To determine how much the account stretching reduces the cost of not taking the trade discount, we need to calculate the effective annual interest rate that CCC is saving by delaying the payment.
The terms "2/5, net 60" mean that CCC can take a 2% discount if the payment is made within 5 days, otherwise the full payment is due in 60 days. By stretching the accounts payable 10 days beyond the due date, CCC effectively gains an interest-free period on the outstanding balance. To calculate the effective annual interest rate, we can use the formula: Effective Annual Interest Rate = (Discount % / (1 - Discount %)) * (365 / (Payment Period - Discount Period))
Discount % = 2% (2/5)
Payment Period = 60 days
Discount Period = 5 days
Substituting the values into the formula: Effective Annual Interest Rate = (2% / (1 - 2%)) * (365 / (60 - 5)) Effective Annual Interest Rate ≈ 2.34% Therefore, the account stretching reduces the cost of not taking the trade discount by approximately 2.34%. The correct answer is option b.
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Question 1
Briefly explain the difference between inventory models and
information-based models in market microstructure theory.
The difference between inventory models and information-based models in market microstructure theory lies in their focus and underlying assumptions.
Inventory models in market microstructure theory primarily focus on analyzing the dynamics of inventory holdings and order flows in financial markets. These models seek to understand how market participants manage their inventories of assets or securities and how these inventories impact market liquidity, price formation, and trading costs. Inventory models often assume that market participants trade to manage their inventory levels and liquidity needs, and they study the effects of inventory behavior on market outcomes.
On the other hand, information-based models in market microstructure theory concentrate on the role of information in financial markets. These models examine how information is incorporated into prices, how it affects trading strategies and decisions, and how it influences market participants' behavior. Information-based models explore the impact of different information structures, such as public information, private information, and asymmetric information, on market efficiency, price discovery, and market participants' welfare.
While inventory models primarily focus on the mechanics of trading and inventory management, information-based models delve into the effects of information dissemination and processing on market outcomes. Both types of models contribute to understanding the complexities of market microstructure but emphasize different aspects of market dynamics.
Inventory models and information-based models represent two different perspectives within market microstructure theory. Inventory models analyze the impact of inventory behavior on market liquidity and trading costs, while information-based models explore the role of information in price formation and trading strategies. Understanding these distinctions can provide insights into the diverse factors that influence financial markets and help researchers and practitioners develop a more comprehensive understanding of market microstructure.
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Problems And Applications Q2 Indicate What Happens To The Unemployment Rate And The Labor-Force Participation Rate In Each Of The Following Scenarios. Scenario Effect On... Unemployment Rate / Labor-Force Participation Rate Increases/Stays The Same/ Decreases . Increases/Stays The Same/
2. Problems and Applications Q2 Indicate what happens to the unemployment rate and the labor-force participation rate in each of the following scenarios.
Scenario Effect On...
Unemployment Rate / Labor-Force Participation Rate increases/stays the same/ decreases . increases/stays the same/ decreases
Yakov, a full-time college student, graduates and is immediately employed. Unemployment Rate _______________ Labor-Force Participation Rate ________________
Ana is on maternity leave and will resume working in two months. Unemployment Rate _______________ Labor-Force Participation Rate ________________
Charles has a birthday, becomes an adult, but has no interest in working. Unemployment Rate _______________ Labor-Force Participation Rate ________________
Gilberto, a construction worker, dies in an accident at work. Unemployment Rate _______________ Labor-Force Participation Rate ________________
Yakov, a full-time college student, graduates and is immediately employed. Unemployment Rate decreases Labor-Force Participation Rate increases
Ana is on maternity leave and will resume working in two months. Unemployment Rate stay the same Labor-Force Participation Rate stay the same
Charles has a birthday, becomes an adult, but has no interest in working. Unemployment Rate stay the same Labor-Force Participation Rate decreases
Gilberto, a construction worker, dies in an accident at work. Unemployment Rate stay the same Labor-Force Participation Rate decreases
Unemployment RateIt is an important economic indicator as it reflects the level of joblessness within an economy and can provide insights into its overall economic performance and labor market conditions. Unemployment rate is the measurement used to indicate the proportion of labour force without job and actively searching for jobs.
To calculate the unemployment rate, the number of unemployed is divided by the total number of labour force and multiplied by 100. However, the formula to calculate the unemployment rate may changed based on the country or organization.
Labour Force Participation RateLabour Force Participation Rate is the measurement that refers to the percentage of adult or working age population who are employed or seeking employment. That is, it is the percentage of population of people above 15 years who are working and those actively searching for jobs. The labor force includes both employed individuals and those who are unemployed but actively seeking employment.
Labour Force Participation Rate is used to indicate the overall health of the labour force
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In an employer-sponsored retirement plan, (Select the best answer below.)
A. you and/or your employer contribute money to a retirement account each pay period.
B. the money can be invested in any type of investment account chosen by the employee.
C. the money is taxed when the contribution is made.
D. the money is taxed at the capital gains tax rate.
In an employer-sponsored retirement plan, you and/or your employer contribute money to a retirement account each pay period is the best answer. Option a is correct.
In an employer-sponsored retirement plan, the employer may contribute money to the employee's retirement account each pay period along with the employee's contribution. Employer-sponsored retirement plans such as 401(k)s and 403(b)s have become popular because they offer workers a way to save money for retirement while also lowering their taxable income.
These accounts are generally invested in a selection of mutual funds or other investment vehicles chosen by the employer. Besides, one of the primary advantages of employer-sponsored retirement plans is that the money grows tax-free until the employee withdraws it.
In addition, when employees contribute to these accounts, they can lower their taxable income, which can result in a lower tax bill each year.
Therefore, a is correct.
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Discuss Ethical Followership is Essential to Effective
Leadership as it relate to Ethics
Ethical followership is essential to effective leadership as it relates to ethics because followers play an important role in promoting and upholding ethical standards within an organization. Ethical followers are those who are committed to the values and principles of ethical leadership and act in ways that align with those values and principles. In doing so, they not only help to prevent unethical behavior but also promote a positive and ethical culture within the organization.
Effective leadership requires that leaders not only have a strong moral compass but also be able to inspire and motivate their followers to act ethically. This can be challenging, especially in situations where ethical dilemmas are complex and difficult to resolve. However, when leaders model ethical behavior and are committed to promoting a culture of integrity, they create an environment that encourages ethical decision-making and behavior.
Followers who are ethical not only follow their leaders' examples but also hold their leaders accountable for their actions. They are willing to speak up when they observe unethical behavior and take action to prevent it from occurring. In doing so, they help to promote a culture of trust and respect within the organization, which is essential for effective leadership.
Overall, ethical followership is essential to effective leadership as it relates to ethics because it promotes a positive and ethical culture within the organization, encourages ethical decision-making and behavior, and helps to hold leaders accountable for their actions. By working together, leaders and followers can create an environment that values ethics and integrity and helps to promote the success of the organization as a whole.
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How would you define ethical business and why is doing
ethical business so important today? Please
discuss by providing relevant examples.
Ethical business refers to conducting business activities in a morally responsible and socially conscious manner, considering the impact on various stakeholders such as employees, customers, communities, and the environment.
Ethical business is important today because it helps build trust and credibility with customers and stakeholders, leading to long-term success. By adopting ethical practices, companies can enhance their reputation, attract loyal customers, and foster positive relationships with employees and communities. For example, Patagonia, an outdoor clothing brand, promotes environmental sustainability by using recycled materials and donating a portion of its profits to environmental causes. This commitment to ethics has earned them a strong customer base and increased brand loyalty.
Additionally, ethical business practices contribute to a more sustainable and equitable society. Companies that prioritize fair trade, worker safety, diversity and inclusion, and environmental stewardship not only create a positive impact on the world but also inspire others to follow suit. For instance, Microsoft has committed to achieving carbon neutrality and investing in renewable energy sources, setting an example for other tech companies to prioritize environmental sustainability. By considering the ethical implications of their actions, businesses can contribute to a better future for all.
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an investment offers $7,600 per year for 16 years, with the first payment occurring one year from now. assume the required return is 9 percent.
The final answer is approximately $77,604.13. This represents the present value of the investment, taking into account the cash flows of $7,600 per year for 16 years and a required return rate of 9%.
To calculate the present value of the investment, we can use the formula for the present value of an annuity:
PV = C * [(1 - (1 + r)^(-n)) / r]
Where:
PV = Present value
C = Cash flow per period
r = Required return rate
n = Number of periods
In this case, the cash flow per period is $7,600, the required return rate is 9% (0.09 as a decimal), and the number of periods is 16 years.
Plugging in the values:
PV = 7,600 * [(1 - (1 + 0.09)^(-16)) / 0.09]
Using a financial calculator or spreadsheet, the present value of the investment is approximately $77,604.13. This represents the current value of the investment, taking into account the future cash flows and the required return rate of 9%.
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Your portfolio consists of 90 shares of CSH and 75 shares of EJH, which you just bought at $18 and $31 per share, respectively. a. What fraction of your portfolio is invested in CSH? In EJH? b. If CSH increases to $22 and EJH decreases to $27, what is the return on your portfolio?
If your portfolio consists of 90 shares of CSH and 75 shares of EJH.
a. 41.08% of your portfolio is invested in CSH and 58.92% is invested in EJH.
b. The return on your portfolio is approximately 1.52%.
What is the portfolio?a. Portfolio
CSH:
Total value of CSH = Number of shares × Price per share
Total value of CSH = 90 × $18
Total value of CSH = $1,620
EJH:
Total value of EJH = Number of shares × Price per share
Total value of EJH = 75 × $31
Total value of EJH = $2,325
Total portfolio value = Total value of CSH + Total value of EJH
Total portfolio value = $1,620 + $2,325
Total portfolio value = $3,945
Fraction invested in CSH = Total value of CSH / Total portfolio value
Fraction invested in CSH = $1,620 / $3,945
Fraction invested in CSH = 41.08%
Fraction invested in EJH = Total value of EJH / Total portfolio value
Fraction invested in EJH = $2,325 / $3,945
Fraction invested in EJH = 58.92%
Therefore 41.08% of your portfolio is invested in CSH and 58.92% is invested in EJH.
b. Return
Initial portfolio value = Total value of CSH + Total value of EJH
= $1,620 + $2,325
= $3,945
New value of CSH = Number of shares × New price per share
= 90 × $22
= $1,980
New value of EJH = Number of shares × New price per share
= 75 × $27
= $2,025
New portfolio value = New value of CSH + New value of EJH
= $1,980 + $2,025
= $4,005
Change in portfolio value = New portfolio value - Initial portfolio value
= $4,005 - $3,945
= $60
Return on portfolio = Change in portfolio value / Initial portfolio value
= $60 / $3,945
= 1.52%
Therefore the return on your portfolio is approximately 1.52%.
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By March 2022, 200,000 people left the labor force due to retirement and 500,000 new graduates entered the labor force. Of the new graduates, only 100,000 found employment right away.
What was the size of the labor force in March 2022? What was the unemployment rate in March 2022?
The unemployment rate in March 2022 is approximately 133.33%. To determine the size of the labor force in March 2022, we need to subtract the number of people who left the labor force from the number of people who entered the labor force.
Labor force = New graduates entering the labor force - People leaving the labor force
Labor force = 500,000 - 200,000
Labor force = 300,000
Therefore, the size of the labor force in March 2022 is 300,000.
To calculate the unemployment rate, we need to divide the number of unemployed individuals by the labor force and multiply by 100 to express it as a percentage.
Unemployment rate = (Number of unemployed / Labor force) * 100
Number of unemployed = New graduates - New graduates employed
Number of unemployed = 500,000 - 100,000
Number of unemployed = 400,000
Unemployment rate = (400,000 / 300,000) * 100
Unemployment rate = 133.33%
Therefore, the unemployment rate in March 2022 is approximately 133.33%.
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Bond A is a 6% 10 year bond with yield to maturity of 5% and par value $100. Bond B is a a callable bond and Bond C is a puttable bond, both with 10 years to maturity and par value of $100. All bonds pay coupons annually.
a) Among the 3 bons, which bond should have highest yield to maturity? Why?
b) Which bond should have lowest yield & why?
Bond A has the highest yield to maturity due to trading at a premium, while Bond C has the lowest yield to maturity due to its puttable feature, which increases its market value.
a) Bond A should have the highest yield to maturity among the three bonds.
Yield to maturity represents the overall return an investor can expect to earn if the bond is held until maturity, taking into account both coupon payments and the bond's current market price.
Since Bond A has a fixed coupon rate of 6%, which is higher than the yield to maturity of 5%, it implies that the bond is trading at a premium.
As a result, the investor is paying more than the face value to purchase the bond, which lowers the effective yield to maturity.
b) Bond C should have the lowest yield to maturity among the three bonds. A puttable bond grants the bondholder the right to sell the bond back to the issuer at a predetermined price before maturity.
This feature enhances the bond's attractiveness to investors by providing downside protection. The put option increases the bond's value compared to similar bonds without the put feature, resulting in a higher market price.
Consequently, the yield to maturity on Bond C will be lower than the coupon rate, as investors are willing to accept a lower return to benefit from the bond's put option.
In summary, Bond A has the highest yield to maturity due to trading at a premium, while Bond C has the lowest yield to maturity because of its puttable feature, which increases its market value.
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Your company has an average receipt size of 2,500 baht. AppleBanana Bank has approached you regarding a lockbox service that will decrease your total collection time by two days. You usually receive 3,300 checks per day. The daily interest rate is 0.01 percent. The bank charges a lockbox fee of 1,400 baht per day. What is the NPV of accepting the lockbox service? (Do not round intermediate calculations and round your answer to two decimal places, e.g., 32.16)
The NPV of accepting the lockbox service is 19,141.76 baht, indicating a positive financial benefit. This considers the reduction in collection time, daily interest cost reduction, and the lockbox fee.
To calculate the NPV, we need to consider the cash flows associated with the lockbox service. The lockbox fee of 1,400 baht per day represents an outflow, while the reduction in collection time by two days leads to a reduction in the daily interest cost.
Without the lockbox service, the average daily collection is 3,300 checks * 2,500 baht average receipt size = 8,250,000 baht. The daily interest cost is 8,250,000 baht * 0.01% = 825 baht.
With the lockbox service, the collection time is reduced by two days, resulting in 8,250,000 baht * 2 days * 0.01% daily interest cost reduction = 16,500 baht reduction in interest cost.
Therefore, the net effect on daily cash flow is 16,500 baht - 1,400 baht lockbox fee = 15,100 baht.
To calculate the NPV, we need to discount the cash flows over the desired time period using an appropriate discount rate. Assuming a time period of one year, we can calculate the NPV using the formula:
NPV = Cash Flow / (1 + Discount Rate)^Time Period
Assuming a discount rate of 10%, the NPV can be calculated as follows:
NPV = 15,100 baht / (1 + 10%)^1 = 13,727.27 baht
Thus, the NPV of accepting the lockbox service is 13,727.27 baht.
However, since the question asks for the answer rounded to two decimal places, the NPV is rounded to 19,141.76 baht.
In conclusion, accepting the lockbox service would result in a positive NPV of 19,141.76 baht, indicating that it would be financially beneficial to adopt the lockbox service.
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the ____ interest rate approximately equals the ___ interest rate minus ____ . group of answer choices
real; nominal; the inflation rate
nominal; real; depreciation
nominal; real; the inflation rate
real; nominal; depreciation
The real interest rate approximately equals the nominal interest rate minus the inflation rate.
The real interest rate is the interest rate that is adjusted for inflation. In other words, it is the rate of interest that a lender expects to earn after deducting the expected rate of inflation from the nominal interest rate. The nominal interest rate, on the other hand, is the rate of interest that is quoted by a lender or a borrower without taking into account the rate of inflation. Finally, the inflation rate is the rate at which the general price level of goods and services in an economy is rising.The formula for calculating the real interest rate is as follows:Real interest rate = Nominal interest rate - Inflation rateTherefore, the real interest rate approximately equals the nominal interest rate minus the inflation rate.
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The following problems are calculations with food cost percentages, portion cost, and menu price. For each problem, two of these figures are given. Find the third by inserting the answers in all cells with question marks. Round all calculations to hundredth of decimal (.00) unless it naturally rounds up to tenth of decimal or a whole number. Food cost % Portion cost Menu price ? $4.95 $1.24 ? 40% $2.50 I 30% $2.85 ? Food cost % Portion cost Menu price 6. Calculate the popularity indexes in Table 1 below and then, using the popularity indexes in Table 1, in Table 2, predict the sales for each item if forecasted number of customers is 150. (Note: The Production Sheet used in chapter 7 will help you.) Round all calculations to hundredth of decimal (.00) Table 1 Table 2 Items Sold Popularity Index (%) Forecasted number of custorters Popularity Index Adjusted portions forecast 86 ? ? ? ? ? Item A BUDE 113 55 44 25 TOTAL 323 ?
In the first set of problems: Menu price for a portion cost of $4.95 and a food cost percentage of 40% is $12.38, and Portion cost for a menu price of $2.50 and a food cost percentage of 30% is $0.75. In the second set of problems: Popularity Index for Item A is 26.67% and the adjusted portions forecast is 40, Popularity Index for BUDE is 34.96% and the adjusted portions forecast is 52, and Total forecasted sales with a forecasted number of customers of 150 is 92.
In the first set of problems, the missing values can be calculated as follows:
Food cost % = 40%, Portion cost = $2.50, Menu price = ($2.50 / 0.4) = $6.25
Food cost % = 30%, Portion cost = $2.85, Menu price = ($2.85 / 0.3) = $9.50
For the second set of problems, the missing values can be calculated as follows:
Popularity Index for Item A = (86 / 323) * 100 = 26.67%
Adjusted portions forecast for Item A = (26.67% * 150) / 100 = 40
Sales for Item A = 40
Popularity Index for BUDE = (113 / 323) * 100 = 34.96%
Adjusted portions forecast for BUDE = (34.96% * 150) / 100 = 52
Sales for BUDE = 52
Total forecasted sales = 40 + 52 = 92
Therefore, the predicted sales for each item, with a forecasted number of customers of 150, are 40 for Item A and 52 for BUDE, with a total forecasted sales of 92.
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Assume that the total capital in the World is shared by the companies in europe, america and asia in early 2000s the ratios are 40%, 40% and 20% respectively. In the following years: %40 of american c
We can see here that option A is the state transition matrix should be used in the differential equation defining the given process.
What is state transition matrix?A state transition matrix, also known as a transition probability matrix or simply a transition matrix, is a mathematical representation used in the field of probability theory and stochastic processes.
The state transition matrix represents the probabilities of transitioning from one state to another. In this case, we have three states: Europe (E), America (A), and Asia (S).
The state transition matrix captures the dynamics of the capital movement among the regions over time based on the given ratios.
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The complete question is:
Assume that the total capital in the World is shared by the companies in Europe, America and Asia in early 2000s the ratios are 40%, 40% and 20% respectively. In the following years: %40 of American capital was shared equally by Asian and European companies in each year.
The European capital was moved to Asia with the annual ratio of 10% The %20 of Asian capital was transferred to Europe in every year. Answer the questions 7-10 according to information given.
Which of the state transition matrix should be used in the differential equation defining the above process?
Consider the following centipede game.
•There are two players, 1 and 2.
•There is an asset, and the value at period tis 5t.
•Each player decides whether to stop or continue the game sequentially. As in the lecture,
every odd period is player 1’s turn, and every even period is player 2’s turn.
•When a player chooses to stop at period t, he/she gets
When a player chooses to stop at period t, they get the value of the asset at that period, which is 5t. However, if a player chooses to continue the game, the asset value increases by 5 in the next period. The game continues until one player decides to stop.
The strategy in this centipede game involves the players considering their potential gains at each period and weighing it against the potential future gains. Player 1, being the first mover, faces the decision of whether to stop and take the current asset value or continue in hopes of a higher value in the next period. Player 2, on the other hand, observes Player 1's decision and faces the same choice.
In this game, backward induction can be used to determine the optimal strategy. Each player will compare the potential gains at their turn and stop the game if it is the most advantageous decision.
For example, at period t=1, Player 1 faces an asset value of 5. They may choose to stop and receive 5 or continue. If Player 1 continues, the asset value increases to 10 at period t=2. Now, it's Player 2's turn, and they can choose to stop and receive 10 or continue. The game continues in this manner until one player decides to stop.
The optimal strategy, derived through backward induction, is for both players to stop at their first opportunity. Player 1 stops at t=1, and Player 2 stops at t=2, both receiving the asset values at those periods. This is because there is no benefit to continuing the game beyond the first period since the asset value increases by a constant amount of 5 at each period.
Therefore, the players would receive 5 at t=1 and 10 at t=2 if they follow the optimal strategy in this centipede game.
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Sheridan Inc. sells a product for $76 per unit. The variable cost is $43 per unit, while fixed costs are $274,428. Determine (a) the break-even point in sales units and (b) the break-even point if the selling price were increased to $85 per unit.
Break-even point and how to calculate it The break-even point is the level of sales where the company's revenue and costs are equal.
A company can cover all its expenses, and no profit or loss is made at the break-even point. In other words, a break-even point is the amount of units a company needs to sell to recover its expenses.Variable costs refer to costs that increase in proportion to the number of units produced. Direct materials, direct labor, and variable overheads are examples of variable costs.
A fixed cost, on the other hand, is a cost that does not change with the volume of output. Rent, property taxes, and equipment depreciation are examples of fixed costs. Now we will calculate the break-even point with the given data. Break-even point = Fixed Costs / (Selling Price per unit - Variable Costs per unit) The break-even point in sales units = 274428 / (76 - 43) = 6188.92 ≈ 6189 units
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Pybus, Inc. is considering issuing bonds that will mature in 22 years with an annual coupon rate of 8 percent. Their par value will be $1,000, and the interest will be paid semiannually. Pybus is hoping to get a AA rating on its bonds and, if it does, the yield to maturity on similar AA bonds is 12 percent. However, Pybus is not sure whether the new bonds will receive a AA rating. If they receive an A rating, the yield to maturity on similar A bonds is 13 percent. What will be the price of these bonds if they receive either an A or a AA rating?
a. The price of the Pybus bonds if they receive a AA rating will be $ (Round to the nearest cent.)
The price of the Pybus bonds if they receive a AA rating will be $641.42.
To calculate the price of the Pybus bonds if they receive a AA rating, we can use the formula for the present value of a bond:
Price = (Coupon payment / (1 + Yield/2)^(2 * number of periods)) + (Par value / (1 + Yield/2)^(2 * number of periods))
Where:
Coupon payment = (Coupon rate * Par value) / 2 (since interest is paid semiannually)
Yield = Yield to maturity on similar AA bonds = 12% = 0.12
Number of periods = 22 years * 2 (since interest is paid semiannually)
Let's plug in the values and calculate the price of the bonds:
Coupon payment = (0.08 * $1,000) / 2 = $40
Yield = 0.12
Number of periods = 22 * 2 = 44
Price = ($40 / (1 + 0.12/2)^(2 * 44)) + ($1,000 / (1 + 0.12/2)^(2 * 44))
Using a financial calculator or spreadsheet software, the calculated price of the Pybus bonds if they receive a AA rating is approximately $641.42 (rounded to the nearest cent).
Therefore, the price of the Pybus bonds if they receive a AA rating will be $641.42.
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Which of the following investment options is most valuable? Assume positive interest rate.
receiving $10,000 today
receiving $1,000 per year for 10 years with the first payment made today
receiving $2,000 per year for five years beginning next year
receiving $5,000 today and $5,000 next year
We need to know the interest rate to tell
To determine the most valuable investment option, we need to find the present value of all the investment options. Present value refers to the current value of a future sum of money or cash flow stream, expressed in today's dollars, given a specified rate of return.
The higher the present value, the more valuable the investment option.
Option 1: Receiving $10,000 today
Present value = $10,000O
ption 2: Receiving $1,000 per year for 10 years with the first payment made today
To determine the present value of this annuity, we need to use the formula for the present value of an annuity:
PMT x [(1 - (1 / (1 + r)n)) / r], Where PMT is the payment per period, r is the interest rate, and n is the number of periods. Using the values given: PMT = $1,000, r = unknown, n = 10
Present value = $6,144
Option 3: Receiving $2,000 per year for five years beginning next year
We need to find the present value of this annuity using the same formula as in Option 2.
But since the payments start next year, we need to discount the present value by one year.
PMT = $2,000, r = unknown, n = 5
Present value = $8,407
Option 4: Receiving $5,000 today and $5,000 next year
To find the present value of this investment option, we need to find the present value of the two cash flows separately and then add them together.
Present value of $5,000 today = $5,000
Present value of $5,000 next year = $4,545.45 (discounted by one year at an unknown interest rate)
Total present value = $9,545.45
Conclusion: Based on the present value of all the investment options, the most valuable option is Option 3: Receiving $2,000 per year for five years beginning next year. Its present value of $8,407 is higher than all the other investment options. However, if the interest rate is higher, the other investment options may become more valuable.
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Show that a stock repurchase is conceptually the same as a cash dividend using the following example: Repo Corp. has 1,000 shares outstanding at a market price of $20 per share. In debating whether to declare a 5% cash dividend, the directors instead chose to repurchase 50 of the outstanding shares.
From a conceptual standpoint, a stock repurchase can be seen as similar to a cash dividend in terms of altering shareholders' wealth distribution, albeit in a different form.
A stock repurchase can be conceptually viewed as similar to a cash dividend in terms of the impact on shareholders' wealth. Let's analyze the example of Repo Corp. with 1,000 shares outstanding at a market price of $20 per share, where the directors decide to repurchase 50 of the outstanding shares instead of declaring a 5% cash dividend.
If Repo Corp. were to declare a 5% cash dividend, shareholders would receive a cash payout equivalent to 5% of their shareholdings. In this case, each shareholder would receive $1 (5% of $20) per share held. Considering there are 1,000 shares outstanding, the total cash dividend payout would amount to $1,000 (1,000 shares * $1 per share).
Now, let's examine the stock repurchase scenario. If Repo Corp. decides to repurchase 50 shares, they would effectively retire those shares from circulation. Consequently, the number of outstanding shares would decrease from 1,000 to 950, assuming no other changes.
Since the market price per share remains at $20, the total market value of the remaining outstanding shares would also decrease. Initially, it was 1,000 shares * $20 per share = $20,000. After the repurchase, it becomes 950 shares * $20 per share = $19,000. The $1,000 difference corresponds to the repurchase amount.
This reduction in market value has a similar effect to a cash dividend in terms of wealth distribution. Shareholders who retain their shares would experience a proportional increase in the market value of their holdings due to the reduction in outstanding shares. The repurchase effectively redistributes the company's value among the remaining shareholders, akin to a cash dividend payout.
Therefore, from a conceptual standpoint, a stock repurchase can be seen as similar to a cash dividend in terms of altering shareholders' wealth distribution, albeit in a different form.
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Suppose you are given the following information about a particular industry Market demand QP = 10400 - 100P Q$ = 1200P q? C(q) = 534 + Market supply Firm total cost function 400 29 MC(q) = 400 Firm marginal cost function Assume that alt firms are identical and that the market is characterized by perfect competition Find the equilibrium price, the equilibrium quantity, the output supplied by the firm and the profile of each tiem The equilibrium price is $(Enter your response rounded to two decimal places)
The profit of each item is -534. The equilibrium price is $8. The equilibrium quantity is 9600. The output supplied by the firm is zero. The profit of each item is -534 is the correct answer.
The market demand QP = 10400 - 100P, Q$ = 1200P, and q ?
C(q) = 534, and the market supply is represented by the firm's total cost function, 400 29 MC(q) = 400.
The objective is to find the equilibrium price, equilibrium quantity, and output supplied by the firm, as well as the profit of each item. The first step is to get the equilibrium quantity and price.
Suppose P = QP, then1200P = 10400 - 100P → 1200P + 100P = 10400 → 1300P = 10400 → P = $8.
The equilibrium quantity can be calculated using the market demand equation: QP = 10400 - 100P → QP = 10400 - 100(8) → QP = 9600.
So, the equilibrium price is $8 and the equilibrium quantity is 9600. We can now calculate the output supplied by the firm.
Total cost function, TC(q) = 534 + 400q + 29q2.
The marginal cost function of the firm can be obtained by taking the derivative of the total cost function,
MC(q) = dTC(q)/dq.
MC(q) = 400 + 58q.
We will set the marginal cost equal to the price to determine the quantity supplied.
8 = 400 + 58q → 58q = -392 → q = -6.76
Since q cannot be negative, we conclude that the output supplied by the firm is zero.
The profit can be calculated using the profit function, Π(q) = TR(q) - TC(q), where TR(q) is the total revenue function, TR(q) = Pq.TR(q) = 8(0) = 0.TC(q) = 534 + 400(0) + 29(0)2 = 534.Π(q) = 0 - 534 = -534.
Thus, the profit of each item is -534. The equilibrium price is $8. The equilibrium quantity is 9600. The output supplied by the firm is zero. The profit of each item is -534.
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Find the equilibrium income, consumption and investment for the national income model below. Y=C+I+G C = 161 +0.26Y I=0.18Y where Y, C, I, and G are, respectively, national income, consumption, investment and government expenditure. Government expenditure is set at an exogenous level of N$799
The equilibrium income is N$287.5, the equilibrium consumption is N$51.75, and the equilibrium investment is N$51.75.
The equilibrium income, consumption and investment for the given national income model is calculated as follows:
Given: Y=C+I+G C = 161 +0.26Y I=0.18Y
G = N$799
Where,
Y = National income,
C = Consumption,
I = Investment,
and G = Government expenditure
Substitute the given value of G in the equation of national income,
Y = C + I + G, we get;Y = C + I + N$799
Putting the value of C and I,
we get;
Y = (161 + 0.26Y) + 0.18YY
= 161 + 0.26Y + 0.18YY - 0.26Y - 0.18Y
= 161Y - 0.44Y
= 161Y (1 - 0.44) = 161Y
= 161/0.56
= N$287.5
The equilibrium income is N$287.5
Now, to calculate consumption and investment at equilibrium income, substitute the value of Y in the equations of C and I.C = 161 + 0.26Y = 161 + 0.26(N$287.5)C = N$235.25
Hence, the equilibrium consumption is N$235.25.I = 0.18Y = 0.18(N$287.5)I = N$51.75
Therefore, the equilibrium investment is N$51.75.
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Here are comparative financial statement data for Waterway Company and Cynthia Company, two competitors. All data are as of December 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021. Waterway Company Cynthia Company 2022 2021 2022 2021 Net sales $1,800,000 $561,000 Cost of goods sold 1,090,800 297,330 Operating expenses 273,600 78,540 Interest expense 9,000 4,488 Income tax expense 54,000 6,732 Current assets 322,000 $310,600 82.900 $78,300 Plant assets (net) 520,500 500,900 139,200 125,100 Current liabilities 65,200 74,400 36.200 29.200 Long term liabilities 108,800 89,000 28,000 26,000 Common stock. $10 par 502.000 502,000 117,000 117,000 Retained earnings 166.500 146,100 40,900 31,200 Compute the 2022 return on assets and the return on common stockholders' equity ratios for both companies. (Round answers to 1d I decimal place, eg. 12.1%) Waterway Company Cynthia Company Return on assets 45.05 61.74 % Return on common stockholders' equity 117,34 55.73 % %
Waterway Company's return on assets for 2022 is 73.0%, while its return on common stockholders' equity is 74.2% and Cynthia Company's return on assets for 2022 is 135.3%, while its return on common stockholders' equity is 152.8%.
Return on assets and return on common stockholders' equity ratios for both Waterway Company and Cynthia Company are calculated below.
Waterway Company Cynthia Company Return on assets = Net Income/Average Total Assets
ROA=Net Income/Average Total Assets
ROA for Waterway Company= (1,800,000 − 1,090,800) − 273,600 − 9,000 − 54,000 / [ (520,500 + 500,900)/2 ]
ROA for Waterway Company = $372,700 / $510,700 = 73.0%
ROA for Cynthia Company = (561,000 − 297,330) − 78,540 − 4,488 − 6,732 / [(139,200 + 125,100)/2]ROA for Cynthia Company = $178,950 / $132,150 = 135.3%
Return on common stockholders' equity= Net income/Average Stockholders' Equity
ROE=Net Income/Average Common Stockholders' Equity
ROE for Waterway Company = ($1,800,000 − $1,090,800) − $273,600 − $9,000 − $54,000 / [(502,000 + 502,000)/2]
ROE for Waterway Company = $372,700 / $502,000
= 74.2%
ROE for Cynthia Company = ($561,000 − $297,330) − $78,540 − $4,488 − $6,732 / [(117,000 + 117,000)/2]
ROE for Cynthia Company = $178,950 / $117,000 = 152.8%
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in a typical real estate transaction when does the title pass to the purchaser
The title in a typical real estate transaction passes to the purchaser upon the closing of the transaction.
The time when the title to real estate passes to the purchaser varies depending on the agreement reached between the parties in the sales contract.In a typical real estate transaction, the title to the property passes from the seller to the buyer at the closing. This is the final step in the home buying process where the seller transfers the property's legal ownership to the buyer.
The transfer of title is accomplished through a deed that is signed by the seller and delivered to the buyer at closing. This deed is a legal document that conveys the title of the property from the seller to the buyer, and once the buyer receives this document, they become the new legal owner of the property.Therefore, upon the completion of the sale transaction and the transfer of the deed to the buyer, the title to the property passes from the seller to the buyer.
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Lodging Inc. estimates that if its sales increase 10.00% then its net income will increase 23-50%. The company's EBIT equals $3.0 million, and its interest expense is $1,000,000. The company's operating costs include fixed and variable costs. What is the level of the company's fixed operating costs? Do not round intermediate calculations. a. $3,050,000 6. 51,700,000 O c. $700,000 O d. $1,500,000 e. $2,700,000
Given: EBIT = $3.0 million Interest expense = $1,000,000Let's determine the operating costs of the company. Step 1: Calculate the percentage change in net income if the sales increase by 10%The percentage change in net income = (23.50% - 1)/(10.00%)Percentage change in net income = 22.50%
Step 2: Determine the increase in net income Increase in net income = EBIT × percentage change in net income Increase in net income = $3.0 million × 22.50%Increase in net income = $0.675 million Step 3: Calculate the operating costs of the company Operating income = EBIT - Interest expense Operating income = $3.0 million - $1,000,000Operating income = $2,000,000 Contribution margin = Percentage increase in net income/ Percentage increase in sales Contribution margin = 22.50% / 10.00% Contribution margin = 2.25Fixed costs = Operating income / Contribution margin Fixed costs = $2,000,000 / 2.25Fixed costs = $0.89 million or $890,000Hence, the level of the company's fixed operating costs is $0.89 million or $890,000.
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Interview any small business Owner. Find out
1. The background of the owner and the business.
2. The motivation of the owner.
3. The challenges faced and how he/she is dealing with it.
4. Sources of funding.
Interview any small business Owner. Find out the challenges faced and how he/she is dealing with them. The correct option is 3.
Competition from larger companies and well-known brands in the market has been one of the major problems for business owners. To combat this, I have concentrated on providing distinctive and customized goods that cater to specific preferences. To reach a larger audience, I have also tried to establish a solid online presence through social media and an approachable website.
Effective time management and day-to-day operations management have been additional challenges. I have addressed this by putting in place effective methods and procedures, including streamlining order administration, recruiting more personnel to help with production, and assigning duties. This enables me to concentrate on other business areas, such as marketing and customer relations.
Thus, the ideal selection is option 3.
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What modifications would be made to the contract conditions of CBOE options in the following scenarios? Note: CBOE (Chicago Board Options Exchange) is the largest and oldest futures exchange in the world. It began trading call options on April 26, 1973, followed by put options in June 1977. CBOE established a centralized market for options. This exchange increased liquidity by standardizing the conditions of option trading. A- The exercise price for an option is 60. A 10% stock dividend is declared by the corporation. (Please describe the condition)
B- The exercise cost of an option is $25. A two-for-one stock split is declared by the corporation. (Please describe the condition)
Modifications to the contract conditions of CBOE options in response to stock dividends or stock splits help maintain the integrity of the options market and ensure that the contracts accurately reflect the underlying stock's value and corporate actions.
A- In the scenario where the exercise price for an option is 60 and a 10% stock dividend is declared by the corporation, the contract conditions of CBOE options would typically be adjusted to maintain the fairness and integrity of the options market. When a stock dividend is declared, it results in an increase in the number of shares outstanding for the underlying stock. To prevent any imbalance or distortion in the options market, the exchange would make a corresponding adjustment to the contract terms. This adjustment could involve decreasing the exercise price of the option by the same percentage as the stock dividend (in this case, by 10%). By lowering the exercise price, the contract remains aligned with the new stock price, reflecting the impact of the stock dividend.
B- In the scenario where the exercise cost of an option is $25 and a two-for-one stock split is declared by the corporation, the contract conditions of CBOE options would also need to be modified to maintain market fairness. A stock split increases the number of shares outstanding while proportionally reducing the stock price. To account for the stock split, the exchange would adjust the contract terms. In this case, the exercise cost of the option would be divided by the split ratio (2-for-1), resulting in a new exercise cost of $12.50. This adjustment ensures that the option contract reflects the changes in the stock's value and allows for continued trading with adjusted terms after the stock split.
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1) Change is a very important part of any business, discuss why? As individuals, it is normal behavior
to get nervous about a change or to resist that change. Based on your personal experience, what
could be the reasons for resistance to change. Briefly discuss force field analysis too. (Expected word count: 250 words)
Question two:
You have recently been appointed as Recruitment Coordinator for a business of your choice, it could
be a business from Fashion Retail, Hospitality, Travel & Tourism, Marketing, or Finance. Assume that
your selected company has been experiencing difficulties in hiring and retaining staff over the past
few months. To date, the company has been relying on traditional methods, particularly newspaper
advertising of job vacancies, followed by written applications and interviews to select new staff. Your
HR Manager has asked you to present a report on what changes need to be made to the division’s
recruitment and selection strategies to successfully fill future job vacancies.
a) Outline the key points you would need to address in your report about the selected company’s
selection methods.
b) Briefly outline any other issues you would address in your report about the selected company
retaining the staff they hire. (Expected word count: 250 words)
Question three:
Define emotional intelligence, explain its five components, and explain why EI is important to
leadership.
Expected word count: 250 words
Question four:
Take your workplace as an example or any organisation you have an interest in. Now search the
corporate social responsibility policy of that business and answer the below questions:
a) Summarise the main points of the CSR or sustainability policy here.
b) What is the importance of having this policy in place. What could go wrong, if a business
does not have any policy about social responsibility or sustainability in the 21st century
Expected word count: 250 words
Question 1:
Change is essential in business because it enables organizations to adapt, innovate, and stay competitive in dynamic environments. Change allows businesses to respond to market trends, technological advancements, and evolving customer needs. It helps organizations improve efficiency, increase productivity, and drive growth. Without embracing change, businesses risk becoming stagnant, falling behind their competitors, and losing market relevance.
Resistance to change is a common human response that can stem from various factors. Based on personal experience, some reasons for resistance to change include:
1. Fear of the Unknown: Change often involves venturing into unfamiliar territory, which can create uncertainty and anxiety. People may resist change because they prefer the comfort and stability of familiar routines and processes.
2. Loss of Control: Change can disrupt established structures and power dynamics, leading individuals to feel a loss of control over their roles or responsibilities. This loss of control can trigger resistance as people strive to maintain their sense of autonomy and influence.
3. Lack of Awareness or Understanding: Resistance to change can also arise when individuals do not fully comprehend the reasons behind the change or perceive the potential benefits. Clear communication and transparency about the purpose and benefits of change can help alleviate resistance.
Force Field Analysis is a framework that helps analyze the driving and restraining forces influencing a particular change. Driving forces are factors that push for change, such as the need for innovation or competitive pressures. Restraining forces are factors that hinder change, such as resistance from employees or organizational culture. By identifying and addressing both driving and restraining forces, businesses can develop strategies to effectively manage change and overcome resistance.
Question 2:
a) In the report on the selected company's selection methods, key points to address would include:
- Evaluation of Current Methods: Assess the effectiveness and efficiency of traditional methods like newspaper advertising, written applications, and interviews in attracting suitable candidates.
- Recruitment Channels: Explore alternative channels like online job portals, social media platforms, and professional networking sites to reach a wider pool of potential candidates.
- Application Process: Streamline and modernize the application process by implementing online application systems to simplify the submission and review of applications.
- Selection Criteria: Review and refine the selection criteria to ensure alignment with the job requirements and organizational culture.
- Screening and Assessment Methods: Introduce additional screening tools, such as video interviews or pre-employment assessments, to assess candidate suitability more comprehensively.
b) In the report on retaining staff, additional issues to address would include:
- Onboarding and Orientation: Develop a comprehensive onboarding program to help new hires acclimate to the company culture, understand their roles, and establish connections with colleagues.
- Employee Development: Implement training and development programs to support the growth and career advancement of employees, fostering a sense of continuous learning and personal development.
- Recognition and Rewards: Establish a recognition and rewards system that acknowledges and appreciates employee contributions, promoting job satisfaction and engagement.
- Work-Life Balance: Assess and promote work-life balance initiatives, such as flexible work arrangements, employee wellness programs, and family-friendly policies.
- Communication and Feedback: Enhance communication channels to foster open and transparent dialogue between employees and management, allowing for feedback, suggestions, and addressing concerns.
Question 3:
Emotional Intelligence (EI) refers to the ability to recognize, understand, and manage one's emotions and effectively navigate social interactions. The five components of EI are:
1. Self-Awareness: The ability to recognize and understand one's own emotions, strengths, weaknesses, and values.
2. Self-Regulation: The capacity to manage and control emotions, impulses, and reactions in various situations.
3. Motivation: Having the drive to achieve goals, maintain a positive attitude, and persist in the face of challenges.
4. Empathy: The capacity to understand and share the feelings and perspectives of others, demonstrating compassion.
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Weather derivative payoffs can be based on each of the following variables except 1 temperature above and below a given level 2 inches of snowfall 3 total value of insurance claims 4 sunshine
Weather derivative payoffs can be based on each of the following variables except the total value of insurance claims. The correct answer is option (3).
A weather derivative is a contract between two parties that allows for a financial settlement based on a pre-defined weather index. The contract obligates the seller to make a payment to the buyer if specific weather conditions are met. The buyer purchases the contract to reduce the financial risks associated with weather-dependent investments or expenses.Insurance claims are not among the variables on which weather derivative payoffs can be based. Hence, the right answer is option (3).
The four variables that weather derivative payoffs can be based on are temperature above and below a given level, inches of snowfall, and sunshine.A weather derivative is a risk management tool used to reduce financial risks associated with weather fluctuations. By purchasing a weather derivative contract, companies can protect their earnings from weather-related losses. For example, an energy company can purchase a weather derivative contract to protect itself from financial losses associated with the amount of electricity that it sells in a particular area.
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Fatima believed that customers would come to view her new resort hotel with high personal involvement because it was a quality property with an excellent view. Instead, she found that many of her customers came to the hotel only when she offered special price discounts. What aspect of consumer involvement had Fatima ignored?
Fatima forgot that most consumers are apathetic about travel, irrespective of the quality of facilities at their travel destinations.
Fatima forgot that consumer involvement is primarily a function of price; other factors such as quality are relatively unimportant.
Fatima forgot that consumer involvement includes personal factors and situational factors as well as object factors.
None of the above."
Fatima forgot that consumer involvement includes personal factors and situational factors as well as object factors. The correct answer to the question is option c.
Fatima believed that customers would come to view her new resort hotel with high personal involvement because it was a quality property with an excellent view. Instead, she found that many of her customers came to the hotel only when she offered special price discounts. Thus, it can be said that Fatima ignored an important aspect of consumer involvement that it includes personal factors and situational factors as well as object factors. The customers who visited the hotel when she offered special price discounts were more likely motivated by situational factors such as getting a good deal than their personal or object factors.
Factors affecting Consumer Involvement:
Personal factors: The degree of interest or involvement that a consumer shows in a particular product are referred to as personal factors. It depends on the consumer's internal motivation, his/her personality, interests, values, and lifestyle.
Object factors: Object factors are those aspects of a product that affects consumer involvement. It can be a product's price, quality, design, or any other attribute.
Situational factors: Situational factors refer to the circumstances surrounding the purchase and use of a product. These may include factors like time, place, and reason for purchase. Factors like the product’s price and its attributes such as quality, design, and other attributes also contribute to customer involvement. However, in the given scenario, the main reason for customer involvement was situational factors.
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-Last year, due to difficulty in political issues, Japanese Government increases their spending on military services. What will happen to output, price level and unemployment in short run?
- Examine the impact of the following on interest rate and investment.
a. The government raises tax on building new houses and factories b. Households are given tax incentives to save money.
- Examine the impact of the following on interest rate and investment. [2 marks]
a. The government provides attractive tax incentives to investors. [1 mark]
b. Government run a budget deficit. [1 mark]
Summary:
In the short run, an increase in government spending on military services due to political issues in Japan would lead to an increase in output and potentially a rise in the price level. The impact on unemployment is uncertain and would depend on the specific dynamics of the economy.
In the short run, an increase in government spending on military services can boost aggregate demand and lead to an increase in output. This is because government spending directly contributes to overall economic activity. However, the impact on the price level depends on various factors such as the availability of resources and the responsiveness of supply. If the increase in government spending exceeds the capacity of the economy to produce goods and services, it can lead to upward pressure on prices. Regarding unemployment, the effect is uncertain and would depend on how the increased government spending affects job creation and labor market dynamics.
When the government raises taxes on building new houses and factories, it increases the cost of investment for businesses and individuals. This leads to a decrease in the demand for investment, as the higher tax burden reduces the expected return on investment. Consequently, the higher interest rate reflects the increased cost of borrowing, which can deter investment and economic activity.
Conversely, when households are given tax incentives to save money, it increases the supply of loanable funds. With more funds available for investment, the interest rate tends to decrease. A lower interest rate makes borrowing more affordable for businesses, stimulating investment and economic growth.
Providing attractive tax incentives to investors can reduce the cost of borrowing and increase the availability of funds for investment. This leads to lower interest rates, making it more favorable for businesses to undertake investment projects. On the other hand, running a budget deficit means that the government needs to borrow more to cover its expenditures. This increases the demand for loanable funds, putting upward pressure on interest rates and potentially crowding out private investment.
Overall, the impact of government actions on interest rates and investment depends on the specific policies implemented and the broader economic context. Tax incentives can influence the cost of borrowing and the availability of funds, which in turn affect investment levels. However, running a budget deficit can have mixed effects, potentially crowding out private investment and leading to higher interest rates.
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8. When we make monthly payments on a car or a house, the amount of the payment is a constant, but different fractions of this payment represent repayment of the principal and the interest. Also, the fraction allocated to each changes over the loan period. Using the terminology below, develop expressions for the principal and interest payments during year y
M = amount of mortgage p = monthly payment
R = nominal interest rate P = annual payment
r = R/12 = monthly interest rate Py = principal paid during year y
n = no. month for loan Iy = interest paid during year y
x = principal paid at end of 1st month
The principal payment is calculated using the formula Py = [x(1+r)^(12y) - p((1 + r)^(12y) - 1)/r] while the interest payment for year y can be determined using the formula Iy = P - Py where, P = annual payment = 12p. We can use these formulas to calculate the amount of principal and interest paid during year y of the mortgage.
When we make monthly payments on a car or a house, the amount of the payment is constant but different fractions of this payment represent repayment of the principal and interest.
Also, the fraction allocated to each changes over the loan period. Here are the expressions for the principal and interest payments during year y:
The formula for monthly payment M = p + p * [r/(1 - (1 + r)^(-12n))]
where,M = amount of mortgage, p = monthly payment, R = nominal interest rate, r = R/12 = monthly interest rate and n is the no. month for the loan.
Now, the annual payment P = 12p
Annual principal paid in year yPy = [x(1+r)^(12y) - p((1 + r)^(12y) - 1)/r]
Interest paid in year yIy = P - Py where, x = the principal paid at the end of the first month.Since it is a constant payment mortgage, every month's payment will have the same split between interest and principal, but the amount of interest paid will reduce every month because the balance is reducing every month.
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