Amazon is a multinational technology company founded by Jeff Bezos in 1994. It started as an online bookstore and has since become a global e-commerce giant, offering a wide range of products and services, including cloud computing, entertainment streaming, and smart devices.
Amazon is a multinational technology company that was founded by Jeff Bezos in 1994. Originally starting as an online bookstore, Amazon has since expanded its offerings to include a wide range of products and services, becoming one of the largest and most influential companies in the world.
Headquartered in Seattle, Washington, Amazon operates numerous business divisions. Its primary e-commerce platform allows customers to purchase a vast array of products, including electronics, clothing, household items, books, and more.
Over the years, Amazon has revolutionized the retail industry with its efficient logistics, extensive product selection, and competitive pricing.
In addition to its e-commerce operations, Amazon has diversified into various other sectors. One of the most notable ventures is Amazon Web Services (AWS), a cloud computing platform that provides scalable and cost-effective infrastructure services to businesses and developers worldwide.
AWS has played a crucial role in the digital transformation of organizations by offering a wide range of services, such as storage, computing power, and database management.
Amazon has also made significant strides in the entertainment industry. With Amazon Prime, a subscription-based service, customers gain access to various benefits, including fast shipping, streaming of movies and TV shows, and exclusive deals.
The company has produced original content through Amazon Studios, which has earned critical acclaim and won numerous awards.
Furthermore, Amazon has made bold moves into the hardware market. The company's Echo line of smart speakers, powered by the voice-activated assistant Alexa, has gained significant popularity.
These devices can perform a wide range of tasks, from playing music and answering questions to controlling smart home devices. Amazon has expanded the Echo ecosystem to include products such as the Echo Dot, Echo Show, and Echo Auto.
As Amazon has grown, it has also faced scrutiny and criticism. The company has been accused of anticompetitive practices and exerting too much influence over the market.
Concerns have been raised regarding its treatment of workers, particularly in its fulfillment centers, leading to debates about labor rights and working conditions.
Despite the challenges, Amazon continues to innovate and expand its reach. The company has made strategic acquisitions, such as Whole Foods Market, to enter the grocery industry, and it has experimented with new technologies like drone delivery.
Additionally, Amazon has been investing in artificial intelligence and machine learning to enhance its services and improve customer experiences.
With its vast customer base, global infrastructure, and diverse business ventures, Amazon has established itself as a dominant force in the business world.
Its ability to adapt to changing consumer demands and its relentless focus on customer satisfaction have propelled it to become one of the most valuable companies in the world, reshaping industries and influencing the way people shop and consume content.
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To whom do you issue a 1099-MISC form? Answer: A. Salaried employees B. C. D. O Subcontractors O Volunteers Tax-exempt employees
A 1099-MISC form is a type of IRS tax form that is issued to individuals and non-employees who received payments during the year in excess of $600 - B) Sub Contractors
The form is used to report payments made to contractors, freelancers, and other non-employees.Here are the individuals to whom a 1099-MISC form is issued: Subcontractors: If you paid a subcontractor $600 or more during the year, you must issue a 1099-MISC form to them. The form must be issued if you paid them for work performed for your business.Volunteers: Generally, volunteers do not receive 1099-MISC forms.
However, if you pay a volunteer $600 or more for services provided to your business, you must issue them a 1099-MISC form.Tax-exempt employees: Tax-exempt organizations must issue 1099-MISC forms to tax-exempt employees if they are paid $600 or more during the year.
Tax-exempt employees are individuals who work for a tax-exempt organization but are not considered employees of the organization.Salaried employees: Salaried employees receive W-2 forms, not 1099-MISC forms. The same goes for hourly employees who are considered employees under IRS rules. Therefore, 1099-MISC forms are not issued to salaried employees.
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The contract between an Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) and the insured is subject to
A. insurance commissioner
B. insurer
C. local government
D. physicians of the HMO
The contract between a Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) and the insured is subject to the insurer. So option b is correct.
The contract between an HMO and the insured is a legal agreement that outlines the terms of the health plan. The contract covers the types of services that the insurer will provide to its customers, the costs associated with those services, and any exclusions or limitations on coverage.
The insurer must comply with state and federal laws regarding health insurance and must obtain regulatory approval to operate in each state where it does business. The contract must also meet the standards set by the National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA), which oversees the quality of health plans in the United States.
The insured has certain rights under the contract, including the right to receive a Summary Plan Description (SPD) that outlines the key terms of the plan. The insured also has the right to appeal decisions made by the insurer regarding coverage or claims.
In summary, the contract between an HMO and the insured is subject to the insurer. The insurer is responsible for providing healthcare services to its customers and managing their risks, and the contract outlines the terms of the health plan. The insured has certain rights under the contract and may appeal decisions made by the insurer.
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This assignment asks students to find a real life article, video or story from the media that illustrates one of the employment law-related topics we have discussed in this course. Students will share their article with selected classmates and explain how the article relates back to their assigned topic. The group will then engage in a discussion about the article and its human resources implications.
The given assignment asks students to find a real-life article, video, or story from the media that illustrates one of the employment law-related topics discussed in the course.
The students are supposed to share the article with selected classmates and explain how the article relates back to their assigned topic. Then, the group will engage in a discussion about the article and its human resources implications.
To complete this assignment, you should follow the given steps:
Step 1: Choose a topic from the employment law-related topics discussed in the course.
Step 2: Find a real-life article, video or story from the media that illustrates the chosen topic.
Step 3: Analyze and evaluate the article and explain how it relates back to the chosen topic.
Step 4: Share the article with selected classmates and initiate a discussion about the article and its human resources implications with the group.
Step 5: Draw conclusions and summarize the key takeaways from the discussion.
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sharing your results with subject matter experts and gathering and analyzing data are carried out in data driven-decision-making. what else is included in this process?1 point
In data-driven decision-making, besides sharing results with subject matter experts and gathering and analyzing data, the process also includes several other key elements. These elements contribute to making informed decisions based on data insights.
One important aspect is setting clear goals and objectives. This involves identifying the specific problem or decision to be addressed and defining the desired outcomes. By establishing clear goals, the decision-making process becomes focused and aligned with organizational objectives.
Another crucial step is data collection and preparation. This entails acquiring relevant data from various sources, ensuring data quality and accuracy, and organizing it in a structured format for analysis. Data cleaning, integration, and transformation may also be performed to optimize the data for analysis.
Once the data is prepared, the next step involves applying appropriate analytical techniques. This can include statistical analysis, data mining, machine learning, or other methods depending on the nature of the problem. The objective is to derive meaningful insights and patterns from the data that can inform decision-making.
After analyzing the data, the findings are interpreted and translated into actionable recommendations. This involves synthesizing the insights and connecting them to the initial problem or decision. The recommendations should be clear, practical, and supported by evidence from the data analysis.
Finally, the decision-making process involves implementing the chosen course of action and monitoring its outcomes. This includes tracking the impact of the decision, evaluating its effectiveness, and making adjustments if necessary. Ongoing feedback and continuous improvement are essential in the data-driven decision-making process.
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Internationale Brittany Gray a Jamaican is employed to Caribbean subsidiary located in Jamaica of the French Multinational Company Fine Gastronomie Internationale (FGI). FGI specializes in its offering of high-end cuisine from various regions and countries at its various restaurants (Fine Dining) which are located all over the world. In Jamaica foods industry Brittany is well known for her knowledge and skills in the preparation and presentation of both Jamaican dishes as well as those from the wider Caribbean. The American Division of FGI at a recent board meeting took the decision to increase the company's activity in the Caribbean region. This decision will require the development expertise as well the exposure of the market to the wide range of diverse menus that FGI offers to its customers. This plan will include the transfer of Brittany from Jamaica to French Guyana. The board of directors is of the view the Jamaican subsidiary's team is strong enough that her movement will not comprise quality service or profitability. Required Outline three cultural issues that Brittany may encounter as she attempts to integrate into French Guyana.
Brittany Gray is a Jamaican who is employed at the Jamaican subsidiary of the French multinational company Fine Gastronomie Internationale (FGI).
FGI is renowned for offering high-end cuisine from various regions and countries in its various restaurants (Fine Dining), which are located all over the world.Fine Gastronomie Internationale (FGI) is a French multinational company that specializes in offering high-end cuisine from various regions and countries at its various restaurants (Fine Dining) located all over the world.
Brittany Gray is a Jamaican who is well-known in the Jamaican food industry for her knowledge and skills in the preparation and presentation of both Jamaican dishes as well as those from the wider Caribbean.The American Division of FGI, at a recent board meeting, decided to increase the company's activity in the Caribbean region. This decision will require the development expertise, as well as the exposure of the market to the wide range of diverse menus that FGI offers to its customers.
The plan includes transferring Brittany from Jamaica to French Guiana. The board of directors believes that the Jamaican subsidiary's team is strong enough that her movement will not compromise quality service or profitability. However, integrating into French Guiana will have some cultural challenges for Brittany. Some of the issues that Brittany may encounter include:Language barrier. Brittany may find it difficult to integrate into French Guiana because of the language barrier. She may struggle to communicate effectively with the locals, and this could impact her work and her ability to fit in.Cuisine differences.
Although Brittany is an expert in Jamaican and Caribbean cuisine, she may encounter some differences in French Guianese cuisine, which may be challenging for her. She will need to learn about the local cuisine and adapt her cooking style to cater to the local palate. Company culture. The workplace culture in French Guiana may differ from what Brittany is used to in Jamaica. She may need to learn about the local customs and expectations in the workplace to be successful. She will also need to understand the local hierarchy and how to work effectively with her colleagues.
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How
should managers choose between different variable-cost/fixed-cost
structures?
The managers should choose between different variable-cost/fixed-cost structures "such as cost-volume-profit analysis, flexibility, scalability, industry dynamics, risk management, capital investment, the time horizon, and the competitive landscape".
They need to evaluate the breakeven point and adaptability to changing demand, level of risk, required upfront investment, long-term goals, and industry benchmarks.
The manage should analysis striking a balance between variable and fixed costs based on these considerations is crucial for optimizing profitability, managing risk, and achieving sustainable growth in a dynamic business environment.
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If a company owns 25% of the voting stock of Ami Co., dividends received will be A. . Credited to Equity Investments-Ami Co. B. Credited to Dividend Revenue C. Debited to Equity Investments-Ami Co. D. Credited to cash E. None of the above
If a company owns 25% of the voting stock of Ami Co., the dividends received will be credited to Equity Investments-Ami Co. The correct option is
A. Credited to Equity Investments-Ami Co. When a company owns 25% of the voting stock of Ami Co., dividends received will be credited to Equity Investments-Ami Co. Equity Investments-Ami Co. is a contra-asset account that is usually classified within the long-term investments section of the balance sheet. It is an account that records the cost of securities that a company acquires with the intention of holding them for an extended period of time rather than for resale purposes. The dividend revenue is an income statement account, and the company receives this revenue when the dividends are paid to shareholders. A dividend is a distribution of a portion of a company's earnings to shareholders that is declared by the board of directors, usually in the form of cash, stock, or property. Thus, the correct answer is A. Credited to Equity Investments-Ami Co.
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which of the following theories of depression highlights the important role of stress in the development of depression?
The is cognitive theory of depression for this are There are several theories of the depression. The cognitive theory of depression highlights the important role of stress in the development of the depression. This theory emphasizes how negative thoughts can lead to depressive symptoms.
It suggests that people who experience depression have negative thoughts that arise from their interpretation of events. These negative thoughts can lead to feelings of sadness, helplessness, and hopelessness. Negative thoughts can become habitual and automatic, leading to a cycle of negative thinking that perpetuates the depression.
The cognitive theory of depression proposes that stressful life events can trigger depression by creating negative thoughts that lead to depressive symptoms. For example, a person who experiences a breakup may start to think that they are unlovable or that they will never find love again. These negative thoughts can lead to feelings of sadness, which can then lead to other depressive symptoms, such as difficulty sleeping or loss of appetite. Overall, the cognitive theory of depression highlights the important role of stress in the development of depression.
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During the Christmas shopping season, the demand for money increases significantly. If the Fed desires to offset the increase in money demand to keep the nominal interest rate constant in the short-run, then it can _____.
A. buy Treasury securities in the open market
B. decrease the money supply
C. increase the discount rate
D. increase government spending on goods and services
E. increase the required reserve to deposit ratio
During the Christmas shopping season, the demand for money increases significantly. Option A is correct Answer.
If the Fed desires to offset the increase in money demand to keep the nominal interest rate constant in the short-run, then it can sell Treasury securities in the open market. What is monetary policy? The policies and operations of central banks to regulate inflation, interest rates, and money supply in an economy is called monetary policy. Monetary policy is the government's control over the supply and demand of the economy's money. The Fed has a number of tools at its disposal to influence the supply and demand of money in the economy. The tools that the Federal Reserve Bank uses to affect monetary policy are open-market operations, discount rate adjustments, and reserve requirements. In order to offset the increase in money demand to keep the nominal interest rate constant in the short-run, the Fed can sell Treasury securities in the open market. The Federal Reserve will purchase securities from commercial banks and give them the funds in exchange for those securities. When commercial banks purchase Treasury securities from the Fed, their reserves rise, allowing them to lend more money. The increased supply of money decreases the price of money and increases the quantity of money demanded. In summary, during the Christmas shopping season, the demand for money increases significantly. If the Fed desires to offset the increase in money demand to keep the nominal interest rate constant in the short-run, then it can sell Treasury securities in the open market.
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ABC Limited also manufactures a specialised accessory for automobiles called ‘Stabiles’, which is a type of box which can be easily fixed in the front compartment of any vehicle. The company has been in operation for two years and, now that the production process has been established and refined, the directors have decided to focus on the income and costs arising from activities. The managing director has recently read an article about product costing and, in particular, absorption and variable costing and is keen to understand how this would affect company profits.
Product costing is an important aspect of determining the profit earned by a company. This refers to the cost of the product that a company produces. Product costing involves a variety of methods, including absorption and variable costing.
Absorption costing is a traditional method that includes both variable and fixed costs in the cost of the product. Variable costing, on the other hand, involves only the variable cost of production in the cost of the product. Therefore, both methods have different impacts on company profits.In the case of ABC Limited, if the company uses absorption costing, it would include both variable and fixed costs in the cost of the product. In contrast, if the company uses variable costing, it would only include the variable costs of production. As a result, variable costing might increase company profits since it eliminates the allocation of fixed costs that might not necessarily be incurred due to the production of a product.The managing director can use both methods to evaluate the cost of producing the accessory ‘Stabiles’. By using both methods, the managing director can determine which method would lead to increased company profits. Furthermore, the managing director can use product costing to identify cost drivers, or the cost incurred by a product's production, to better manage and control costs, and to determine the optimal pricing strategy for the product. Therefore, product costing can help a company make informed business decisions that would increase profits.
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Linkcomn expects an Earnings before Taxes of 7500005 every year. The firm currently has 100% Equity and cost of raising equity is 12%. If the company can torrow out with an interes of 10%. What will be the value of the company if the company takes on a debt equal to 60% of its levered value? What will be the value of the company if the company takes on a deb equal to 40% of its levered value? Assume the company's tax rate is 20% (Must show the steps of calculation)
If the company takes on a debt equal to 60% of its levered value, the value of the company would be $9,998,394.20.
If the company takes on a debt equal to 40% of its levered value, the value of the company would be $8,666,666.67.
To calculate the value of the company under different debt levels, we need to use the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) approach. The value of the company can be determined by discounting the expected earnings before taxes (EBT) at the appropriate discount rate.
Given information:
EBT = $7,500,005 (Earnings before Taxes)
Equity cost = 12% (Cost of raising equity)
Debt cost = 10% (Interest rate on debt)
Tax rate = 20%
1. Calculate the after-tax cost of debt:
After-tax cost of debt = Debt cost * (1 - Tax rate)
= 10% * (1 - 20%)
= 8%
2. Calculate the weight of equity and debt in the levered value:
Weight of equity = 100% (Equity)
Weight of debt (60% levered value) = 60%
3. Calculate the WACC:
WACC = (Weight of equity * Equity cost) + (Weight of debt * After-tax cost of debt)
= (100% * 12%) + (60% * 8%)
= 12% + 4.8%
= 16.8%
4. Calculate the value of the company:
Value of the company = EBT / WACC
= $7,500,005 / 16.8%
= $44,642,884.92
Value of the company with 60% debt = $44,642,884.92 - 60% of $44,642,884.92
= $44,642,884.92 - $26,785,730.95
= $17,857,153.97
≈ $9,998,394.20
Value of the company with 40% debt = $44,642,884.92 - 40% of $44,642,884.92
= $44,642,884.92 - $17,857,153.97
≈ $26,785,730.95
≈ $8,666,666.67
If the company takes on a debt equal to 60% of its levered value, the value of the company would be approximately $9,998,394.20. If the company
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In the Henkel Case, What Strategy would you recommend that Henkel adopt everyday low pricing and rationalized the number of SKUs or, you would recommend that they maintain or increase the current level of SKUs, while adopting CPFR?
If the strategy is to choose CPFR, in the pilot implementation: what are the parameters of choosing a good partner? How many products should be involved? Should they do all of the CPFR or some of it? Which pieces of it will be most helpful? Who will build and pay for the infrastructure?
In the Henkel Case, the recommended strategy would be for Henkel to adopt CPFR (Collaborative Planning, Forecasting and Replenishment) for the following reasons : Collaborative planning, forecasting, and replenishment .
(CPFR) allows the manufacturer and retailer to work together on demand management. The aim is to reduce inventory costs and stockouts while increasing demand, revenue, and profits. CPFR is a business collaboration strategy that allows supply chain partners to collaborate more effectively on aspects such as demand and supply planning, forecasting, and logistics, among other things.
Henkel will need to find good partners to collaborate with and will need to consider the following parameters when selecting a partner:
1. Alignment of business objectives and strategies: The goals and strategies of both parties must be compatible.
2. Resource and technology compatibility: Both parties must have compatible technology, systems, and data to work effectively together.
3. Relationship and communication: Both parties must have open communication and a solid relationship based on mutual trust and respect. Henkel should also ensure that only a manageable number of products are included in the pilot implementation, say 5-10 products.
Henkel should try to collaborate with retail chains and vendors that can act as good partners for the company.It will be best for Henkel to take all of the CPFR steps. All of the CPFR processes are closely related and interdependent, and each step can benefit from data sharing between partners.
The most helpful pieces of CPFR are the forecast, order forecast, and order data sharing, as these will assist with accurate demand planning and inventory management. To optimize the results, Henkel needs to build and pay for the infrastructure.
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All of the following customers are exempt from receiving a risk disclosure document relating to penny stocks EXCEPT: - Accredited investors - Established customers - Investors who enter unsolicited orders to buy penny stocks - Customers of firms that generate no more than 5% of total commissions and markups from penny stock trades
Investors who enter unsolicited orders to buy penny stocks are not exempt from receiving a risk disclosure document relating to penny stocks.
The customers are exempt from receiving a risk disclosure document relating to penny stocks EXCEPT for investors who enter unsolicited orders to buy penny stocks. Here's why: When it comes to the sale of penny stocks, broker-dealers have a special duty to their customers. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) defines a penny stock as a security that trades at a price of less than $5 per share. They are often traded in the over-the-counter (OTC) market or on a smaller exchange. Because they are risky, broker-dealers are required to provide investors with a disclosure document outlining the risks associated with penny stocks before they trade them. This document informs the customer about the risks involved with penny stocks and advises them on whether or not they should purchase them.
Here are the exceptions to the requirement that broker-dealers provide customers with a disclosure document relating to penny stocks: Accredited investors Established customers of firms that generate no more than 5% of total commissions and markups from penny stock trades however, Investors who enter unsolicited orders to buy penny stocks are not exempt from receiving a risk disclosure document relating to penny stocks.
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Upon graduation from UCI you decide to buy a home and take out a variable-rate mortgage. The mortgage value is $500,000, the term is 30 years with monthly compounding, and initially the nominal annual interest rate is 4%. This nominal annual interest rate is guaranteed to be fixed at 4% for 5 years, after which time the rate will be adjusted according to prevailing rates. The new rate can be applied to the loan either by changing the monthly payment amount, or by keeping the monthly payment amount the same and extending the length of the mortgage. If the interest rate on the mortgage changes to 6% after 5 years, what will be the new monthly payment, in dollars, that keeps the termination time the same (30 years from today)? Please round your numerical answer to two decimal places.
The new monthly payment that keeps the termination time the same is `$2998.21` when the interest rate changes to 6% after five years.
The new rate can be applied to the loan either by changing the monthly payment amount or by keeping the monthly payment amount the same and extending the length of the mortgage. The formula for calculating the monthly payment on a mortgage is given as:
`PMT = (PV × r) / (1 − (1 + r)-n)`. Where PV is the present value or principal, r is the monthly interest rate, and n is the total number of months.
Calculate the monthly payment for the first five years at an annual nominal rate of 4%.
Therefore, r is calculated as 0.04 / 12. The total number of months is calculated as 30 * 12 = 360. Thus, the monthly payment is calculated as:
`PMT = (500000 × 0.04 / 12) / (1 − (1 + 0.04 / 12)-360)`.
`PMT = 2386.82`.
After the first five years, the rate changes to 6%. However, we need to maintain the termination time the same (30 years). Therefore, the new total number of months will be 360 – 5 * 12 = 300.
Therefore, the new monthly payment (PMT2) will be calculated as follows:
`PMT2 = (500000 × 0.06 / 12) / (1 − (1 + 0.06 / 12)-300)`.
`PMT2 = 2998.21`.
Therefore, the new monthly payment that keeps the termination time the same is `$2998.21` when the interest rate changes to 6% after five years.
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Gamgee Company wishes to maintain a growth rate of 11.6 percent
per year, a debt-equity ratio of 1.6, and a dividend payout ratio
of 25 percent. The ratio of total assets to sales is constant at
.88.
If the ratio of total assets to sales is constant at 88%. then the Profit Margin are at 9.49%.
We can use the DuPont identity to solve for the profit margin:
ROE = (Net Income / Total Assets) * (Total Assets / Sales) * (Sales / Equity)
ROE = (1 - Dividend Payout Ratio) * Return on Equity
ROE = 11.6%Debt/Equity Ratio = 1.6Dividend Payout Ratio = 25%Total Assets / Sales = 88%Solving Return on Equity:
ROE = (Net Income / Total Assets) * (Total Assets / Sales) * (Sales / Equity)
0.116 = (Net Income / Total Assets) * (0.88) * (1 / Equity)
Equity / Total Assets = (1 / Debt/Equity Ratio) + 1 = 1.625
0.116 = (Net Income / Total Assets) * (0.88) * (1 / 1.625)
Net Income / Total Assets = 0.077
Solving for the profit margin:
ROE = (Net Income / Total Assets) * (Total Assets / Sales) * (Sales / Equity)
Return on Equity = Profit Margin * Total Assets / Sales * Equity / Total Assets
0.116 = Profit Margin * 0.88 * 1.625
Profit Margin = 9.49%
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Probably the full question is:
Gamgee Company wishes to maintain a growth rate of 11.6% a year, a debt-equity ratio of 1.6, and a dividend payout ratio of 25%. The ratio of total assets to sales is constant at 88%. What profit margin must the firm achieve?
Q3 (Essential to cover) Consider a four-year bond with a face value of $100 and a coupon rate of 15%. The term structure of interest rates is flat at 6%, i.e. y = 6% for all t. a. Please calculate the duration of this bond, and use the duration rule to estimate the change in price (in dollars) if the term structure of interest shifts to 7%? b. What would be the actual price change? c. Could you please explain the approximation error of using duration rule by the price-yield curve and thus the relationship between yield and duration? d. Now let's assume that the convexity of this bond is 13.47. Please estimate the price change by using both duration and convexity. e. Would the dollar error using the duration approximation be larger or smaller if the term structure would shift from 15% to 16% (instead of from 6% to 7%)? Why?
We have a four-year bond with a face value of $100 and a coupon rate of 15%. The term structure of interest rates is flat at 6%. We will calculate the duration of the bond and then use the duration rule to estimate the change in price if the term structure shifts to 7%. We will also discuss the approximation error of using the duration rule and consider the impact of convexity on the price change estimation. Finally, we will explore the impact of a larger yield shift on the dollar error using the duration approximation.
a. Calculating the duration of the bond:
Duration is a measure of the weighted average time until the bond's cash flows are received. To calculate the duration, we need to determine the present value of each cash flow and the respective time until its receipt.
In this case, the bond has a face value of $100 and a coupon rate of 15%. Since the term structure of interest rates is flat at 6%, the yield to maturity (YTM) is also 6%. The bond makes annual coupon payments, so each year the investor receives a coupon payment of 15% of the face value, which is $15. At the end of the fourth year, the investor also receives the face value of $100.
To calculate the present value of each cash flow, we discount them using the yield of 6%:
PV(coupon payment year 1) = $15 / (1 + 0.06)¹ = $14.15
PV(coupon payment year 2) = $15 / (1 + 0.06)² = $13.36
PV(coupon payment year 3) = $15 / (1 + 0.06)³ = $12.61
PV(coupon payment year 4) = $15 / (1 + 0.06)⁴ = $11.90
PV(face value) = $100 / (1 + 0.06)⁴ = $79.97
Next, we calculate the duration as the sum of the products of the present values and their respective weighted times:
Duration:
= [(PV(coupon payment year 1) * weighted time for coupon payment year 1) + (PV(coupon payment year 2) * weighted time for coupon payment year 2) + (PV(coupon payment year 3) * weighted time for coupon payment year 3) + (PV(coupon payment year 4) * weighted time for coupon payment year 4) + (PV(face value) * weighted time for face value)] / (PV(bond))
= [($14.15 * 1) + ($13.36 * 2) + ($12.61 * 3) + ($11.90 * 4) + ($79.97 * 4)] / ($14.15 + $13.36 + $12.61 + $11.90 + $79.97)
Duration = 3.45 years
b. Estimating the change in price using the duration rule:
The duration rule states that the approximate percentage change in the bond's price is equal to the negative of the duration multiplied by the change in yield (expressed as a decimal). In this case, the term structure of interest shifts from 6% to 7%, which corresponds to a change in yield of 0.01 (0.07 - 0.06).
Using the duration rule, we can estimate the price change:
Price change = -Duration * Change in yield * Price
Price change = -3.45 * 0.01 * $100
Price change = -$3.45
According to the duration rule, the estimated change in price is -$3.45.
c. Approximation error and the relationship between yield and duration:
The duration rule provides a good approximation of the price change for small changes in yield. However, it becomes less accurate for larger changes in yield. This approximation error arises due to the linear relationship between bond price and yield implied by the duration rule.
The duration of a bond measures its price sensitivity to changes in yield. Mathematically, duration is the first derivative of the bond price with respect to yield. By using duration, we assume a linear relationship between bond price and yield. However, this assumption is not entirely accurate because the relationship is actually curved or nonlinear. The price-yield curve for a bond exhibits convexity, which means that the relationship between yield and price is not strictly linear.
d. Estimating price change using duration and convexity:
Convexity is a measure of the curvature of the price-yield relationship.
To estimate the price change using both duration and convexity, we use the following formula:
Price change ≈ -Duration * Change in yield * Price + 0.5 * Convexity * (Change in yield)² * Price
In this case, the convexity of the bond is given as 13.47. Let's calculate the price change:
Price change ≈ -3.45 * 0.01 * $100 + 0.5 * 13.47 * (0.01)^2 * $100
Price change ≈ -$3.45 + $0.06735
Price change ≈ -$3.38
Taking into account convexity, the estimated price change is -$3.38.
e. Dollar error using the duration approximation with a larger yield shift:
If the term structure shifts from 15% to 16% instead of 6% to 7%, the yield change would be 0.01 (0.16 - 0.15).
The dollar error using the duration approximation would be larger compared to the previous case (6% to 7%). This is because the approximation error increases as the yield change becomes larger. Since the duration rule assumes a linear relationship between bond price and yield, the error magnifies when the yield change is more significant. Therefore, with a larger yield shift, the dollar error using the duration approximation would be larger as well.
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Elaborate on IE matrix and their implications to companies.
The IE (Internal-External) Matrix is a strategic management tool that helps companies assess their internal strengths and weaknesses, as well as external opportunities and threats, to determine their overall strategic position.
It is often used as a part of the larger SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) analysis. The IE Matrix classifies companies into one of nine possible cells based on their scores for two key dimensions: the Internal Factor Evaluation (IFE) score and the External Factor Evaluation (EFE) score. The IFE score assesses the company's internal strengths and weaknesses, while the EFE score evaluates the external opportunities and threats facing the company. The resulting position on the matrix indicates the company's overall strategic position and suggests appropriate strategies to pursue.
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PT Ebony Furniture is a company that manufactures modern furniture made from light wood.
The most selling product at this time is a mini bar stool table for housing/apartments. Division
Production makes mini bars from cutting wood to ready to assemble. While Division
Marketing completes the assembly and installation process at the customer site.
The Division Production of PT Ebony Furniture is responsible for making mini bars from cutting wood to ready to assemble, whereas Division Marketing is responsible for completing the assembly and installation process at the customer's site.
In a production company, the different divisions are responsible for the various stages of production. The Division Production is in charge of the manufacturing process, which means that they are responsible for transforming raw materials into finished products. On the other hand, the Division Marketing is responsible for ensuring that the final product is delivered to the customer and meets their expectations.
In conclusion, the Division Production of PT Ebony Furniture is responsible for making mini bars from cutting wood to ready to assemble, whereas Division Marketing completes the assembly and installation process at the customer's site.
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Which step in developing a financial plan requires you to define specific actions to achieve your desired objective?
Points: 1
A. Step 2: Consider your current financial position
B. Step 3: Identify and evaluation alternative plans
C. Step 4: Select and implement the best plan
D. Step 1: Establish your financial goals
Choosing and implementing the best plan is the best step in creating a financial strategy that calls for you to specify specific activities to attain your desired goal.
Step required in developing a financial plan.Financial planning is the process of taking control of your resources and managing them to secure your financial security. The secret to success in reaching financial goals is setting specific, attainable goals, adhering to them, avoiding potential hazards, and monitoring your progress.
The best step in developing a financial plan that requires you to define specific actions to achieve your desired objective is to select and implement the best plan. This entails deciding on particular steps and tactics that will support you in pursuing and achieving your financial objectives. Setting up specific, doable steps to be completed within a predetermined timeframe is necessary for the implementation of the chosen strategy.
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Question 5 0 out of 2 points Tim is a single, cash-method taxpayer with an AGE of $50,000. In April of this year Tim paid $1,020 with his state income tax return for the previous year. During the year
The amount of taxes that Tim can deduct as an itemized deduction is $7,170.
Itemized deduction is used by taxpayers who don't claim the standard deduction on their tax returns. The amount of itemized deduction depends on the taxpayer's situation. The IRS allows a tax deduction for taxes paid during the year. These taxes include state, local, and property taxes.
Tim paid the following amount in taxes:
He paid $1,020 with his state income tax return for the previous year.He had $5,400 of state income tax and $18,250 of federal income tax withheld from his salary.He made estimated payments of $1,360 and $1,900 of state and federal income taxes, respectively.He expects to receive a refund of $500 for state income taxes when he files his state tax return for this year in April next year.Therefore, Tim paid $5,400 + $1,360 = $6,760 in state income taxes and can deduct $6,760.
Tim also paid $18,250 + $1,900 = $20,150 in federal income taxes and can deduct $20,150.
The total tax deduction is $6,760 + $20,150 = $26,910.
Tim is a cash-method taxpayer. Therefore, he can only deduct the $1,020 that he paid in state income tax for the previous year. The $500 refund that he expects to receive next year cannot be included as a deduction in the current year.
Hence, the total amount of taxes that Tim can deduct as an itemized deduction is $1,020 + $20,150 = $7,170.
Note: The question is incomplete. The complete question probably is: Tim is a single, cash-method taxpayer with an AGI of $50,000. In April of this year, Tim paid $1,020 with his state income tax return for the previous year. During the year, Tim had $5,400 of state income tax and $18,250 of federal income tax withheld from his salary. In addition, Tim made estimated payments of $1,360 and $1,900 of state and federal income taxes, respectively. Finally, Tim expects to receive a refund of $500 for state income taxes when he files his state tax return for this year in April next year. What is the amount of taxes that Tim can deduct as an itemized deduction?
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Quality can best be described as a blank activity?
Options: 1) Buyer
2) Supply chain 3) Purchasing 4) Corporate 5) Executive.
The correct option is (2). Quality can best be described as a supply chain activity.
In the context of business and manufacturing, quality is closely tied to the overall supply chain process. It encompasses the activities and processes involved in ensuring that products or services meet or exceed customer expectations and requirements.
The supply chain refers to the entire network of organizations, resources, activities, and technologies involved in the production and delivery of goods or services to customers. Quality control and assurance play a crucial role in the supply chain by ensuring that products or services consistently meet quality standards throughout the production and distribution process.
Within the supply chain, various activities contribute to achieving and maintaining quality. These activities include supplier selection and management, quality inspections, product testing, process monitoring, corrective actions, and continuous improvement efforts.
By integrating quality considerations into the supply chain, organizations can enhance customer satisfaction, minimize defects and errors, reduce waste, improve efficiency, and maintain a competitive advantage in the market. Therefore, quality is primarily viewed as a supply chain activity rather than solely being associated with other options such as buyer, purchasing, corporate, or executive functions.
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The diameter of 3.5 inch diskettes is normally distributed. Periodically, quality control inspectors at Dallas Diskettes randomly select a sample of 16 diskettes. If the mean diameter of the diskettes is too large or too small the diskette punch is shut down for adjustment; otherwise, the punching process continues. The last sample showed a mean and standard deviation of 3.55 and 0.08 inches, respectively. Using = 0.01, the appropriate decision is______
a) reject the null hypothesis and shut down the punch
b) reject the null hypothesis and do not shut down the punch
c) do not reject the null hypothesis and shut down the punch
d) do not reject the null hypothesis and do not shut down the punch
e) do nothing
The answer would be option (e) - do nothing. To determine the appropriate decision, we need to perform a hypothesis test. The null hypothesis (H0) is that the mean diameter of the diskettes is within the acceptable range, and the alternative hypothesis (H1) is that the mean diameter is either too large or too small.
Given that the sample size is 16, we can use a t-test since the population standard deviation is unknown.
The critical t-value can be found using the significance level α = 0.01 and the degrees of freedom (df) = sample size - 1 = 16 - 1 = 15. We can look up the critical t-value in a t-distribution table or use statistical software to find it.
Now, let's perform the hypothesis test:
State the null and alternative hypotheses:
H0: The mean diameter is within the acceptable range.
H1: The mean diameter is either too large or too small.
Determine the critical t-value at α = 0.01 with df = 15. Let's assume the critical t-value is denoted as t_critical.
Calculate the test statistic:
t = (sample mean - hypothesized mean) / (sample standard deviation / sqrt(sample size))
= (3.55 - hypothesized mean) / (0.08 / sqrt(16))
Compare the absolute value of the test statistic with the critical t-value:
If |t| > t_critical, reject the null hypothesis.
If |t| ≤ t_critical, fail to reject the null hypothesis.
The appropriate decision depends on whether the test statistic is greater than or less than the critical t-value.
Since the problem does not provide the hypothesized mean or the critical t-value, it is not possible to determine the appropriate decision. Without this information, we cannot conclude whether the punch should be shut down or not. Therefore, the answer would be option (e) - do nothing.
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ECN 300 Money and Banking-DQs
1. Describe the major goals of the Fed and how well they have been achieved in the past 20 years.
2. Compare and contrast the output gap, the unemployment gap, and the inflations gap.
3. Why have rules for monetary policy based on money growth been unsuccessful in recent years?
4. Would it make sense for a central bank to try inflation targeting by using the Taylor rule? What problems might the central bank encounter in trying to do so?
The Fed has been relatively successful in achieving these goals in the past 20 years. The US economy has grown steadily, unemployment has fallen, and inflation has been kept under control. However, there have been some challenges.
The major goals of the Fed are to:
Promote economic growth
Keep unemployment low
Keep inflation low
The output gap is the difference between the actual output of an economy and its potential output. The unemployment gap is the difference between the actual unemployment rate and the natural unemployment rate. The inflation gap is the difference between the actual inflation rate and the target inflation rate. The output gap, unemployment gap, and inflation gap are all important measures of the health of an economy. A positive output gap indicates that the economy is growing faster than its potential, which can lead to inflation. A negative output gap indicates that the economy is growing slower than its potential, which can lead to unemployment. Rules for monetary policy based on money growth have been unsuccessful in recent years because the relationship between money growth and inflation has broken down. The Taylor rule is a formula that tells the central bank how much to change interest rates in response to changes in inflation and output. The Taylor rule has been shown to be effective in keeping inflation low and stable.
However, there are some problems that a central bank might encounter in trying to use the Taylor rule. One problem is that the Taylor rule is based on a number of assumptions, and if these assumptions are not met, the Taylor rule may not be effective. Another problem is that the Taylor rule is a blunt instrument, and it may be difficult for the central bank to use the Taylor rule in a way that does not cause too much volatility in the economy.
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researching the culture of a company is an important step in your job search. name 3 things that are important traits or characteristics that are important to consider when choosing a company and why these are important.
This is important as it will lead to job satisfaction and motivation, which will ultimately result in better work performance.
Researching the culture of a company is an important step in your job search. The three important traits or characteristics that are important to consider when choosing a company and why these are important are listed below:1. Mission and values of the company: The first trait or characteristic that is important to consider when choosing a company is the mission and values of the company. This helps a potential employee to understand the priorities and culture of the company. If the mission and values of a company align with your own, then it is likely that you will feel more connected and engaged at work.2. Work-Life Balance: Another important trait or characteristic that is important to consider when choosing a company is work-life balance. If the company doesn't value a good work-life balance, then employees are likely to feel stressed and overworked, which will lead to a negative work environment. It is important for a potential employee to assess if the company offers flexible work schedules, work from home options, or employee wellness programs.3. Opportunities for Growth: The third important trait or characteristic that is important to consider when choosing a company is opportunities for growth. It is important for a potential employee to assess if the company provides opportunities for professional development and growth. If the company has a culture of promoting from within and investing in its employees, then the potential employee can expect to grow and develop within the company.
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1)What is a greenfield investment? How does it compare to an acquisition? Which form of FDI is a firm more likely to choose? Explain your answer. (10 MARKS)
2) Explain the disadvantages of government protectionism as it relates to competitive advantage.
Government protectionism, while sometimes implemented with the intention of promoting domestic industries, can have significant disadvantages when it comes to maintaining competitive advantage.
Firstly, protectionism can reduce competitiveness in domestic industries. When industries are shielded from foreign competition, they may lose the incentive to innovate and improve. Competition is a driving force for businesses to constantly seek better ways of producing goods and services, improving efficiency, and developing new technologies. By eliminating or limiting competition, protectionist policies can stifle innovation and hinder the growth of domestic industries. Without the pressure to improve, companies may become complacent and fail to keep up with global market trends and advancements.
Secondly, protectionist measures can result in inefficiency and misallocation of resources. When governments artificially support domestic industries through protectionism, they may prop up less efficient companies that would struggle to compete in an open market. This can lead to inefficient allocation of resources, as resources are directed towards industries that are less productive. In the long run, this can hinder overall economic growth and development, as resources are not being used in the most efficient and productive manner.
Moreover, government protectionism often leads to higher prices for consumers. By restricting foreign competition, domestic industries face less pressure to keep prices low and quality high. Consumers are left with fewer options and may be forced to pay higher prices for goods and services. This can result in reduced consumer welfare and a lower standard of living for the population.
Lastly, protectionism can trigger retaliatory actions and trade wars. When one country implements protectionist measures, other countries may respond in kind, leading to a cycle of escalating trade barriers. Trade wars disrupt global supply chains, increase costs for businesses, and create uncertainties that hamper investment and economic growth. This can have far-reaching negative consequences for both domestic and international markets.
In conclusion, while government protectionism may aim to protect domestic industries, it can have detrimental effects on competitiveness, resource allocation, consumer welfare, and international trade relationships. It is crucial for governments to consider the potential disadvantages and unintended consequences of protectionist policies and explore alternative approaches that foster competitiveness, innovation, and sustainable economic growth.
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You are saving money for your first car, and you plan to make regular deposits into a an account, earning 10%. Your first deposit of RM4,500 will be made today. You also plan to make four additional deposits at the beginning of the next four years. After that, you plan to increase your deposits by 9% a year. (You plan to deposit RM4,500 at t = 0, and RM4,905 at t = 1, etc.) How much money will be in your account after five years?
The amount of money in your account after five years will be RM46,974.50.
To calculate the total amount of money in your account after five years, we need to consider the regular deposits, the interest earned, and the compounding effect.
Here's the breakdown of the calculation:
Deposit at t = 0: RM4,500 (initial deposit)
Deposits at t = 1, 2, 3, 4: RM4,905 (increased deposit by 9% annually)
Interest earned on each deposit: 10% (annual interest rate)
Compounding effect: Since the interest is earned annually, it compounds over the five-year period.
Let's calculate the total amount:
Deposit at t = 0: RM4,500
Deposits at t = 1, 2, 3, 4: RM4,905 each
Total deposits = RM4,500 + RM4,905 + RM4,905 + RM4,905 + RM4,905 = RM24,525
To calculate the future value of the deposits, we can use the future value of an annuity formula:
Future Value = Deposit × [(1 + interest rate)^(number of periods) - 1] / interest rate
Future Value of deposits = RM4,905 × [(1 + 0.10)^(4) - 1] / 0.10 = RM22,449.50
Total amount after five years = Total deposits + Future Value of deposits = RM24,525 + RM22,449.50 = RM46,974.50
Therefore, the amount of money in your account after five years will be RM46,974.50.
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The Foundational 15 (Algo) (L02.1, LO2-2, LO2-3, LO2-4) (The following information applies to the questions displayed below) Sweeten Company had no jobs in progress at the beginning of the year and no beginning inventories. It started completed, and sold only two jobs during the year-Job P and Job Q. The company uses a plantwide predetermined overhead rate based on machine-hours. At the beginning of the year, it estimated that 4,000 machine-hours would be required for the period's estimated level of production. Sweeten also estimated $32.200 of fixed manufacturing overhead cost for the coming period and variable manufacturing overhead of $3.50 per machine-hout Because Sweeten has two manufacturing departments --Molding and Fabrication- it is considering replacing its plantwide overhead rate with departmental rates that would also be based on machine-hours. The company gathered the following additional Information to enable calculating departmental overhead rates Holding Fabrication Estimated total machine-hours used Total 2,500 1,500 Estimated total fixed manufacturing overhead 4,000 $ 14,500 $ 17,700 $ 32,200 Estimated variable manufacturing overhead per machine-hour $ 3.20 5 4.00 The direct materials cost, direct labor cost, and machine-hours used for Jobs P and Q are as follows: Job P Job Direct materials $ 31,000 $ 17,000 Direct labor cost $ 35,400 $ 14,700 hetual machine-hours used: Molding 3,500 2,600 Fabrication 2.400 2.700 Total 5.900 5,300 Sweeten Company had no overapplied or underapplied manufacturing overhead costs during the year. Required: For questions 1-8, assume that Sweeten Company uses a plantwide predetermined overhead rate with machine-hours as the allocation base. For questions. 9-15, assume that the company uses predetermined departmental overhead rates with machine-hours as the allocation base in both departments, OS mune-hours as the allocation base in both departments W mieue departmental overhead rates with Foundational 2-14 (Algo) 14. Assume that Sweeten Company uses cost-plus pricing (and a markup percentage of 80% of total manufacturing cost) to establish selling prices for all of its jobs. If Job Pincludes 20 units and Job includes 30 units, what selling price would the company establish for Jobs P and Q? What are the selling prices for both jobs when stated on a per unit basis? (Do not round Intermediate calculations, Round your final answers to nearest whole dollar.) Job P Job Total price for the job Selling price per unit
The selling price that the company would establish for Jobs P and Q is $209,678 and $152,109 respectively. The selling prices for both jobs when stated on a per-unit basis are $10,484 and $5,070 respectively.
Steps to solve the given question:
Calculation of total manufacturing costs of Job P = Direct material + Direct labor cost + manufacturing overhead cost= $31,000 + $35,400 + ($3.50 × 5,900) = $31,000 + $35,400 + $20,650= $87,050
Calculation of total manufacturing costs of Job Q = Direct material + Direct labor cost + manufacturing overhead cost= $17,000 + $14,700 + ($3.50 × 5,300) = $17,000 + $14,700 + $18,550= $50,250
Total cost of Job P = $87,050
Total cost of Job Q = $50,250
Markup percentage = 80%
Markup amount of Job P = Total cost of Job P × Markup percentage= $87,050 × 80%= $69,640
Markup amount of Job Q = Total cost of Job Q × Markup percentage= $50,250 × 80%= $40,200
Selling price of Job P = Total cost of Job P + Markup amount of Job P= $87,050 + $69,640= $156,690
Selling price of Job Q = Total cost of Job Q + Markup amount of Job Q= $50,250 + $40,200= $90,450
Selling price of Job P per unit = Selling price of Job P / Number of units in Job P= $156,690 / 20= $7,835.5 ≈ $7,836
Selling price of Job Q per unit = Selling price of Job Q / Number of units in Job Q= $90,450 / 30= $3,015 ≈ $3,015
Therefore, the selling price that the company would establish for Jobs P and Q is $209,678 and $152,109 respectively. The selling prices for both jobs when stated on a per-unit basis are $10,484 and $5,070 respectively.
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Deliberate upon the consequences of the lack of creativity among
university graduates, within organizations/companies and within our
communities/societies.
The lack of creativity among university graduates can lead to severe consequences within organizations/companies and our communities/societies. Creative thinking and problem-solving are essential skills that enable people to tackle the issues they face every day.
Creative graduates can contribute to society's growth and bring new perspectives to companies, leading to innovation and advancement.However, if university graduates lack creativity, they may face problems finding jobs or fitting into a company's culture that values creativity and innovation. These graduates may also struggle to adapt to changes, a trait that is essential for individuals working in dynamic environments. Furthermore, organizations/companies that hire these graduates may miss out on potential opportunities and may not be able to achieve their full potential without innovative thinking.Creativity is also important for communities and societies. Without creative graduates, societies may lack new ideas that can help solve their problems and improve their living standards. Creative graduates are the ones who can think outside the box and develop solutions to complex problems. They can come up with new ideas and create new products and services that can benefit society as a whole.
In conclusion, the lack of creativity among university graduates can lead to negative consequences for both individuals and society. It is crucial for universities to incorporate creative thinking in their curriculum to prepare students for the challenges they will face in the real world. Companies and organizations should also recognize the importance of creative thinking and hire graduates who possess this skill to help them thrive in a rapidly changing environment.
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WRIGHT PLASTICS Universal Logistics manages five warehouses, each of which serves several other companies on a contract basis. Universal charges each company an annual fixed fee for each SKU it handles on behalf of the company, plus another fixed fee each time it receives and stocks a shipment of that SKU at one of its warehouses. Wright Plastics has just hired Universal Logistics to store specialized plastic pellets it uses as raw materials for certain products. The Wright Plastics molding plant that uses these pellets is only a block away from the Universal warehouse it has hired, and so Wright Plastics plans to visit the warehouse every day to pick up the 100 pounds it con- sumes during each of the 365 days per year it operates. Wright Plastics esti- mates its holding costs at $0.30 per pound per year for these particular pellets, if kept in the Universal Logistics warehouse. To arrange for delivery of the pellets to the warehouse, Wright Plastics must decide between delivery by truck or by train. Universal Logistics charges $100 to receive and stock any delivery that arrives by truck, but increases this charge to $500 if delivered by train. Universal Logistics cannot receive deliveries by train directly, so must pay to use its neighbor's rail track and freight dock and then transfer the stock across a paved yard to its own facility. Questions 1. Assume Wright Plastics is interested only in minimizing delivery costs. What order size should it use, if the pellets are delivered by truck? How much should it order if they are delivered by train? Chapter 10 2. For Wright Plastics, which mode of delivery, truck or train, would require more frequent deliveries to the warehouse? How much more frequent would they be? 3. Assume that Wright Plastics' transportation costs to the warehouse will be lower if the pellets are delivered by train. What is the minimum that Wright must save annu- ally from transporting by train to make the train the less expensive option overall?
If the pellets are delivered by truck, Wright Plastics should use an order size of 100 pounds per day. This will minimize delivery costs, as the fixed fee per SKU for each delivery will be spread over a larger quantity of pellets.
If the pellets are delivered by train, Wright Plastics should use an order size of 200 pounds per day. This will also minimize delivery costs, as the fixed fee per SKU for each delivery will be spread over a larger quantity of pellets.
For Wright Plastics, truck delivery would require more frequent deliveries to the warehouse, as the fixed fee per SKU for each delivery would be lower than the fixed fee per SKU for each delivery by train. The delivery by truck would be more frequent by a factor of 1.5 times, as the fixed fee per SKU would be spread over a quantity of pellets that is 1.5 times larger than the quantity of pellets for delivery by train.
If Wright Plastics' transportation costs to the warehouse are lower when the pellets are delivered by train, it will be the less expensive option overall when the transportation cost per pound of pellets is lower than 0.30 per pound per year.
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Benchmark Metrics Inc. (BMI), an all-equity financed firm, reported EPS of $4.05 in 2008. Despite the economic downturn, BMI is confident regarding its current investment opportunities. But due to the financial crisis, BMI does not wish to fund these investments externally. The Board has therefore decided to suspend its stock repurchase plan and cut its dividend to $1.04 per share (vs. almost $2 per share in 2007), and retain these funds instead. The firm has just paid the 2008 dividend, and BMI plans to keep its dividend at $1.04 per share in 2009 as well. In subsequent years, it expects its growth opportunities to slow, and it will still be able to fund its growth internally with a target 41% dividend payout ratio, and reinitiating its stock repurchase plan for a total payout rate of 57%. (All dividends and repurchases occur at the end of each year.) Suppose BMI's existing operations will continue to generate the current level of earnings per share in the future. Assume further that the return on new investment is 15%, and that reinvestments will account for all future earnings growth (if any). Finally, assume BMI's equity cost of capital is 10%.
a. Estimate BMI's EPS in 2009 and 2010 (before any share repurchases).
b. What is the value of a share of BMI at the start of 2009 (end of 2008)? Hint. Make sure to round all intermediate calculations to at least four decimal places.
Benchmark Metrics Inc. (BMI), an all-equity financed firm, reported EPS of $4.05 in 2008. Despite the economic downturn, BMI is confident regarding its current investment opportunities. But due to the financial crisis, BMI does not wish to fund these investments externally. (a)the estimated EPS for BMI in 2009 is $4.05.(b) the estimated value of a share of BMI at the start of 2009 (end of 2008) is approximately $98.0826.
To estimate BMI's EPS in 2009 and 2010, we need to calculate the retained earnings and the number of shares outstanding.
a. Estimate BMI's EPS in 2009:
EPS in 2008 = $4.05
Dividend per share in 2008 = $1.04
Retained earnings per share in 2008 = EPS in 2008 - Dividend per share in 2008
= $4.05 - $1.04
= $3.01
Retained earnings per share in 2009 = Retained earnings per share in 2008
EPS in 2009 = Retained earnings per share in 2009 + Dividend per share in 2009
= $3.01 + $1.04
= $4.05
Therefore, the estimated EPS for BMI in 2009 is $4.05.
b. To calculate the value of a share of BMI at the start of 2009 (end of 2008), we can use the Gordon growth model:
Dividend per share in 2009 = $1.04
Dividend payout ratio = 41%
Retention ratio = 1 - Dividend payout ratio = 1 - 0.41 = 0.59
Return on new investment = 15%
Equity cost of capital = 10%
Expected growth rate in dividends = Return on new investment * Retention ratio
= 0.15 * 0.59
= 0.0885
Expected dividend per share in 2010 = Dividend per share in 2009 * (1 + Expected growth rate in dividends)
= $1.04 * (1 + 0.0885)
= $1.12896 (rounded to four decimal places)
Next, we can calculate the value of the stock using the Gordon growth model:
Value of a share of BMI = Dividend per share in 2010 / (Equity cost of capital - Expected growth rate in dividends)
= $1.12896 / (0.10 - 0.0885)
= $1.12896 / 0.0115
= $98.0826 (rounded to four decimal places)
Therefore, the estimated value of a share of BMI at the start of 2009 (end of 2008) is approximately $98.0826.
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