1. Project scope statement is not a direct input to the Plan Resource Management process. Explanation:Plan Resource Management process is an activity of developing a plan that helps in defining the process for organizing and managing the resources needed to complete the project work.
The process provides the framework for establishing the necessary levels of control, communication, and reporting for the project. The inputs for the Plan Resource Management process are:Enterprise environmental factors (EEFs)Organizational process assets (OPAs)Project charterOutputs from other planning processes2. The project management team is…A subset of the project team. Explanation:Project management team is a group of individuals responsible for leading and managing a project. The team consists of a project manager and other team members who are responsible for executing the project activities. It is a subset of the project team.3.
Creation without inputs from external stakeholders is not correct with regards to the accuracy of Parametric estimating. Explanation:Parametric estimating is a technique of estimating the cost, duration, or other variables of a project activity based on the relationship between the variables and the historical data. The accuracy of parametric estimating depends on the following:Sophistication of the techniqueUnderlying dataStatistical relationship with historical dataInputs from external stakeholders.
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The ledger of Costello Company at the end of the current year shows Accounts Receivable $110,000, Sales Revenue $840,000, and Sales Returns and Allowances $20,000. Instructions (a) If Costello uses the direct write-off method to account for uncollectible accounts, jour- nalize the adjusting entry at December 31, assuming Costello determines that L. Dole's $1,400 balance is uncollectible. (b) If Allowance for Doubtful Accounts has a credit balance of $2,100 in the trial balance, journalize the adjusting entry at December 31, assuming bad debts are expected to be (1) 1% of net sales, and (2) 10% of accounts receivable. (c) If Allowance for Doubtful Accounts has a debit balance of $200 in the trial balance, journalize the adjusting entry at December 31, assuming bad debts are expected to be (1) 0.75% of net sales and (2) 6% of accounts receivable.
The adjusting entries at December 31 for Costello Company regarding uncollectible accounts are as follows: (a) using the direct write-off method, the adjusting entry would debit Bad Debt Expense and credit Accounts Receivable; (b) if Allowance for Doubtful Accounts has a credit balance, the adjusting entry would debit Bad Debt Expense and credit Allowance for Doubtful Accounts, based on either a percentage of net sales or a percentage of accounts receivable; (c) if Allowance for Doubtful Accounts has a debit balance, the adjusting entry would debit Allowance for Doubtful Accounts and credit Bad Debt Expense, based on either a percentage of net sales or a percentage of accounts receivable.
(a) If Costello uses the direct write-off method, the adjusting entry to write off L. Dole's uncollectible balance of $1,400 would be as follows:
Date: December 31
Account Debit Credit
Bad Debt Expense $1,400
Accounts Receivable $1,400
The entry debits Bad Debt Expense to recognize the expense incurred due to the uncollectible account of L. Dole. The credit to Accounts Receivable reduces the balance, reflecting the write-off of the uncollectible amount.
(b) If Allowance for Doubtful Accounts has a credit balance of $2,100, Costello can use either a percentage of net sales or a percentage of accounts receivable to estimate bad debts. Assuming (1) 1% of net sales, the adjusting entry would be:
Date: December 31
Account Debit Credit
Bad Debt Expense $8,400
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts $8,400
The entry debits Bad Debt Expense for the estimated bad debts based on 1% of net sales ($840,000 * 1%). The credit to Allowance for Doubtful Accounts increases the allowance balance to account for the estimated uncollectible accounts.
(c) If Allowance for Doubtful Accounts has a debit balance of $200, Costello can use either a percentage of net sales or a percentage of accounts receivable to estimate bad debts. Assuming (1) 0.75% of net sales, the adjusting entry would be:
Date: December 31
Account Debit Credit
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts $6,300
Bad Debt Expense $6,300
The entry debits Allowance for Doubtful Accounts to increase the allowance balance by the estimated bad debts based on 0.75% of net sales ($840,000 * 0.75%). The credit to Bad Debt Expense recognizes the expense associated with the estimated uncollectible accounts.
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SWOT analysis "Enjoying three nights of music festival and
sleepover."
SWOT analysis stands for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats analysis. It is a framework used to evaluate an entity's current situation by assessing internal and external factors.
Here's how a SWOT analysis can be used to evaluate the statement "Enjoying three nights of music festival and sleepover."
Strengths: - This activity is a good way to take a break from everyday life and have a good time with friends. - The opportunity to listen to music and watch performances from artists is a great way to learn about new music genres. - Festivals also offer a platform for networking with other people in the music industry.
Weaknesses: - Spending three nights in one place may be too long for some individuals. - The festival's location might not be convenient for some participants. - The cost of attending the festival can be prohibitively expensive for some individuals.
Opportunities: - Attendees can meet new people who share similar interests in music. - The festival could have several stages or areas to explore, making it a multi-dimensional experience for the attendees. - Food and beverage vendors may be present, which is an opportunity to try out new food.
Threats: - Weather changes and rain could dampen the festival experience for the attendees. - Security concerns may arise, particularly when there are large crowds, which is a common feature of music festivals. - Large music festivals may attract drug peddlers, who may try to sell drugs to festival-goers.
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fill the blank _____ are facts that lend believability to claims of value and benefit.
The term that fills the blank to the sentence are facts that lend believability to claims of value and benefit" is "evidence."Explanation: Evidence is the collected body of data that backs up a claim. Evidence is used to support or refute arguments, theories,
proposals, and other kinds of information, usually in academic fields. It is produced by researchers, scholars, and students through experiments, surveys, observation, and other methods. Evidence helps to make ideas more persuasive, as it provides concrete support for the claims being made.A piece of evidence can be anything from statistics to a personal story that helps to support a point being made.
In order for evidence to be convincing, it must be accurate, reliable, and relevant to the topic being discussed. In academic writing, evidence is used to support claims made in research papers, essays, and other scholarly works.Explanation: Evidence is the collected body of data that backs up a claim. Evidence is used to support or refute arguments, theories,
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Which of the following is NOT TRUE for Walt Disney World?
a. 90% of the labor force wears costumes not uniforms.
b. Cast members are hosts and hostesses.
c. All employees have their full name on the name tags they wear.
d. Many items in the park's gift shops do not have price tags on them.
The statement that is NOT TRUE for Walt Disney World is "Many items in the park's gift shops do not have price tags on them". So option d is the correct answer.
Walt Disney World, also known as Walt Disney World Resort, is located in Bay Lake, Florida, USA. It opened on October 1, 1971, and it is owned and operated by the Walt Disney Company. It is the most visited vacation resort globally and is also known as "The Most Magical Place on Earth" .
The Walt Disney World has over 74,000 employees, making it the largest single-site employer in the world. All employees are known as "Cast Members," and they all wear name tags that have their full names printed on them.
In addition to the name, their birthplace, job title, and a hometown are also included on the name tags.The labor force does not wear uniforms, but they wear costumes instead. Each Cast Member's costume depends on their location and job.
For example, a lifeguard working at Disney's Typhoon Lagoon would wear a swimsuit, while a chef would wear a full chef's uniform.
The statement "Many items in the park's gift shops do not have price tags on them" is NOT TRUE for Walt Disney World. Everything in the park has a price tag, and it can be found either on the item or on a nearby sign.
Therefore the correct answer is option d.
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What is the present value of $1265 to be paid in four years if
the interest rate is 7%? (Keep three decimal places as you
calculate - Round to the nearest hundredth).
The present value of $1265 to be paid in four years at a 7% interest rate is approximately $926.77, rounded to the nearest hundredth.
To calculate the present value of $1265 to be paid in four years at an interest rate of 7%, we can use the present value formula:
Present Value = Future Value / (1 + Interest Rate) ⁿ
Where:
Future Value = $1265
Interest Rate = 7% (0.07)
n = Number of years = 4
Putting in the values into the formula:
Present Value = $1265 / (1 + 0.07) ⁴
Present Value = $1265 / (1.07) ⁴
Present Value ≈ $926.77 (rounded to the nearest hundredth)
Therefore, the present value of $1265 to be paid in four years at a 7% interest rate is approximately $926.77.
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Below is a specific research objective extracted from a dissertation. Study it carefully and answer the questions that follows:
"To determine whether the type of crops a farmer grows has any influence on their decision to adopt drip irrigation farming".
Develop a research question from the above objective.
Based on your answer to part (a), construct a research hypothesis. Identify at least one concept from part a.
For the identified (mentioned) concept, provide a conceptual definition. For the same identified concept, provide an operational definition Based on your answer in part b above, Identify the dependent and independent variables. Justify your answer. Suggest a moderator variable in this case.
Research Hypothesis: Farmers who grow high-value crops are more likely to adopt drip irrigation farming compared to those who grow low-value crops.
Concept: Type of crops grown
Conceptual Definition: The category or classification of crops based on their characteristics, market value, or purpose.
Operational Definition: The specific classification of crops into high-value and low-value based on their market price or economic value.
Dependent Variable: Decision to adopt drip irrigation farming
Independent Variable: Type of crops grown
Justification: The research objective suggests investigating the influence of the type of crops grown on farmers' decision to adopt drip irrigation farming. The type of crops grown is the independent variable because it is presumed to affect the farmers' adoption decision. The decision to adopt drip irrigation farming is the dependent variable because it is expected to be influenced by the type of crops grown.
Moderator Variable: Farm size
Justification: Farm size could potentially moderate the relationship between the type of crops grown and the decision to adopt drip irrigation farming. Farmers with larger farms might have more resources and financial capacity to invest in drip irrigation, regardless of the type of crops they grow.
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Sam gets a new job with a small employer and enrolls in a health benefit plan that includes dependent coverage on Insulin pump. When will claims related to her pre-existing condition be covered?
A. Immediately
B. after a waiting period of 90 days
C. after a waiting period of 12 months
D. after proving she has been complication free for 6 months
Sam gets a new job with a small employer and enrolls in a health benefit plan that includes dependent coverage on Insulin pump. The correct answer is C.
After a waiting period of 12 months. A pre-existing condition is a health problem that you already have before enrolling in a new insurance plan. Pre-existing conditions were often excluded from insurance coverage or had waiting periods of varying lengths under some health insurance policies.Sam has a pre-existing condition of Insulin pump that means, she had a medical condition before she enrolled in the health insurance plan with her new employer. It is important to note that pre-existing condition waiting periods are not limitless and are typically 12 months in length.When Sam enrolls in a health benefit plan that includes dependent coverage on Insulin pump, any claims linked to her pre-existing condition will be covered after a waiting period of 12 months. Therefore, the correct answer is C. after a waiting period of 12 months.
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Amount Original Loan $350,000 Terms Cost of Refinancing 6.6%, 30 New Loan 5.64%, $7,000 The original loan has been outstanding for 6 years. The owner plans to retain ownership of the property for another 7 years. The opportunity cost is 9%. Show MPVIFA numbers. Should the loan be refinanced? Remember to answer this question using Present Value (PV) Analysis. Show the tables with labels when answering this question. A Table showing the calculations for change in Monthly Payments and Loan Balances Show Table) B. Present Value Analysis (show equation and work for solution method) C. Decision using Marginal Cost and Marginal Benefit Analysis
Without the necessary details of the new loan term and interest rate, a definitive answer cannot be provided regarding whether the loan should be refinanced or not. The present value analysis and marginal cost and benefit analysis require specific information to make an informed decision.
A. Table showing the calculations for change in Monthly Payments and Loan Balances:
Year | Monthly Payment | Loan Balance
-----|----------------|--------------
0 | - | $350,000
1 | - | $336,879
2 | - | $322,668
3 | - | $307,327
4 | - | $290,816
5 | - | $273,096
6 | - | $254,126
7 | - | $233,867
8 | - | $212,277
9 | - | $189,315
10 | - | $164,938
11 | - | $139,103
12 | - | $111,763
13 | - | $82,868
B. Present Value Analysis:
To determine whether refinancing the loan is beneficial, we need to calculate the present value (PV) of the cash flows associated with the original loan and the new loan.
1. Calculate the present value of the original loan:
PV_Original = PVIFA(6.6%, 6 years) * $350,000
2. Calculate the present value of the refinanced loan:
PV_Refinanced = PVIFA(5.64%, 7 years) * ($350,000 - $7,000)
3. Calculate the present value of the cost of refinancing:
PV_Cost = $7,000
4. Calculate the net present value (NPV) by subtracting the present value of the cost from the difference in present values between the original and refinanced loans:
NPV = PV_Original - PV_Refinanced - PV_Cost
C. Decision using Marginal Cost and Marginal Benefit Analysis:
If the NPV is positive, it indicates that the refinancing provides a net benefit, and the loan should be refinanced. If the NPV is negative, it suggests that the refinancing would result in a net cost, and it may not be beneficial to refinance.
By comparing the NPV to zero, we can make a decision based on marginal cost and marginal benefit analysis. If NPV > 0, refinance; if NPV < 0, do not refinance.
Performing the calculations and analyzing the results will provide a clear indication of whether refinancing the loan is a financially sound decision.
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Self-actualization needs are often met by: a. Your level of income b. Your job title c. Your social status d. Fulfillment of your potential
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs was developed by psychologist Abraham Maslow, who theorized that human behavioral motivation is based upon the necessity to satisfy five categories of human needs. True / False Self-actualization needs are critically important and should always strive to be met. True False Physiological needs do not include: a. Emotional stability b. Rest and sleep c. Clothing and shelter d. Food and water
Maslow's hierarchy of needs is based on the idea that humans have five categories of needs, with self-actualization being the highest. This final need is best met when a person has fulfilled their potential.
Maslow's hierarchy of needs suggests that people have five sets of needs that must be met in order to reach self-actualization. These needs are based on a progression, starting with physiological needs such as food, water, and shelter.
Once these needs are met, a person can focus on safety needs such as emotional stability, rest and sleep, and personal safety.
From there, a person can focus on the need for belongingness and love, followed by respect and self-esteem.
Once these needs are met, a person can then strive for self-actualization, which is the need to fulfill one's potential.
This can be achieved through hobbies, artistic expression, or through their career. It should be noted that self-actualization is not a finite destination, but rather an ongoing process of growth and development. Therefore, it is important to always strive for personal fulfillment in order to achieve self-actualization.
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The most likely impact of aggregating inventory from 5 locations to one location, is the CSL will __________ and the outbound transportation costs will ___________.
a. Increase, increase
b. decrease, decrease
c. Decrease, increase
d. increase, decrease
The most likely impact of aggregating inventory from 5 locations to one location is that the CSL (Customer Service Level) will increase, and the outbound transportation costs will decrease.
Aggregating inventory from multiple locations to a single location can have several effects on the supply chain. One of the main advantages is an improvement in the CSL. By consolidating inventory in one location, it becomes easier to manage and allocate stock efficiently to meet customer demand. With inventory centralized, there is a higher likelihood of having the right products available at the right time, leading to increased customer satisfaction and a higher CSL.
Additionally, aggregating inventory can lead to a reduction in outbound transportation costs. When inventory is spread across multiple locations, it often requires separate shipments to fulfill customer orders. This results in higher transportation costs due to multiple trips and potentially inefficient routing. However, by consolidating inventory into one location, it becomes possible to optimize transportation routes, reduce the number of shipments, and take advantage of economies of scale. As a result, outbound transportation costs are likely to decrease.
Therefore, the most likely impact of aggregating inventory from 5 locations to one location is an increase in CSL and a decrease in outbound transportation costs.
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Rationale and objectives of financial regulation: Why is there a need to regulate the financial system? What are the legislated objectives of the FMA and the regulatory function of the RBNZ? What are some of the current challenges facing financial regulators?
The rationale and objectives of financial regulation are to ensure the stability and security of the financial system. The financial system is a vital component of any economy, and the collapse of financial institutions can have far-reaching consequences. Therefore, regulating the financial system is necessary to prevent financial crises and protect the interests of consumers.
The need to regulate the financial system arises from the inherent risks and complexity of the financial industry. Financial institutions engage in activities that involve large sums of money, and their failure can cause significant harm to the economy. Furthermore, the financial industry is highly interconnected, which means that a problem in one institution can quickly spread to other institutions. Therefore, regulating the financial system is necessary to ensure that financial institutions operate in a safe and sound manner, and that they are held accountable for their actions.The Financial Markets Authority (FMA) is responsible for regulating financial markets in New Zealand. The FMA's primary objective is to promote and facilitate the development of fair, efficient, and transparent financial markets. The FMA's regulatory function is to monitor and supervise financial markets to ensure compliance with the law, promote investor confidence, and protect consumers.The Reserve Bank of New Zealand (RBNZ) is responsible for regulating the financial system in New Zealand. The RBNZ's primary objective is to promote the stability of the financial system. The RBNZ's regulatory function is to monitor and supervise financial institutions to ensure that they operate in a safe and sound manner, and that they are compliant with relevant regulations.Some of the current challenges facing financial regulators include the increasing complexity of financial markets and the rapid pace of technological change. Financial markets are becoming increasingly complex, with new financial instruments and trading strategies emerging. As a result, financial regulators must keep up with these developments to ensure that the financial system remains stable and secure. Additionally, the rapid pace of technological change is creating new risks and challenges for financial regulators. Cybersecurity threats, for example, pose a significant risk to financial institutions, and regulators must take steps to ensure that financial institutions are adequately protected.
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Sixteen years ago, Cindy received a shop house as her 1st birthday present from her grandparent. At the age of 17 years old, Cindy entered a contract to sell the said shop house to Benjy. Benjy paid full purchase price of the said shop house and Cyndy executed the transfer. Later, Benjy came to know that Cindy’s uncle has filed an application in court to set aside the transfer of the said shop house so the shop house could be transferred back to Cindy. Benjy comes to seek your advice on the position of the said contract.
Benjy may still have a claim to the shop house if he is a bona fide purchaser for value without notice.
This means that Benjy purchased the property in good faith and for a valuable consideration, without knowing of any defects in the title of the property. In this case, the defect in title would be the application filed by Cindy's uncle to set aside the transfer of the shop house.
If Benjy can prove that he was a bona fide purchaser for value without notice, he may be able to retain ownership of the shop house.
However, if he knew or should have known about the uncle's application to set aside the transfer, he may not be able to claim ownership of property.
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Consider a capital budgeting problem with seven project represented by binary (0 or 1) variables x₁, x₂, x₃, x₄, x₅, x₆, x₇
1. Write a constraint modeling the situation in which at most 4 projects from projects 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 can be selected. 2. Write a constraint modeling the situation in which only 2 of the projects from 2, 3, 4, and 5 must be selected. 3. Write a constraint modeling the situation project 3 or 6 must be selected, but not both. 4. Write a constraint modeling the situation in which at least 3 of the projects from 1, 2, 5, and 7 must be selected.
Consider a capital budgeting problem with seven projects represented by binary (0 or 1) variables x₁, x₂, x₃, x₄, x₅, x₆, x₇.
1. The constraint modeling the situation in which at most 4 projects from projects 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 can be selected is given as: `x₂ + x₃ + x₄ + x₅ + x₆ + x₇ ≤ 4
2. The constraint modeling the situation in which only 2 of the projects from 2, 3, 4, and 5 must be selected is given as:`x₂ + x₃ + x₄ + x₅ ≤ 2`
3. The constraint modeling the situation project 3 or 6 must be selected, but not both are given as:`x₃ + x₆ = 1`
4. The constraint modeling the situation in which at least 3 of the projects from 1, 2, 5, and 7 must be selected is given as:`x₁ + x₂ + x₅ + x₇ ≥ 3`.
Note: Capital budgeting is a process of deciding which long-term capital investments will be funded by an organization and that has many applications for an enterprise.
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Selda is going to receive $25,000 in five years. When she receives it, she will invest it for ten more years at 8 percent per year how much will she have in fifteen years? (Do not round intermediate calculations and round your answer to 2 decimal places, eg. 1247)
Selda will have approximately $53,170.79 in fifteen years after receiving $25,000 and investing it for ten years at an 8 percent annual interest rate.
To calculate how much Selda will have in fifteen years, we need to consider the compound interest earned on her initial amount of $25,000 over the additional ten-year investment period. Compound interest is calculated by multiplying the principal amount (initial investment) by the interest rate and the number of periods.
In this case, Selda will receive $25,000 in five years, which will become the principal amount for her ten-year investment. The interest rate is 8 percent per year, or 0.08 in decimal form. The total investment period is fifteen years (5 years + 10 years).
Using the formula for compound interest, we can calculate the future value of Selda's investment:
Future Value = Principal Amount × (1 + Interest Rate)^Number of Periods
Plugging in the values, we have:
Principal Amount = $25,000
Interest Rate = 0.08
Number of Periods = 15
Future Value = $25,000 × (1 + 0.08)^15
Evaluating the expression inside the parentheses first, we get:
Future Value = $25,000 × (1.08)^15
Calculating the value within the parentheses, we have:
Future Value = $25,000 × 1.39744856021
Multiplying these two values, we find:
Future Value ≈ $34,936.21
Therefore, after fifteen years, Selda is expected to have approximately $34,936.21 in her investment account.
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Required information [The following information applies to the questions displayed below.] The following information is available to reconcile Branch Company's book balance of cash with its bank state
Bank statement ending balance on June 30: $20,700Deposits in transit on June 30: $2,300Outstanding checks on June 30: $1,800Service charge for June: $35Interest earned on the account for June: $125The above-mentioned information is displayed for Branch Company to reconcile its book balance of cash with its bank statement.
What is bank reconciliation? Bank reconciliation is the process of comparing a company's bank account balance with its financial records. The primary goal of bank reconciliation is to determine the differences between the two accounts and reconcile them so that both the bank statement balance and the company's book balance are consistent. Here are the steps typically involved in reconciling the book balance of cash with the bank statement: Gather the necessary documents: Obtain the bank statement for the relevant period and gather the company's cash account records, including the cash journal, general ledger, and any other relevant supporting documents. Gather the necessary documents:
Obtain the bank statement for the relevant period and gather the company's cash account records, including the cash journal, general ledger, and any other relevant supporting documents.
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true or false
There are more banks that have decided not to be members of the Federal Reserve System, but the largest banks in US are members of the Federal Reserve System Seleccione una: O Verdadero Falso
True. While it is true that there are some banks that have chosen not to be members of the Federal Reserve System, the largest banks in the United States are indeed members of the Federal Reserve System. T
he Federal Reserve System, often referred to as the Fed, is the central banking system of the United States. It was established in 1913 with the goal of providing stability and supervision to the country's banking system.
Membership in the Federal Reserve System is voluntary for banks, but there are several benefits that attract banks to become members. One of the key benefits is access to the central banking services provided by the Federal Reserve, such as access to the payment system, clearing services, and the ability to borrow from the Federal Reserve in times of need.
The largest banks in the United States, also known as the "big banks" or "major banks," are typically members of the Federal Reserve System. These banks play a significant role in the country's financial system and are subject to more stringent regulations and oversight due to their size and systemic importance. Being a member of the Federal Reserve System helps ensure that these banks have access to the resources and services necessary to operate smoothly and contribute to the overall stability of the financial system.
In summary, while there are some banks that have chosen not to be members of the Federal Reserve System, the largest banks in the United States are indeed members. Membership in the Federal Reserve System provides these banks with important benefits and access to central banking services.
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Give me four derivatives strategies can be used in Singapore
except trading strategies. Explain each strategies. (20m)
There are different derivatives strategies that can be used in Singapore. Four of these derivatives strategies that can be used in Singapore except for trading strategies are:1. Hedging strategyHedging is a strategy that investors use to reduce the risk of investing in a particular asset by taking an opposite position in another asset.
For example, if an investor is holding a long position in a particular asset, he can hedge his position by taking a short position in another asset. This way, if the price of the asset he is holding goes down, he will still make a profit from the short position he has taken.2. Spread strategyA spread strategy is a strategy where an investor takes a position in two or more derivative contracts of the same asset. This strategy is used to take advantage of the price differences between the two contracts. For example, if the price of a particular asset is expected to go up in the short term, an investor can buy a near-term contract and sell a longer-term contract. This way, he can take advantage of the price difference between the two contracts.3. Options strategyAn options strategy is a strategy where an investor buys or sells options contracts to take advantage of price movements in the underlying asset. For example, an investor can buy a call option if he expects the price of the underlying asset to go up. This way, he can profit from the increase in price of the underlying asset.
4. Risk reversal strategyA risk reversal strategy is a strategy where an investor buys a call option and sells a put option on the same underlying asset. This way, he can profit from the increase in price of the underlying asset while protecting himself from the downside risk. In conclusion, these are some of the derivatives strategies that can be used in Singapore except for trading strategies.
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Describe (i) the concepts of ""thinking big"" and ""thinking small"" in the context of development economics and (ii) the main critiques of each approach. Describe why randomized controlled trials have transformed the way that international development is approached.
Thinking Big and Thinking Small in the context of Development Economics Thinking Big refers to the view that for development to happen, it is necessary to have massive investment in large-scale infrastructure such as roads, railways, large irrigation systems, and other physical infrastructure.
Thinking Big advocates believe that the key to development is a large-scale injection of resources and investment to achieve economic growth, which would trickle down and lead to social development. In contrast, Thinking Small entails focusing on more decentralized, small-scale projects that are community-based. Proponents of Thinking Small are of the view that development must be bottom-up and that any development project that does not take the people's needs into account is unlikely to succeed. Both of these approaches have received criticism from academics and practitioners alike.
Critiques of Thinking BigThe main critique of Thinking Big is that it is top-down and neglects the needs of the community.
Critics argue that the emphasis on large-scale infrastructure projects is often not well thought out and can often lead to environmental degradation, social displacement, and debt for developing countries.
Critiques of Thinking SmallCritics of Thinking Small argue that the approach is too fragmented and does not address the systemic problems of poverty and underdevelopment. Critics of Thinking Small also argue that it is unlikely to have a significant impact on development at the macro level and that it is not scalable.Randomized Controlled Trials and International Development Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have transformed the way that international development is approached.
RCTs have been used extensively to evaluate the effectiveness of development interventions. The use of RCTs has allowed policymakers and practitioners to understand the causal impact of interventions on development outcomes, which has helped improve the effectiveness of development programs. RCTs are increasingly being used to evaluate social programs, such as education and health programs.
The use of RCTs has led to a greater emphasis on evidence-based decision-making in international development. RCTs are seen as a powerful tool for evaluating development programs, and their use is likely to continue to grow in the future.
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Diseconomies of scale
a) can be caused by free riding within firms.
b) make long-run average cost curves slope downward.
c) indicate inefficient resource use.
d) entail all of the above.
(d) entail all of the above. Diseconomies of scale refer to a situation in which a firm's costs increase at a faster rate than its output as it expands its production.
This can lead to inefficiencies and higher average costs in the long run. The options provided in the question are all correct explanations for diseconomies of scale:
a) Free riding within firms: As a firm grows in size, it may become more challenging to monitor and coordinate the activities of employees and divisions. This can lead to a situation where some individuals or departments within the firm take advantage of the collective effort without contributing their fair share, resulting in inefficiencies and increased costs.
b) Long-run average cost curves slope downward: Diseconomies of scale cause the long-run average cost curve to slope upward, indicating that average costs increase as output expands. This is in contrast to economies of scale, where average costs decrease as output increases.
c) Inefficient resource use: When a firm experiences diseconomies of scale, it may face difficulties in coordinating and managing its resources effectively. This can result in wasteful practices, duplication of efforts, and inefficient resource allocation, leading to higher costs.
Therefore, all the options provided in the question are valid explanations for diseconomies of scale.
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In negotiations over a public good such a as greenhouse gas emission reduction, a cooperative agreement always produces higher aggregate benefits than a noncooperative agreement so cooperation will dominate noncooperation. Discuss.
Negotiations over public goods, including greenhouse gas emission reductions, often result in a cooperative or non-cooperative agreement. In such negotiations, a cooperative agreement is deemed superior as it generates higher aggregate benefits compared to a non-cooperative agreement. There are several reasons why a cooperative agreement is better.
One crucial reason is that the nature of public goods necessitates collective efforts and cooperation. Public goods are characterized by non-excludability and non-rivalry, meaning that once provided, they benefit all parties involved. Achieving the desired outcomes of a public good requires the cooperation of all parties to ensure that everyone enjoys the benefits. A cooperative agreement ensures that all parties contribute and receive the advantages of the public good. Conversely, non-cooperative agreements, where parties act in their self-interest, may not effectively address the goals of the public good. Self-interested actions can lead to suboptimal outcomes and hinder the overall benefits.
Another reason why a cooperative agreement produces higher aggregate benefits is that it encourages voluntary participation and fosters trust among parties. Voluntary participation plays a critical role in addressing public goods problems as it promotes mutual understanding and cooperation among parties. By willingly engaging in cooperative efforts, parties can build trust and establish a sense of reciprocity. Through cooperation, parties can internalize positive externalities and work together to achieve a higher level of welfare, resulting in increased aggregate benefits.
In negotiations over public goods like greenhouse gas emission reduction, cooperation is expected to dominate non-cooperation. By choosing a cooperative approach, parties can overcome the challenges posed by public goods problems and maximize the collective benefits. Cooperation enables effective coordination, resource allocation, and the sharing of responsibilities among all involved parties.
In conclusion, when negotiating over public goods such as greenhouse gas emission reduction, a cooperative agreement is consistently preferable to a non-cooperative agreement. Cooperative agreements yield higher aggregate benefits by addressing the collective nature of public goods, encouraging voluntary participation, fostering trust among parties, and ensuring that all parties receive the benefits of the public good. By choosing cooperation, parties can achieve optimal outcomes, promote sustainable solutions, and effectively address the challenges associated with public goods.
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If the weak form of market efficiency holds, then i) technical analysis is useless; ii) stock prices reflect all information contained in past prices; iii) stock price returns follow a random walk
The weak form of market efficiency states that all historical price data are reflected in current stock prices. As a result, stock prices reflect all information contained in past prices. In other words, the price is a reflection of everything there is to know about the stock. If the weak form of market efficiency holds, stock prices follow a random walk, with future prices being independent of past prices.
Random walk means that prices can only move randomly as future returns cannot be predicted by past returns.If the weak form of market efficiency holds, technical analysis is considered futile. Technical analysis is a method of analyzing and predicting future stock prices based on past price movements, volume, and other market data. Technical analysis would be useless if all historical price data is reflected in current prices. Therefore, technical analysis is useless if the weak form of market efficiency holds. Therefore, according to the weak form of market efficiency, it is pointless to use technical analysis because stock prices reflect all information contained in past prices. If the weak form of market efficiency holds, stock prices reflect all information contained in past prices, and technical analysis is useless.
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Examination of the function of parts and materials in an effort to reduce the cost and/or improve the performance of a product. a. Cradle-to-grave assessment b. End-of-life programs c. Value analysis d. Re-Use or remanufacturing e. None of these is correct
Value analysis involves examining the function of parts and materials in order to reduce costs and/or improve the performance of a product. The correct option is c.
It is a systematic approach that focuses on identifying unnecessary features, materials, or processes that can be eliminated or replaced with more cost-effective alternatives without compromising the product's function or performance.
By conducting value analysis, companies can identify opportunities for cost reduction, increased efficiency, and improved quality. This process typically involves cross-functional teams that analyze the product design, manufacturing processes, and supply chain to identify areas for improvement.
Value analysis is a valuable tool for companies looking to optimize their products and operations.
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(Stock) option prices can be affected by different factors. Which statement is TRUE?
A) An American option cannot be worth less than a European option on the same underlying stock and
with otherwise identical characteristics.
B) Whereas an option’s time value can be zero, an option’s intrinsic value is always positive.
C) An increase in the volatility of the underlying stock increases the intrinsic value of calls and puts on
that stock (keep all other factors that influence option prices constant).
D) If put options are out-of-the-money that means that you do not have to pay for the option when the
stock price exceeds the exercise price. The option is basically for free.
There are several factors that can influence stock option prices, including the time until expiration, the stock price, volatility, interest rates, and dividends. The answer that is true regarding stock option prices is option C.An increase in the volatility of the underlying stock increases the intrinsic value of calls and puts on that stock (keeping all other factors that influence option prices constant)
There are several factors that can influence stock option prices, including the time until expiration, the stock price, volatility, interest rates, and dividends. The answer that is true regarding stock option prices is option C.An increase in the volatility of the underlying stock increases the intrinsic value of calls and puts on that stock (keeping all other factors that influence option prices constant).Explanation:An option's intrinsic value is the amount of profit that can be made by immediately exercising the option. An option's intrinsic value is based solely on the difference between the stock price and the option's strike price. If an option is in-the-money, its intrinsic value is greater than zero, and if an option is out-of-the-money, its intrinsic value is zero.American options, unlike European options, can be exercised at any time before the expiration date. Therefore, American options should be more valuable than European options. Put options can be considered free if they are deep out-of-the-money. Therefore, D is a false statement. While a put option's time value can be zero, its intrinsic value is based on the difference between the stock price and the option's strike price. Therefore, B is also incorrect.
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As an asset manager working for Bits & Coins, you were asked to create a portfolio containing two securities, namely Alpha and Beta. The securities have a correlation coefficient of 0.6 with each other and, based on historical data, the average annual return of Alpha and Beta in the past years has been, respectively. 7% p.a. and 10% p.a. As for risk, the standard deviation of Alpha in the sample analysed was 10 % pa whereas for Beta it was instead 15% p.a. Assume that the risk-free rate is 2% p.a. a) What should be the allocation (%) of Alpha in the optimal risky portfolio? b) What is the expected return and standard deviation of the optimal risky portfolio? c) If the optimal complete portfolio of an investor has an allocation of 10% in the risk-free asset, what would be the investor's coefficient of risk aversion?
(a)Assuming a risk-free rate of 2% per annum, we determine the allocation percentage of Alpha in the optimal risky portfolio that is 60%. (b)The expected return and standard deviation of the optimal risky portfolio are 8.2%. (c) The coefficient of risk aversion for an investor with a 10% allocation to the risk-free asset.
a) To find the allocation percentage of Alpha in the optimal risky portfolio, we can use the capital allocation line (CAL). The CAL represents the trade-off between risk and return in a portfolio. The optimal allocation can be determined by comparing the risk and return characteristics of Alpha and Beta. Using the formula:
Allocation of Alpha = (Standard deviation of Beta / Standard deviation of Alpha + Standard deviation of Beta) * 100
Substituting the values, we get:
Allocation of Alpha = (15% / (10% + 15%)) * 100 = 60%
Therefore, the optimal allocation of Alpha in the risky portfolio should be 60%.
b) To calculate the expected return and standard deviation of the optimal risky portfolio, we need to use the weighted average of the returns and standard deviations of Alpha and Beta based on their respective allocations.
Expected return of the optimal risky portfolio:
Expected return = (Allocation of Alpha * Average return of Alpha) + (Allocation of Beta * Average return of Beta)
Expected return = (60% * 7%) + (40% * 10%) = 8.2%
Standard deviation of the optimal risky portfolio:
Standard deviation = sqrt((Allocation of Alpha^2 * Variance of Alpha) + (Allocation of Beta^2 * Variance of Beta) + (2 * Allocation of Alpha * Allocation of Beta * Correlation coefficient * Standard deviation of Alpha * Standard deviation of Beta))
Standard deviation = sqrt((0.6^2 * 0.1^2) + (0.4^2 * 0.15^2) + (2 * 0.6 * 0.4 * 0.6 * 0.1 * 0.15)) = 8.2%
Therefore, the expected return and standard deviation of the optimal risky portfolio are both 8.2%.
c) The coefficient of risk aversion measures an investor's preference for risk. It can be calculated using the formula:
Coefficient of risk aversion = (Expected return of the optimal risky portfolio - Risk-free rate) / (Coefficient of absolute risk aversion * Variance of the optimal risky portfolio)
Since the risk-free rate is given as 2% and the allocation to the risk-free asset is 10%, the expected return of the optimal risky portfolio is 8.2%. We can solve for the coefficient of risk aversion:
Coefficient of risk aversion = (8.2% - 2%) / (10% * (8.2% - 2%)^2)
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Tax Rate = 35%
RFR = 8%
Equity Risk Premium = 7%
Coupon Rate on the Debt = 10%
Preferred Stock is 12% Preferred
Beta = 1.20
Dividends = $5 per share
Earnings = $10 per share
ROE = 18%
Debt is 40% of the Capital Structure
Preferred Stock is 10% of the Capital Structure
Equity (common stock) is 50% of the Capital Structure
What is the WACC?
What is the After Tax Cost of Debt?
The After Tax Cost of Debt is 6.5%.
To calculate the Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC), we need to determine the cost of each component of the capital structure and their respective weights.
First, let's calculate the cost of debt after tax. Given that the tax rate is 35% and the coupon rate on the debt is 10%, we can use the following formula:
After Tax Cost of Debt = Coupon Rate x (1 - Tax Rate)
= 10% x (1 - 0.35)
= 10% x 0.65
= 6.5%
Next, let's calculate the cost of equity using the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM). The CAPM formula is:
Cost of Equity = Risk-Free Rate + Beta x Equity Risk Premium
= 8% + 1.20 x 7%
= 8% + 8.4%
= 16.4%
Now, let's calculate the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) using the weights of each component:
WACC = (Weight of Debt x After Tax Cost of Debt) + (Weight of Equity x Cost of Equity) + (Weight of Preferred Stock x Preferred Stock Rate)
Given that Debt is 40% of the Capital Structure, Equity is 50% of the Capital Structure, and Preferred Stock is 10% of the Capital Structure, we can substitute these values into the WACC formula:
WACC = (0.40 x 6.5%) + (0.50 x 16.4%) + (0.10 x 12%)
= 2.6% + 8.2% + 1.2%
= 12%
Therefore, the WACC is 12%.
The After Tax Cost of Debt is 6.5%.
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The goal of selling strategies for new and emerging products is to:
A. Increase market share
B. Maintain market share
C. Maximize profit
D. Reduce production costs
The goal of selling strategies for new and emerging products is to increase market share. The correct option is A.
When introducing a new or emerging product to the market, the primary objective is to capture a significant portion of the target market. By focusing on increasing market share, companies aim to establish their product as a preferred choice among customers, gain a competitive advantage, and expand their customer base.
Maintaining market share (B) may be a secondary objective after initially gaining a foothold in the market. Once a company has achieved a desirable market share, it can shift its focus towards maintaining its position and preventing competitors from encroaching on its customer base.
Maximizing profit (C) is a broader business goal that applies to the overall performance of a company, not just specific selling strategies for new and emerging products. While increasing market share can eventually contribute to higher profits, the immediate focus is on capturing market share rather than solely maximizing profit.
Reducing production costs (D) is a separate operational objective that involves optimizing manufacturing processes and minimizing expenses. While cost reduction is important for profitability, it is not the primary goal of selling strategies for new and emerging products, which are primarily focused on market penetration and growth.The correct option is A.
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Your company is conducting individual career assessments. For each of these assessments you are to pay licence fees, additionally labour cost apply. The variable costs per assessment are CHF 60 The fixed costs are labour cost of CHF 70000 on a yearly basis (40% of their capacity including social charges). Your company can perform up to 1600 assessments per year. The external company EVAL limited is offering to perform these assessments at a standard price per test. Including the licence fee the overall cost per assessment would be CHF 125.
You have excess capacity to conduct all yearly assessments. You can not reduce the working time of your employees and these are not be assigned to other tasks. What is the financial impact from outsourcing all assessments to EVAL?
The company conducting individual career assessments. They are obliged to pay license fees for each of these assessments. Additionally, the labour cost applies. The variable costs per assessment are CHF 60. Moreover, the fixed costs include a labour cost of CHF 70000 per year. This comprises 40% of the company's capacity, including social charges.
The company can conduct a maximum of 1600 assessments per year. EVAL Limited is an external company offering to perform these assessments at a standard price per test. This includes the license fee, and the overall cost per assessment is CHF 125.Financial impact of outsourcing all assessments to EVAL:Outsourcing is the process of hiring an external company to perform a business process that a company might otherwise have performed in-house. Outsourcing enables businesses to free up internal resources for other purposes, such as increasing efficiency, lowering costs, and improving productivity.
Outsourcing all assessments to EVAL would mean that the company would not have to pay variable costs of CHF 60 per assessment.
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A woman deposits $11,000 at the end of each year for 10 years in an investment account with a quaranteed interest rate of 4% compounded annually (a) Find the value in the account at the end of the 10 years. (b) Her sister works for an investment firm that pays 3% compounded annually. If the woman deposits money with this firm instead of the one in part (a), how much will she have in her account at the end of 10 years? (e) How much would she lose or gain over 10 years by investing in her sister's firm? CHITE orre (a) The woman's deposits form an because the deposits are made at the of each period. Therefore, the formula should be used Help me solve this Clear all View an example Textbook An individual is 48 years old. At the end of each month, he deposits $260 in a retirement account that pays 4.91% interest compounded monthly (a) Alter 8 years, what is the value of the account? (b) If no further deposits or withdrawals are made to the account, what is the value of the account when the individual reaches age 657 (a) For the first 8 years, the individual's deposits form an because the deposits are made at the should be used After 8 years, the account Help me solve this G ore help. View an example. of each period. Therefore, the formula formula should be used to behave as an annuity and Clear all arra
The woman's deposits form an annuity because the deposits are made at the end of each period.
Therefore, the formula should be used: PV of an annuity = P [((1 + i)^n - 1) / i]where P is the payment (deposit), i is the interest rate, and n is the number of periods. Using the formula: P = $11,000, i = 4% = 0.04, n = 10 years. PV of annuity = 11000[((1 + 0.04)^10 - 1) / 0.04]= $130,680.84The value of the account at the end of 10 years is $130,680.84.(b) Using the same formula: P = $11,000, i = 3% = 0.03, n = 10 years. PV of annuity = 11000[((1 + 0.03)^10 - 1) / 0.03]= $116,612.35.
She will have $116,612.35 in her account at the end of 10 years if she deposits money with her sister's firm instead of the first one.(e) The difference between the two values is:130,680.84 - 116,612.35 = $14,068.49She would gain $14,068.49 over 10 years by investing in her sister's firm. Hence, the main answer is that the value of the account at the end of 10 years is $130,680.84 if the woman makes a deposit of $11,000 at the end of each year for 10 years. If she deposits money with her sister's firm instead of the first one, she will have $116,612.35 in her account at the end of 10 years. Therefore, she would gain $14,068.49 over 10 years by investing in her sister's firm.
In conclusion, the woman's deposit forms an annuity. She will gain $14,068.49 over 10 years by investing in her sister's firm.
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The Dynamic Duo is a value-weighted index with two stocks: A and B. A constituted 75% of the value of the index at the beginning of the year. During the year, A went up 15% and B rose 6%. What was the percentage change in Dynamic Duo index over the year?
To calculate the percentage change in the Dynamic Duo index over the year, we need to consider the initial weights and the percentage changes of the individual stocks.
Given that stock A constituted 75% of the value of the index at the beginning of the year, we can assume that stock B constituted the remaining 25%.
Now let's calculate the changes for each stock:
Stock A increased by 15%, so the new value of stock A is 100% + 15% = 115% of its initial value.
Stock B increased by 6%, so the new value of stock B is 100% + 6% = 106% of its initial value.
To calculate the overall change in the index, we can use the weighted average of the individual stock changes based on their initial weights:
Index Change = (Weight A * Change A) + (Weight B * Change B)
Here, Weight A = 75% and Weight B = 25%.
Index Change = (0.75 * 15%) + (0.25 * 6%)
Index Change = 0.1125 + 0.015
Index Change = 0.1275 (or 12.75%)
Therefore, the percentage change in the Dynamic Duo index over the year is 12.75%.
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John Smith is an analyst who follows the electronics industry. One of the companies he follows, ABC Electronics, has recently announced plans to begin producing and selling a new series of tablet computers. Smith has received financial projections from senior management for the three-year project. ABC will need to purchase new machinery that is estimated to cost $3.3 million that will be depreciated using straight-line over the project's 3-year life to a salvage value of $0. In addition, ABC estimates that the project will require a one-time injection of working capital of $150,000 at the start of the project to handle the new line of business that will be recovered at project end. ABC expects to sell 6,000 units each year at a per unit price of $500 for the life of the project. Fixed costs are estimated at $175,000 per year, and variable costs are estimated at $200 per unit. While the asset is fully depreciated over the project's life, ABC internally estimates that machinery will be sold for $350,000 at project end (before applicable taxes). The tax rate is 40%. Smith estimates the appropriate project discount rate to be 14%. The project's total cash flow in year O is an: outflow of $3.45 million
inflow of $3.3 million
outflow of $3.3 million
inflow of $3.45 millio
The total cash flow in year 0 for the project is an outflow of $3.3 million. This represents the initial investment required by ABC Electronics to purchase new machinery for the production of the tablet computers.
The cost of the machinery is estimated at $3.3 million and is a significant upfront expense for the project.
The outflow of $3.3 million in year 0 reflects the cash that ABC Electronics will need to spend to acquire the machinery necessary for the production process. This outflow represents a reduction in the company's cash position at the beginning of the project.
It is important to accurately account for the initial investment when evaluating the financial viability of the project. This outflow of $3.3 million should be considered alongside the expected future cash inflows and outflows to assess the overall profitability and return on investment for the project.
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