Vertical integration refers to the strategy of combining different stages of the production process within a single company, while horizontal integration refers to the strategy of merging with or acquiring competitors at the same stage of the production process.
Vertical integration is a strategy where a company expands its operations by acquiring or merging with other firms in the same supply chain, either upstream (suppliers) or downstream (distributors). This helps to control the production process, reduce costs, and ensure supply consistency.
Horizontal integration, on the other hand, involves a company expanding its operations by acquiring or merging with competitors in the same industry at the same level of the supply chain. This helps to increase market share, eliminate competition, and achieve economies of scale.
Andrew Carnegie, a prominent figure in the steel industry, primarily employed vertical integration. He acquired iron ore mines, coal mines, and transportation infrastructure to control all aspects of the steel production process, which led to cost savings and competitive advantage.John D. Rockefeller, the founder of Standard Oil, initially used horizontal integration to expand his business. He acquired or merged with numerous competitors in the oil refining industry, which enabled him to dominate the market and control pricing. Later, Rockefeller also employed vertical integration by investing in oil production and distribution.In summary, vertical integration focuses on controlling the supply chain, while horizontal integration aims to dominate the market by merging with competitors. Andrew Carnegie used vertical integration, while John D. Rockefeller initially used horizontal integration before also adopting vertical integration.
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which of the following is not correct?a.a managed fund will outperform an index fund only 60% of the time.b.managed funds may be open-end funds or closed-end funds.c.over many years, the majority of managed mutual funds have failed to outperform the standard
The statement "a managed fund will outperform an index fund only 60% of the time" may not be correct.
While it is true that actively managed funds may outperform index fund in certain market conditions or over certain time periods, it is not accurate to say that this will happen only 60% of the time. The performance of any investment is subject to a wide range of factors and can be unpredictable, making it difficult to make generalizations about the performance of managed funds relative to index funds.
Therefore, statement (a) may not be entirely accurate. Statements (b) and (c) are generally accurate. Managed funds can be open-end or closed-end, and over many years, the majority of managed mutual funds have failed to outperform their benchmark index.
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Suppose years of schooling, s, is the only variable that affects earnings. The equations for the weekly salaries of male and female workers in 1970 are given by: Wm= 500 + 100s Wi= 300 + 75s On average, men have 14 years of schooling and women have 13 years of schooling. A. What is the average male-female wage differential in the labor market? (2 point) b. How much of this wage differential may be due to discrimination? Note that there are two possible ways to calculate this, so do it both ways and compare the two answers you get. Place your answer in percent terms. (4 points) C. By now, women have surpassed men in educational attainment with women having on average 15 years of education and men having 14. What would the wage gap be, assuming the wage equations remained unchanged? (2 points) d. How much of this gap is unexplained by education? Use just one of the methods and place your answer in percent terms. (2 points) e. What else besides discrimination may contribute to this gap? (2 points)
Firm ABC has debt with a face value of $40m (which could be considered to be the exercise price on call and put options on the firm). The standard deviation of assets is σ = 0. 2. The risk-free rate is currently 4. 5% and a time to expiration of 30 years is sufficiently long to use for option valuation. The market value of the firm is $80m.
a. Find the market value of debt and equity using the Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model.
b. If the firm decides to increase the volatility of its assets to σ =. 3 by investing in riskier assets, what will happen to the market values of debt and equity? Find the new values.
c. Briefly explain the conflict between shareholders and bondholders for a firm.
d. Is this approach consistent with the roles of financial markets?
The Black-Scholes model has some limitations and assumptions and should be used in conjunction with other models and analyses to fully evaluate the risks and returns of an investment.
a. Using the Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model, we can calculate the market value of debt and equity as follows:
The value of a call option on the firm's assets, with an exercise price equal to the face value of the debt, is:
[tex]C = A N(d_1) - K e^{-rt} N(d_2)[/tex]
where:
A is the market value of the firm, which is $80m
N([tex]d_1[/tex]) and N([tex]d_2[/tex]) are the cumulative distribution functions of a standard normal variable, evaluated at [tex]d_1[/tex] and [tex]d_2[/tex] respectively
[tex]$d_1 = \frac{\ln\left(\frac{A}{K}\right) + \left(r + \frac{\sigma^2}{2}\right)t}{\sigma\sqrt{t}}$[/tex]
[tex]$d_2 = d_1 - \sigma\sqrt{t}$[/tex]
K is the face value of the debt, which is $40m
r is the risk-free rate, which is 4.5%
t is the time to expiration, which is 30 years
σ is the standard deviation of the assets, which is 0.2
Therefore, d1 = 0.9743 and d2 = 0.6731, and we can calculate the value of the call option as:
[tex]C = \$80m N(0.9743) - \$40m \exp(-0.04530) N(0.6731) = \$52.73m[/tex]
The market value of the debt is simply the face value, which is $40m. Therefore, the market value of equity is:
E = A - D - C = $80m - $40m - $52.73m = -$12.73m
Since the market value of equity is negative, it means that the firm is currently insolvent.
b. If the firm decides to increase the volatility of its assets to σ = 0.3, the market value of debt and equity will change. Using the same formula as in part a, we can calculate the new value of the call option as:
C = $80mN(1.0770) - $40mexp(-0.04530)*N(0.8747) = $60.36m
Therefore, the market value of equity is:
E = A - D - C = $80m - $40m - $60.36m = -$20.36m
The increase in asset volatility has caused the market value of equity to decrease further, making the firm even more insolvent.
c. There is a conflict between shareholders and bondholders for a firm because they have different priorities and incentives. Shareholders want to maximize the value of their equity, which is driven by the firm's profitability and growth prospects. To achieve this, they may take risks that increase the volatility of the firm's assets.
Bondholders, on the other hand, want to minimize the risk of default and receive a fixed payment of interest and principal on their debt. Therefore, they prefer a low-risk strategy that maintains the stability of the firm's cash flows. This conflict can arise when the firm takes on too much risk, which can jeopardize the bondholders' interests and increase the likelihood of default.
d. The approach of using the Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model to value debt and equity is consistent with the roles of financial markets. Financial markets exist to facilitate the allocation of capital and risk among investors and borrowers. The Black-Scholes model is a widely accepted framework for valuing financial instruments such as options, which can help investors to price and manage their exposure to risk.
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How long does it take the irs to approve your taxes?.
Answer:
Typically, if you file your tax return electronically and choose direct deposit for any refund, you can expect to receive a refund within three weeks of the date the IRS receives your return. However, if your return requires additional review, it may take longer for the IRS to process your return and approve your taxes.
If you file your tax return on paper, the processing time can take longer, and it may take up to six weeks to receive your refund.
Explanation:
Shana norris wants to buy five-year zero coupon bonds with a face value of $1,000. her yield to maturity is 8.5 percent. assuming annual compounding, what would be the current market price of these bonds
The current market price of the five-year zero-coupon bonds with a face value of $1,000 and a yield to maturity of 8.5% is approximately $680.58.
To calculate the current market price of the five-year zero-coupon bonds, we need to use the formula for present value of a single future cash flow;
PV = FV / [tex](1+r)^{n}[/tex]
Where;
PV = Present value
FV = Face value of the bond
r = Yield to maturity (in decimal form)
n = Number of compounding periods
In this case, the face value of the bond is $1,000, the yield to maturity is 8.5% or 0.085, and the number of compounding periods is 5 (since it is a five-year bond and compounding is annual). Plugging in these values, we get;
PV = 1000 / (1 + 0.085)⁵
PV = 1000 / 1.469328
PV = $680.58
Therefore, the current market price of these bonds is $680.58.
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5. Understanding the IRR and NPVThe net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR) methods of investment analysis are interrelated and are sometimes used together to make capital budgeting decisions. Consider the case of Cold Goose Metal Works Inc. :Last Tuesday, Cold Goose Metal Works Inc. Lost a portion of its planning and financial data when both its main and its backup servers crashed. The company’s CFO remembers that the internal rate of return (IRR) of Project Lambda is 11. 3%, but he can’t recall how much Cold Goose originally invested in the project nor the project’s net present value (NPV). However, he found a note that detailed the annual net cash flows expected to be generated by Project Lambda. They are:YearCash FlowYear 1 $2,400,000Year 2 $4,500,000Year 3 $4,500,000Year 4 $4,500,000The CFO has asked you to compute Project Lambda’s initial investment using the information currently available to you. He has offered the following suggestions and observations:• A project’s IRR represents the return the project would generate when its NPV is zero or the discounted value of its cash inflows equals the discounted value of its cash outflows—when the cash flows are discounted using the project’s IRR. • The level of risk exhibited by Project Lambda is the same as that exhibited by the company’s average project, which means that Project Lambda’s net cash flows can be discounted using Cold Goose’s 7% WACC. Given the data and hints, Project Lambda’s initial investment is __________ , and its NPV is ____________ (rounded to the nearest whole dollar). A project’s IRR will ______ if the project’s cash inflows increase, and everything else is unaffected
The initial investment of Project Lambda was $9,325,350.56.
The NPV of Project Lambda is $1,514,304.22,
How to solve for initial investmentPV = A / (r * (1 + r)^n - 1)
where PV is the present value, A is the annual cash flow, r is the discount rate (which is the project's IRR), and n is the number of years.
Using the given annual cash flows and the project's IRR of 11.3%, we can calculate the present value of the annuity as follows:
PV = $2,400,000 / (0.113 * (1 + 0.113)^1 - 1) + $4,500,000 / (0.113 * (1 + 0.113)^2 - 1) + $4,500,000 / (0.113 * (1 + 0.113)^3 - 1) + $4,500,000 / (0.113 * (1 + 0.113)^4 - 1)
PV = $9,325,350.56
Therefore, the initial investment of Project Lambda was $9,325,350.56.
To calculate the NPV of the project, we can use the formula:
NPV = PV of cash inflows - Initial investment
Using the present value of the annuity calculated above as the PV of cash inflows, we can calculate the NPV as follows:
NPV = $2,400,000 / (1 + 0.07)^1 + $4,500,000 / (1 + 0.07)^2 + $4,500,000 / (1 + 0.07)^3 + $4,500,000 / (1 + 0.07)^4 - $9,325,350.56
NPV = $1,514,304.22
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a proposed new investment has projected sales of $536,000. variable costs are 45 percent of sales, and fixed costs are $129,000; depreciation is $50,000. prepare a pro forma income statement assuming a tax rate of 25 percent. what is the projected net income?
The projected net income is $99,750.
Projected Net Income = $99,750 (Revenue of $536,000 minus variable costs of $241,200, fixed costs of $129,000, and depreciation of $50,000, and taxes of $56,050)
To prepare the pro forma income statement for the proposed new investment, we start with the projected sales of $536,000. We then multiply the sales by the variable cost percentage of 45% to get the variable costs of $241,200. We add the fixed costs of $129,000 and depreciation of $50,000 to get the total operating expenses of $420,200.
Subtracting the total operating expenses from the projected sales revenue gives us the operating income of $115,800. Applying the tax rate of 25% to the operating income gives us the net income of $87,350. Finally, subtracting the net income from the taxes gives us the projected net income of $99,750. This amount represents the profit that the investment is expected to generate after all expenses and taxes are accounted for.
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Question 1. Discuss the United States Supreme Court and explain how a case becomes heard and is decided by this Court? Question 2. Discuss what it means to have an open and public trial. What are the impacts of this approach on justice?
1. The United States Supreme Court is the highest court in the federal judiciary system of the United States. A case can be heard by Supreme Court by processes such as Writ of Certiorari, appeals, and original jurisdiction.
2. An open and public trial is one in which the proceedings are open to the public and the press. Open and public trials play an essential role in promoting transparency, fairness, and trust in the legal system.
1. The United States Supreme Court is the highest court in the U.S. judicial system and has the ultimate authority to interpret federal laws and the U.S. Constitution. It consists of nine justices, who are nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate. The Court has the power of judicial review, which means it can review and interpret the Constitution and determine whether laws are constitutional or not.
A case can become heard by the Supreme Court through a few different processes:
1. Writ of Certiorari: The most common way is when the losing party of a lower court's decision files a petition for a writ of certiorari, asking the Supreme Court to review the case. The Court reviews these petitions and selects the cases they believe have significant legal and constitutional implications.
2. Appeals: In some cases, federal law specifically provides for a direct appeal to the Supreme Court from certain lower courts.
3. Original Jurisdiction: The Supreme Court also has original jurisdiction in cases involving disputes between states or between a state and the federal government.
Once a case is accepted, both parties submit written briefs, and oral arguments are presented before the justices. After considering the case, the justices meet in a conference to discuss the arguments and vote on the outcome. A majority vote is required to decide the case, and the Court's opinion is then drafted and published.
2. An open and public trial means that the proceedings of the trial are accessible to the general public and the press. This transparency is a fundamental principle in democratic societies and is protected under the Sixth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. The impacts of having an open and public trial on justice include:
1. Ensuring fairness: Public trials help guarantee that the proceedings are conducted fairly and impartially, as the presence of observers acts as a check on the actions of the judge, prosecution, and defense.
2. Promoting public trust: Open trials allow the public to see how justice is administered and can help foster confidence in the legal system.
3. Protecting the rights of the accused: Public trials can prevent potential abuse of power or miscarriages of justice, as the public can witness how the accused is treated during the trial process.
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Your portfolio has provided you with returns of 11.4 percent, 6.2 percent, −.7 percent, and 14.6 percent over the past four years, respectively. what is the geometric average return for this period?
The geometric average return for the given period is 10.22%.
To calculate the geometric average return for the given period, we need to use the following formula:
Geometric average return = [tex][(1 + R1) * (1 + R2) * (1 + R3) * (1 + R4)] ^{(1/4)-1}[/tex]
Where R1, R2, R3, and R4 are the returns for the four years.
Plugging in the values, we get:
Geometric average return = [tex][(1 + 0.114) * (1 + 0.062) * (1 - 0.007) * (1 + 0.146)] ^ {(1/4)-1}[/tex]
= [tex][1.114 * 1.062 * 0.993 * 1.146] ^ {(1/4) - 1}[/tex]
= [tex]1.2925 ^ {0.25 - 1}[/tex]
= 0.1022 or 10.22%
Therefore, the geometric average return for the given period is 10.22%.
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a nonexcludable good is a good in which: group of answer choices it is difficult to prevent someone from using or having access to the good. one person consuming or using the good cannot prevent others from using or consuming the same unit of the good. there is a regulation that the good must be provided to everyone. the good has no cost of production and so is available to consumers at no cost.
A nonexcludable good is the good in which one person consuming or using the good cannot prevent others from using or consuming the same unit of the good. Option B is correct.
A nonexcludable good is a type of public good that is difficult, costly, or impossible to prevent someone from using or having access to it once it is provided. In other words, it is a good for which exclusion of non-payers is not feasible or is prohibitively expensive. This creates a free-rider problem, where individuals can benefit from the good without paying for it. Examples of nonexcludable goods include clean air, national defense, street lighting, and public parks.
In other words, it is a good that is difficult or impossible to exclude people from using or having access to, regardless of whether or not they have paid for it.
Hence, B. is the correct option.
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--The given question is incomplete, the complete question is
"A nonexcludable good is a good in which: group of answer choices A) it is difficult to prevent someone from using or having access to the good. B) one person consuming or using the good cannot prevent others from using or consuming the same unit of the good. C) there is a regulation that the good must be provided to everyone. D) the good has no cost of production and so is available to consumers at no cost."--
As you have seen, there are advantages and disadvantages of using credit. Chapter 10 in your online textbook takes this understanding a bit further and outlines what a person should do should they find themselves in financial trouble. Review Chapter 10. Reflect on types of financial problems and ways to correct them.
After the successful completion of this assignment, you will be able to say:
I can create a plan for solving credit problems.
You are allowed only two completed attempts for this lesson. This activity will count for 10% of your grade in this unit.
Instructions
Describe two ways in which someone could solve their financial issues. Make sure to use your resources to support your answer.
Submission
Please submit your answers into the text box.
Two ways with which someone could solve their financial issues include:
Create a budget and stick to itSeek professional financial adviceHow can we solve financial issues ?One effective way to solve financial issues is to create a budget that tracks income and expenses and allows for careful planning and management of money. A budget can help identify areas of overspending or wastage, and allow for adjustments to be made to improve financial stability.
Another way to solve financial issues is to seek the advice and guidance of a professional financial advisor or counselor. A financial advisor can provide expert advice on a wide range of financial issues, such as managing debt, investing, retirement planning, and estate planning.
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the following table shows your stock positions at the beginning of the year, the dividends that each stock paid during the year, and the stock prices at the end of the year. what is your portfolio percentage return?
Start by calculating the total value of your stocks at the beginning of the year, which is the sum of all the stock values listed in the table
Add up the total amount of dividends received throughout the year, which is also listed in the table. To determine the total value of your stocks at the end of the year, multiply the number of shares you own by the stock price at the end of the year for each stock listed in the table. Once you have the total value of your stocks at the end of the year, add this amount to the total dividends received throughout the year, subtract the total value of your stocks at the beginning of the year from the total value of your stocks at the end of the year plus dividends received throughout the year.This will give you the overall return on your portfolio. To calculate the percentage return on your portfolio, divide the overall return by the total value of your stocks at the beginning of the year and multiply by 100. The result will be your portfolio percentage return. It's important to note that this calculation does not take into account any fees or taxes that may have been incurred throughout the year. However, it provides a general idea of how your portfolio performed during the year.
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the accompanying graph represents the market for loanable funds in the hypothetical country of bunko. assume the market is initially in equilibrium and inflation expectations are 2%. a. adjust the graph to demonstrate the effects of inflation expectations increasing from 2% to 4%. market for loanable funds interest rate (%) quantity of loanable funds (billions of $) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 d s b. what is the real interest rate after the change in inflation expectations? 7% 3% 2% 5% c. which effect below characterizes the relationship between inflation expectations and nominal interest rates? the pigou effect the leontief paradox the inflation effect the fisher effect
The demand for loanable funds and interest rate rise as the graph swings upward.After accounting for the shift in inflation expectations, the real interest rate is 3%.
Will the demand for loanable money increase as the interest rate rises?Answer and justification The reason for this is that loanable funds are less likely to be required as interest rates rise. It's because the borrowers would be required to pay a higher rate of interest on the money they borrowed. Every time the interest rate charged is cut, there is a greater demand for these money.
What happens when the amount of loanable funds rises?As a result, there will be a greater demand for loanable funds, which raises the actual interest rate. Alternatively said, we would anticipate a rise in real interest rates and the quantity of loans made, when the economy is doing well.
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Describe 5 business costs that will determine the cost of your products or services.
5 business costs that will determine the cost of your products or services are raw materials, labor, overhead, marketing and research and development costs.
1. Raw materials and inventory costs: These are the costs associated with purchasing the materials and goods needed to produce your product or provide your service. This includes the cost of the raw materials, as well as any related shipping and storage expenses.
2. Labor costs: These are the wages, salaries, and benefits paid to your employees who are directly involved in the production of your product or the provision of your service. This includes production workers, sales representatives, and customer service staff.
3. Overhead costs: These are the indirect costs of running your business that cannot be directly attributed to the production of your product or service. Examples include rent, utilities, insurance, office supplies, and maintenance expenses.
4. Marketing and advertising costs: These are the expenses associated with promoting your product or service. This can include online advertising, print advertisements, trade shows, and promotional materials.
5. Research and development costs: These are the costs of developing new products or services or improving existing ones. This includes the expenses associated with market research, product testing, and prototype development.
By considering these five business costs, you can determine the cost of your products or services and set appropriate prices to ensure profitability.
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If an employee took a $1.79 candy bar from her employer every day and worked five days a week for 50 weeks of the year, how much would that pilfering cost the company? If 20 employees did the same thing how would that affect the company’s profits? i need help asap
If an employee took a $1.79 candy bar from her employer every day and worked five days a week for 50 weeks of the year, the cost of the pilfering would be $ 447.50.
If 20 other employees did it, the company would lose $8, 950.
How is the company affected ?The loss from the first employee is:
= $ 1. 79 x 5 days x 50 weeks
= $ 447. 50
If 20 employees all did the same, the loss to the company would be:
= 447. 50 x 20
= $ 8, 950
The level of theft can have immense implications on the profits of an organization that vary depending on its overall revenue and size. Besides the explicit financial loss concerning stolen goods, there is also a possibility of indirect expenses such as reduced worker productivity because of employee thefts or even needing more security personnel and equipment, which are costly investments. The company's reputation might take a significant hit in the long run due to these actions.
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Theo is a buyer who's contemplating a land contract. why might he choose this route over traditional financing
He choose this route over traditional financing because of Credit Issues, Flexible terms,Quick Closing,Investment purposes,Creative financing.
A land contract, also known as a contract for deed, is an alternative form of financing where the buyer makes payments to the seller over time, rather than obtaining a traditional mortgage loan from a bank or other financial institution. There are several reasons why Theo might choose this route over traditional financing:
Credit Issues: If Theo has poor credit or a limited credit history, he may not be able to qualify for a traditional mortgage. In this case, a land contract may be a viable option as the seller is more interested in the buyer's ability to make payments rather than their credit score.
Flexible terms: A land contract can often have more flexible terms than a traditional mortgage, such as a lower down payment or a longer repayment period. This can make it easier for Theo to afford the property.
Quick Closing: Since there is no involvement of a third-party lender in a land contract, the process can be faster than traditional financing, allowing Theo to close the deal quicker.
Investment purposes: In some cases, investors may choose a land contract to acquire a property for investment purposes. This can be a good option for investors who do not want to tie up their cash in a down payment and want to avoid the closing costs associated with a traditional mortgage.
Creative financing: In some cases, a land contract can allow for creative financing arrangements between the buyer and seller, such as a lease-to-own agreement or seller financing.
It's important to note that there are potential risks associated with land contracts, such as the seller retaining legal ownership of the property until the final payment is made. It's crucial for Theo to carefully review and understand the terms of the contract before entering into an agreement.
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Blossom Co. At the end of 2020, its first year of operations, prepared a reconciliation between pretax financial income and taxable income as follows: Pretax financial income $2285000 Estimated litigation expense 3285000 Extra depreciation for taxes (5298000) Taxable income $ 272000 The estimated litigation expense of $3285000 will be deductible in 2021 when it is expected to be paid. Use of the depreciable assets will result in taxable amounts of $1766000 in each of the next 3 years. The income tax rate is 20% for all years.
Income taxes payable is: _________
The income taxes payable for Blossom Co. in 2020 is $629,133.
To calculate the income taxes payable, we need to start with taxable income and then apply the applicable tax rate. From the information given in the question, we have;
Taxable income = $272,000
Next, we need to calculate the income tax expense for the year, which is calculated as follows;
Tax expense=Taxable income x Tax rate
Tax expense = $272,000 x 20% = $54,400
Now, we need to adjust the tax expense for any timing differences between the financial income and taxable income. In this case, we have two timing differences;
The estimated litigation expense of $3,285,000 will be deductible in 2021 when it is expected to be paid. This means that the expense is not deductible in 2020 for tax purposes, so we need to add it back to taxable income.
The extra depreciation for taxes of $5,298,000 reduces taxable income in 2020, but it will result in taxable amounts of $1,766,000 in each of the next 3 years. This means that we need to add back the extra depreciation for taxes to taxable income in equal installments over the next 3 years.
Adjusting for these timing differences, the income tax payable for 2020 can be calculated as follows;
Tax expense for 2020 = $54,400
Add back estimated litigation expense = $3,285,000
Add back 1/3 of extra depreciation for taxes = $1,766,000/3
= $588,667
Adjusted taxable income for 2020 = $3,145,667
Adjusted tax expense for 2020 = $3,145,667 x 20%
= $629,133
Therefore, the income taxes payable is $629,133.
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suppose the government wants to reduce this type of unemployment. which of the following policies would help achieve this goal? check all that apply. increasing the benefits offered to unemployed workers through the government's unemployment insurance program establishing government-run employment agencies to connect unemployed workers to job vacancies improving a widely used job-search website so that it matches workers to job vacancies more effectively
Options B and C are the correct options for reducing unemployment due to sectoral shifts and job searches.
When the world price of aluminum falls, the demand for labor among aluminum-producing firms in Pittsburgh will decrease, leading to a decrease in the employment level.
On the other hand, the demand for labor among airplane manufacturing firms in Washington, which use aluminum as an input, will increase, leading to an increase in the employment level.
The temporary unemployment that results from such sectoral shifts is called frictional unemployment, which occurs when workers are transitioning between jobs or industries due to changes in market conditions.
To reduce frictional unemployment, the government can implement policies that help connect workers to available job vacancies. Increasing the benefits offered to unemployed workers through the government's unemployment insurance program may provide temporary relief but does not address the root cause of the problem.
Instead, establishing government-run employment agencies to connect unemployed workers to job vacancies and improving a widely used job-search website to match workers to job vacancies more effectively would be more effective in reducing frictional unemployment.
By facilitating the matching process between employers and job seekers, these policies can reduce the time it takes for workers to find new employment, ultimately reducing frictional unemployment.
So, correct options are B and C.
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regulation is appropriate if group of answer choices market failure exists and the benefits of regulation exceed the costs. government failure exists. it improves market outcomes regardless of costs. an economic profit is being earned.
Regulation will be appropriate if the market failure exists and the benefits of regulation exceed the costs. Option A is correct.
Regulation will refers to the government intervention in the market through the establishment of rules, standards, and laws that govern economic activity. The purpose of the regulation is to address market failures and to promote socially desirable outcomes, such as consumer protection, public safety, and environmental sustainability.
Regulation can take many forms, including price controls, quality standards, licensing requirements, and restrictions on entry and exit from markets. The effectiveness of regulation depends on its design and implementation, as well as the conditions of the market being regulated.
Hence, A. is the correct option.
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--The given question is incomplete, the complete question is
"Regulation is appropriate if group of answer choices A) market failure exists and the benefits of regulation exceed the costs. B) government failure exists. C) it improves market outcomes regardless of costs. D) an economic profit is being earned."--
Darrell owns a parcel of land that he purchased by obtaining a loan from the First National Bank, and the loan has not been paid off yet. Darrell agrees to sell the land to Paul for $50,000. Darrell and Paul together go to the First National Bank to discuss the sale and purchase with the banker. Darrell, Paul, and the banker sign an agreement stating that Paul will assume the mortgage and that Darrell will be discharged from all further liability on the mortgage. In this case: Group of answer choices the bank is a third party donee beneficiary. Darrell is a third party beneficiary of the agreement between Paul and the bank. The bank can collect from Darrell if Paul defaults. The agreement among the three is a novation
In this scenario, Darrell owns a parcel of land that he purchased by obtaining a loan from First National Bank.
He agrees to sell the land to Paul for $50,000, and they both go to the bank to discuss the sale and purchase. They sign an agreement with the banker that Paul will assume the mortgage and Darrell will be discharged from all further liability on the mortgage.
This agreement between the three parties is called a novation. It is a legal concept that allows for the substitution of one party in a contract with another, effectively releasing the original party from all obligations and transferring them to the new party.
In this case, Paul is assuming the mortgage from Darrell, effectively becoming the new borrower. Darrell is being discharged from all further liability on the mortgage, which means that he will no longer be responsible for any payments or defaults. The bank is not a third party donee beneficiary nor is Darrell a third party beneficiary of the agreement between Paul and the bank. Therefore, the bank cannot collect from Darrell if Paul defaults as he is no longer liable. The correct option is Darrell owns a parcel of land that he purchased by obtaining a loan from First National Bank.
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Amarindo, Inc. (AMR), is a newly public firm with 9. 5 million shares outstanding. You are doing a valuation analysis of AMR. You estimate its free cash flow in the coming year to be $14. 73 million, and you expect the firm's free cash flows to grow by 4. 4% per year in subsequent years. Because the firm has only been listed on the stock exchange for a short time, you do not have an accurate assessment of AMR's equity beta. However, you do have beta data for UAL, another firm in the same industry:. AMR has a much lower debt-equity ratio of 0. 42, which is expected to remain stable, and its debt is risk free. AMR's corporate tax rate is 20%, the risk-free rate is 4. 6%, and the expected return on the market portfolio is 11. 2%. A. Estimate AMR's equity cost of capital. B. Estimate AMR's share price.
Equity Beta Debt Beta Debt-Equity Ratio
UAL 2. 10 0. 42 1. 4
Big Brothers, Inc. Borrows $171,989 from the bank at 7. 22 percent per year, compounded annually, to purchase new machinery. This loan is to be repaid in equal annual installments at the end of each year over the next 10 years. How much will each annual payment be? USING EXCEL
The annual payment using Excel, we can use the PMT function. PMT stands for Payment and is used to calculate the periodic payment for a loan or investment based on constant payments and a constant interest rate.
Here's how to use Excel to calculate the annual payment for this loan:
Open a new Excel worksheet and enter the following values in cells A1 to A4:
A1: Loan amount = -$171,989 (Note the minus sign to indicate a cash outflow)
A2: Interest rate per year = 7.22%
A3: Number of years = 10
A4: Compounding frequency = 1 (annually)
In cell A5, enter the following formula to calculate the annual payment:
=PMT(A2/A4,A3*A4,A1)
The PMT function takes three arguments:
Rate: The interest rate per period. Since our interest rate is per year and our compounding frequency is also per year, we divide the annual interest rate by the compounding frequency to get the periodic interest rate. In this case, we divide 7.22% by 1 to get a rate of 7.22%/1 = 0.0722.
Nper: The total number of payment periods. Since the loan is to be repaid over 10 years with annual payments, the total number of payment periods is 10*1 = 10.
Pv: The present value or loan amount. Since the loan amount is $171,989 and it is a cash outflow, we enter -$171,989 as the present value.
Press Enter, and Excel will calculate the annual payment to be $28,176.59. This means that Big Brothers, Inc. will have to make annual payments of $28,176.59 at the end of each year for the next 10 years to repay the loan.
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Sam Strother and Shawna Tibbs are vice presidents of Mutual of.
Sam Strother and Shawna Tibbs are vice presidents of Mutual of Seattle Insurance Company and co-directors of the company's pension fund management division. An important new client, the North-Western Municipal Alliance, has requested that Mutual of Seattle present an investment seminar to the mayors of the represented cities, and Strother and Tibbs, who will make the actual presentation, have asked you to help them by answering the following questions.
a. What are the key features of a bond?
b. What are call provisions and sinking fund provisions? Do these provisions make bonds more or less risky?
c. How does one determine the value of any asset whose value is based on expected future cash flows?
d. How is the value of a bond determined? What is the value of a 10-year, $1,000 par value bond with a 10% annual coupon if its required rate of return is 10%?
e. (1) What would be the value of the bond described in Part d if, just after it had been issued, the expected inflation rate rose by 3 percentage points, causing investors to require a 13% return? Would we now have a discount or a premium bond?
e. (2) What would happen to the bond's value if inflation fell and declined to 7%? Would we now have a premium or a discount bond?
e. (3) What would happen to the value of the 10-year bond over time if the required rate of return remained at 13%? If it remained at 7%? (Hint: With a financial calculator, enter PMT, I/YR, FV, and N, and then change N to see what happens to the PV as the bond approaches maturity. )
f. (1) What is the yield to maturity on a 10-year, 9% annual coupon, $1,000 par value bond that sells for $887. 00? That sells for $1,134. 20? What does the fact that a bond sells at a discount or at a premium tell you about the relationship between and the bond's coupon rate?
f. (2) What are the total return, the current yield, and the capital gains yield for the discount bond? (Assume the bond is held to maturity and the company does not default on the bond. )
Answer:
Mutual of Seattle insurance company
A precision lathe costs $16,000 and will cost $26,000 a year to operate and maintain. If the discount rate is 10% and the lathe will last for 4 years, what is the equivalent annual cost of the tool?
The equivalent annual cost of the lathe is $27,288.26. This is the annual cost that would make the purchase and operation of the lathe equivalent to a stream of equal payments over the 4-year period.
To calculate the equivalent annual cost of the lathe, we need to add up all the costs associated with it and convert them into an annual cost.
The cost of the lathe is $16,000 and it will last for 4 years. Therefore, the depreciation expense for the lathe can be calculated as:
Depreciation expense = Cost of lathe / Useful life of lathe
Depreciation expense = $16,000 / 4 years
Depreciation expense = $4,000 per year
In addition to the cost of the lathe, there is also an annual cost of $26,000 to operate and maintain it. Therefore, the total cost of the lathe for one year is:
Total cost = Depreciation expense + Operating and maintenance expense
Total cost = $4,000 + $26,000
Total cost = $30,000 per year
To calculate the equivalent annual cost of the lathe, we need to discount this cost over the 4-year period using the discount rate of 10%. The formula for calculating the present value of an annuity is:
Equivalent annual cost = (Total cost x Discount factor) / Present value of annuity factor
Where:
Discount factor = (1 - (1 + Discount rate)^-n) / Discount rate
n = Number of years
Present value of annuity factor = ((1 - (1 + Discount rate)^-n) / Discount rate) x (1 + Discount rate)
Substituting the values, we get:
Discount factor = (1 - (1 + 0.1)^-4) / 0.1
Discount factor = 3.16986
Present value of annuity factor = ((1 - (1 + 0.1)^-4) / 0.1) x (1 + 0.1)
Present value of annuity factor = 3.48685
Equivalent annual cost = ($30,000 x 3.16986) / 3.48685
Equivalent annual cost = $27,288.26
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wickland company installs a manufacturing machine in its production facility at the beginning of the year at a cost of $117,000. the machine's useful life is estimated to be 10 years, or 130,000 units of product, with a $3,000 salvage value. during its second year, the machine produces 10,400 units of product. determine the machines' second year depreciation under the straight-line method. multiple choice $12,000. $9,120. $11,700. $11,400. $9,360.
The machines' second year depreciation under the straight-line method is $11,400. Option 4 is correct.
The annual straight-line depreciation expense for the machine can be calculated as follows:
Depreciation expense = (Cost of asset – Salvage value) / Useful lifeDepreciation expense = ($117,000 – $3,000) / 10 = $11,400 per yearSince we are calculating the depreciation expense for the second year, we can simply take $11,400 and use it as the depreciation expense for that year. Therefore, the answer is $11,400.
The straight-line depreciation method assumes that the value of the asset decreases evenly over its useful life. In this case, the annual depreciation expense is calculated by taking the cost of the asset minus its salvage value, and dividing that by the number of years or units of production it is expected to last.
In the second year, the depreciation expense is simply the same amount as in the first year, since the value of the asset is assumed to decrease at a constant rate over its useful life. Hence Option 4 is correct.
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Marlene, a cash basis taxpayer, invests in series ee u.s. government savings bonds and bank certificates of deposit (cds). determine the tax consequences of the following on her 2016 gross income.
a. on september 30, 2021, she cashed in series ee bonds for $10,000. she purchased the bonds in 2011 for $7,090. the yield to maturity on the bonds was 3.5%. on july 1, 2020, she purchased a 24-month cd for $10,000. the cd matures on june 30, 2022, and will pay $10,816, yielding a 4% annual return.
b. on july 1, 2021, she purchased a 12-month cd for $10,000. the maturity date on the cd was june 30, 2022, when marlene will receive $10,300.
c. on july 1, 2016, she purchased a cd for $10,000. the maturity date on the cd was june 30, 2017, when marlene would receive $10,300.
a) This interest income will be included in her 2022 gross income.
b) This interest income will be included in her 2022 gross income.
c)this interest income will be included in her 2017 gross income.
a. When Marlene cashed in the Series EE bonds, she realized a gain of $2,910 ($10,000 - $7,090). Since Marlene is a cash basis taxpayer, the gain will be included in her 2021 gross income in the year the bonds were cashed.
For the CD, Marlene will receive $816 ($10,816 - $10,000) in interest income in 2022. Since she is a cash basis taxpayer, this interest income will be included in her 2022 gross income.
b. For this CD, Marlene will receive $300 ($10,300 - $10,000) in interest income in 2022. Since she is a cash basis taxpayer, this interest income will be included in her 2022 gross income.
c. For this CD, Marlene received $300 ($10,300 - $10,000) in interest income in 2017. Since she is a cash basis taxpayer, this interest income will be included in her 2017 gross income.
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The seattle study found that, after implementation of the minimum wage, the average number of hours worked by low-wage workers fell by __________________, while the average wage of these workers rose by ________________. as a result, the average income of low-wage workers ______________ .
The Seattle study found that, after the implementation of the minimum wage, the average number of hours worked by low-wage workers fell by 9%, while the average wage of these workers rose by 3%. As a result, the average income of low-wage workers increased by 2%.
The study, which examined the effects of Seattle's minimum wage increase to $13 per hour in 2016, found that the overall impact on low-wage workers was mixed. While some workers saw an increase in pay due to the minimum wage increase, others saw a decrease in hours worked, which offset the wage gains.
It is important to note that the effects of minimum wage increases can vary depending on a variety of factors, including the size of the increase, the industry and location, and the overall state of the economy. Some studies have shown that minimum wage increases can help reduce poverty and increase worker productivity, while others have suggested that they can lead to job loss and reduced work hours.
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Private decisions about consumption of common resources and production of public goods usually lead to an a. Efficient allocation of resources and no external effects. B. Inefficient allocation of resources and no external effects. C. Efficient allocation of resources and external effects. D. Inefficient allocation of resources and external effects
Private decisions about consumption of common resources and production of public goods usually lead to an D. Inefficient allocation of resources and external effects.
Private decisions about the consumption of common resources and production of public goods can lead to inefficiencies because individuals may not take into account the costs they impose on others (i.e., external effects).
For example, if individuals overuse a common resource like a fishery or a forest, it can lead to depletion of the resource, which affects everyone who depends on it. Similarly, if individuals underinvest in the production of public goods like education or healthcare, it can lead to a lower quality of life for everyone in the community.
These external effects are not reflected in the market price of the resource or good and are therefore not taken into account by individuals when making decisions. As a result, the market may not allocate resources efficiently, and there may be a need for government intervention to address these external effects and ensure a more optimal allocation of resources.
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marks company makes one product. the standard for materials is 4.5 pounds at a cost of $16 per pound. during march, marks made 10,000 units of the product using 50,000 pounds at a total purchase price of $825,000. what is the materials price variance?
If the standard for materials is 4.5 pounds at a cost of $16 per pound, the materials price variance for March is $25,000.
The materials price variance is a measure of the difference between the actual cost of materials and the standard cost of materials based on the quantity of materials used.
It is calculated as the difference between the actual quantity of materials purchased and the standard quantity of materials multiplied by the difference between the actual price per unit and the standard price per unit.
Using the information provided, the actual quantity of materials used is 50,000 pounds, which is the same as the standard quantity of materials. The actual price per pound is $16.50, which is $0.50 higher than the standard price of $16. Therefore, the materials price variance can be calculated as follows:
Materials price variance = (Actual price - Standard price) x Actual quantity
= ($16.50 - $16.00) x 50,000
= $25,000
This indicates that the actual price paid for materials was higher than the standard price, resulting in an unfavorable variance.
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1. In what return cases do retailers ban a customer from making returns or closing a customer’s account?
2. Why do you think retailers wouldn’t budge when a customer complains strongly about a return ban or his/her account being closed?
Retailers may ban a customer from making returns or close their account in cases where they suspect fraudulent activity, abuse of the return policy, or a consistent pattern of excessive returns. This is done to protect the retailer from financial losses and maintain the integrity of their return policies.
Retailers may not budge when a customer complains strongly about a return ban or their account being closed because they have established policies and procedures to address such situations. They need to adhere to these policies to ensure consistency and fairness among all customers, while also minimizing the risk of financial loss due to fraudulent returns or abuse of the return policy. Additionally, they may have conducted an investigation and found sufficient evidence to support their decision, making it difficult to reverse.
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