investors.
2. Diversification of Funding Sources: MNCs can diversify their funding sources by accessing international stock markets. By raising capital globally, MNCs reduce their dependence on a single domestic market and are less exposed to country-specific risks.
3. Enhanced Market Valuation: Listing on international stock exchanges can potentially enhance the market valuation of MNCs. By being listed on reputable and well-regulated stock markets, MNCs gain increased visibility and credibility among investors, leading to higher investor confidence and valuation multiples.
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• Information about the underlying asset: spot price 100, expected return 15%, volatility 20%.
• Information about the market: risk-free rate 5.00%.
a)n Consider a Cox-Ross-Rubinstein (CRR) binomial tree, in which one time step is 4 months. Calculate the up-factor u, and down-factor d, and show how to get the probability (of price moving up) p?
b)Consider an at-the-money American put option maturing in 1 year. Build a 3-step CRR binomial tree (i.e. show the price changes).
c)Calculate the option price using the tree in question (b) and show the early exercise points if there is any.
The option price using the CRR binomial tree is approximately $10.102, and the early exercise points occur at the second and third steps, where the option price is greater than the exercise value.
a) To calculate the up-factor (u) and down-factor (d) in the Cox-Ross-Rubinstein (CRR) binomial tree, we use the following formulas:
u = e^(σ√(Δt))
d = 1/u
where:
σ is the volatility (20% or 0.20)
Δt is the time step (4 months or 1/3 year)
Plugging in the values:
u = e^(0.20√(1/3)) ≈ 1.098
d = 1/u ≈ 0.911
To calculate the probability of a price move up (p), we use the risk-neutral probability:
p = (e^(rΔt) - d) / (u - d)
where:
r is the risk-free rate (5% or 0.05)
Δt is the time step (4 months or 1/3 year)
d and u are the down-factor and up-factor respectively.
Plugging in the values:
p = (e^(0.05*(1/3)) - 0.911) / (1.098 - 0.911) ≈ 0.534
Therefore, the up-factor (u) is approximately 1.098, the down-factor (d) is approximately 0.911, and the probability of a price move up (p) is approximately 0.534.
b) To build a 3-step CRR binomial tree, we start with the spot price of 100 and apply the up-factor and down-factor to calculate the price changes at each step. The tree structure would look like this:
130
/ \
108.9 150
/ \ /
90.6 121.5 195
At each step, the price can either go up by the up-factor or down by the down-factor.
c) To calculate the option price using the CRR binomial tree, we start from the final step and move backward, calculating the option value at each node. At each node, we compare the exercise value (max of the strike price minus the spot price or 0) with the expected option value discounted back from the next step.
Using the tree structure from part b), we would calculate the option prices and early exercise points as follows:
130
/ \
18.9 50
/ \ /
0 1.5 45
At the final step, the option price is the exercise value, which is the max of the strike price (let's assume it's 100) minus the spot price or 0. So, at the final nodes, the option prices are 0 and 0.
Moving backward, we discount the expected option values from the next step using the risk-free rate (5%).
At the second step, the option price at the upper node is (0.534 * 0 + (1 - 0.534) * 1.5) * e^(-0.05 * 1/3) ≈ 1.286
At the lower node, the option price is (0.534 * 1.5 + (1 - 0.534) * 45) * e^(-0.05 * 1/3) ≈ 22.169
Finally, at the initial step, the option price is (0.534 * 0 + (1 - 0.534) * 18.9) * e^(-0.05 * 1/3) ≈ 10.102
Therefore, the option price using the CRR binomial tree is approximately $10.102, and the early exercise points occur at the second and third steps, where the option price is greater than the exercise value.
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1) Some people advocate for a lump-sum tax on income, under which people would all pay the same absolute tax, and there would be no deductions or extra paperwork. One advantage of a tax of this type is that it would: change consumer behavior. • improve the fairness of the tax. • reduce the administrative burden of the tax. • increase tax revenues. 2) A disadvantage of a tax of this type is that: • it is unfair. • it is proportional • it is regressive. 3) The greatest percentage of U.S. tax revenues come from: • income taxes. • payroll taxes. • corporate income taxes. • Income and payroll taxes contribute about equal shares. _? 1) 40% 2) 4) The percentage of that tax is approximately__ 8.5% 3) 60% 4) 25%
Answer:
Explanation:
A tax of this type would reduce the administrative burden of the tax. By implementing a lump-sum tax on income with no deductions or extra paperwork, the administrative process becomes simpler and more efficient.
A disadvantage of a tax of this type is that it is regressive. A lump-sum tax, where everyone pays the same absolute amount regardless of their income level, places a heavier burden on lower-income individuals compared to higher-income individuals. Therefore, it is considered regressive in terms of its impact on different income groups.
The greatest percentage of U.S. tax revenues come from income taxes. Income taxes contribute the largest share to the overall tax revenues in the United States.
The percentage of that tax is approximately 40%. Income taxes contribute about 40% of the total U.S. tax revenues.
At an output level of 8,200 units, you have calculated that the degree of operating leverage is 1.90. The operating cash flow is $62,500 in this case. Ignore the effect of taxes. What will be the new degree of operating leverage for output levels of 9,200 units and 7,200 units?
The degree of operating leverage at 9,200 units is 1.97. At 7,200 units, the degree of operating leverage is1.83.
To compute the degree of operating leverage (DOL), use the following formula:DOL = (% Change in EBIT) / (% Change in Sales)where EBIT is Earnings Before Interest and TaxesWe're given the DOL value, the output level, and the operating cash flow, and we're requested to determine the DOL for two different output levels. We'll start by calculating the EBIT for the given output level, which will be useful later on.Operating cash flow = $62,500EBIT = Operating cash flow / (1 - Fixed costs / Sales)DOL = 1.9Output level = 8,200 unitsUsing the formula,1.9 = (% Change in EBIT) / (% Change in Sales)We already know the % Change in Sales since the output level has been given. Let's suppose the % Change in Sales is x%.
As a result,8,200(x%) = 9,200(x + 1%) (future output level)8,200(x%) = 9,200x + 92,000x = 0.1346 or 13.46%Using this % Change in Sales, we can calculate the % Change in EBIT.1.9 = (% Change in EBIT) / (13.46%)% Change in EBIT = 1.9 × 13.46%% Change in EBIT = 25.57%EBIT at 8,200 units = $62,500 / (1 - Fixed costs / Sales)EBIT at 8,200 units = $62,500 / (1 - FC / 8200)At 8,200 units, we can solve for the Fixed cost as follows:8200(x%) = 7200(x - 1%) (previous output level)8200(x%) = 7200x - 72,000x = 0.1266 or 12.66%At 7,200 units, we can solve for the Fixed cost as follows:EBIT at 9,200 units = $62,500 / (1 - Fixed costs / Sales)EBIT at 9,200 units = $62,500 / (1 - FC / 9200)% Change in Sales = (9200 - 8200) / 8200% Change in Sales = 12.2%%
Change in EBIT = 1.9 × 12.2%% Change in EBIT = 23.18%EBIT at 9,200 units = $62,500 / (1 - FC / 9200)EBIT at 9,200 units = $62,500 / (1 - 0.1266)EBIT at 9,200 units = $62,500 / 0.8734EBIT at 9,200 units = $71,608.68At 7,200 units,% Change in Sales = (7200 - 8200) / 8200% Change in Sales = -12.2%% Change in EBIT = 1.9 × -12.2%% Change in EBIT = -23.18%EBIT at 7,200 units = $62,500 / (1 - FC / 7200)Solving for Fixed cost yields:EBIT at 7,200 units = $62,500 / (1 - FC / 7200)$62,500 / (1 - FC / 7200) = $71,608.68Solving for Fixed cost yields :Fixed cost = $12,310.46.
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Jaup Nonprofit has a beginning balance in notes payable of $42,000 and an ending balance of $68,000. During the year, $4,000 of principal payments on notes payable were made. Identify any activity that should be reflected in the statement of cash flows using the indirect method. You must report which section(s) of the statement of cash flows would be affected, as well as the direction and amount for each transaction.
The activity reflected in the statement of cash flows using the indirect method would be: Statement of Cash Flows; Financing Activities: Decrease in Notes Payable: -$22,000
The activity that should be reflected in the statement of cash flows using the indirect method is the principal payments on notes payable. These payments are considered cash flows from financing activities.
The direction of the transaction is an outflow of cash since principal payments reduce the amount of debt owed. Let's calculate the specific amount:
Beginning balance in notes payable: $42,000
Ending balance in notes payable: $68,000
Principal payments on notes payable: $4,000
To determine the change in notes payable, we can use the formula:
Change in Notes Payable = Ending Balance - Beginning Balance
Change in Notes Payable = $68,000 - $42,000
Change in Notes Payable = $26,000
Since the principal payments made on notes payable reduce the debt, we can calculate the decrease in notes payable by subtracting the change from the principal payments:
Decrease in Notes Payable = Principal Payments - Change in Notes Payable
Decrease in Notes Payable = $4,000 - $26,000
Decrease in Notes Payable = -$22,000
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